Unit 1 Study Guide
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1.02 Proteins Express DNA
Vocabulary:
Gene the process by which a gene gets turned on in a cell to make RNA and proteins
expression
Transcription the process of converting spoken language into written text
Translation the process through which information encoded in messanger RNA directs the
addition of amino acids during protein synthesis
mRNA the process that instructs cells in the body to make specific proteins
DNA the genetic information inside the bodys cells that help make people whho they
are
Gene the basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child
Cell the process of cells becoming speciaized in their strutcures and function and
Differentiatio performing a certain job in the body
n
When are a person’s genes expressed?
Describe the process of transcription.
a peice of dna that codes for a specific gene is copieed into
messanger rna in the nucleus of the cell
the mRNA then carries the genetic inforation from the dna
tothe cytoplasm where translation occurs
Describe the process of translation.
the mRNA is made by copying dna and the information it carries
tells the cell how to link amino acids together to form proteins
What does it mean when a gene is “turned on”?
the process of turning genes off nd on is commonly knwon as gene
regulation. genes are turned off and on in different patterns while the
development to make a brain cell look and act different from a liver cell
or a muscle cell
What does it mean when a gene is “turned off”? it no longer provides the
directions for making proteins.
When are proteins made? after the transcription of dna to mrna is complete
When a cell goes through differentiation, what happens to the genes that are
not “turned on”?during development a differenttaiing cell turns off an etire
group of genes that were once neccesary early in its devolopmemt
Why are cells different shapes? different cells do different things
What is a transcription factor and how does it affect genes? proteins that are
off and on by binding to nearby dna
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1.03 How Proteins Work
Vocabulary
Protei a molecule made up for amino acids
n
What do proteins control?cell behavior
What is an enzyme? a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein
List any and all functions of proteins:structural support, hormoes, initators of
cellular death, building blocks, biochemical catalysts, and enzymes.
Where do enzymes exist? saliva, intestines, pancreas and stomach
What happens when there is a change in DNA?the mutations change in dna
causes affect the specfic genes that provide instructions for various
functional molecules including proteins
Why is the shape of a protein important? it determins wether the protein can
interact wth other molecules
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1.04 Gene Expression 1
Vocabulary
Lac operon an operan or a group of genes with a single promoter
Gene expression the process that gets turned on in a cell to me rna and proteiens
Repressor (not a substance that acts on an operon to inhibit messenger rna synthesis
bolded)
Why are some people unable to digest dairy products?
lactose intolerence happens when your small intestine does not make
enough of a digestive enzyme called lactose
How do environmental cues affect gene expression?
through specific epigment signatures
What is E.Coli? When does it produce enzymes to digest lactose?
the lac operon of e coli contains genes involoved in lactose metabolism
What makes up the lac operon? How does it work?
lacZ, lacY, and lacA it works because oporeons contain a set of genes
regulated by the same opertor
The lac operon is an example of which process in the cell?
prokaryotic gene regulation
When can cells turn genes on and off?
any point during gene expressioj
Why is self-regulation important?
a predictor ofshort and long tern outcomes
What causes lactose intolerance?
when your small intestine does not make enough of a duigestive enzyme
called lactase
What happens in the body of a person who is lactose intolerant?
bloating diarrhea and gas
How does a lactase pill work?
by replacing an enzyme normally made by the
body
Describe what is happening in each process:
Lac operon turning off transcription
Lac operon turning on transcription
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1.05 Gene Expression 2
Vocabulary
Gene
expression
Cell
differentiation
Genome
Introns
Exon
Can a gene still be regulated after transcription?
What is an intron?
What is an exon?
Describe what is happening in the following images
What happens to introns BEFORE translation?
Can proteins be altered?
Describe how Insulin is an example of post translation regulation?
What happens if gene expression does not work correctly?
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1.06 Biotechnology
Vocabulary
Biotechnology
Recombinant DNA
Plasmid
What is biotechnology?
What is biotechnology used for?
In addition to DNA and genes, what is biotechnology used for?
What is recombinant DNA?
Complete the following chart and describe the process of recombinant DNA?
Why and how does DNA also change the production of protein?
Why is biotechnology and altering genes a controversial topic?
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1.07 Genetic Engineering
Vocabulary
Genetic
Engineering
Describe the process of genetic engineering
What is a genome?
What is the first step of identifying genes?
How are corn and soybeans genetically modified?
Why is modifying organisms such as corn and soybeans beneficial?
What are some of the concerts of genetically engineered organisms.
Complete the following chart of pros and cons of genetic engineering and
genetically modified foods. Add more rows as necessary.
Pros Cons
