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? Periodic Properties

The document outlines key periodic properties relevant for JEE, including the modern periodic law, definitions of atomic radius, ionization enthalpy, electron affinity, electronegativity, and metallic character. It describes trends in these properties across groups and periods, highlighting exceptions and special points such as the highest ionization energy and electron affinity. Additionally, it discusses diagonal relationships, isoelectronic species, and successive ionization energies.

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38 views3 pages

? Periodic Properties

The document outlines key periodic properties relevant for JEE, including the modern periodic law, definitions of atomic radius, ionization enthalpy, electron affinity, electronegativity, and metallic character. It describes trends in these properties across groups and periods, highlighting exceptions and special points such as the highest ionization energy and electron affinity. Additionally, it discusses diagonal relationships, isoelectronic species, and successive ionization energies.

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Rsdkm minecraft
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© © All Rights Reserved
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🧪 Periodic Properties – Short Notes (JEE Level)

✅ 1. Periodic Law

 Modern Periodic Law: Properties of elements are periodic functions of atomic number (Z).

 Elements are arranged in increasing atomic number.

✅ 2. Important Definitions

Property What it means

Atomic Radius Distance from nucleus to outermost electron

Ionization Enthalpy (IE) Energy to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms

Electron Affinity (EA) Energy released when 1 mole of electrons is added

Electronegativity Tendency to attract shared electrons

Metallic Character Tendency to lose electrons

✅ 3. Atomic Radius

 ↓ Group: Increases (more shells)

 → Period: Decreases (nuclear charge ↑)

 Types:

o Covalent Radius

o Van der Waals Radius

o Metallic Radius

✅ 4. Ionization Enthalpy (I.E.)

 ↓ Group: Decreases (outer e⁻ farther)

 → Period: Increases (nuclear pull ↑)

 Exceptions:

o Be > B (due to stable full s-orbital)

o N > O (due to half-filled p³ stability)

✅ 5. Electron Affinity (E.A.)


 → Period: Generally increases (atoms want e⁻)

 ↓ Group: Decreases (nucleus less effective)

 Note: Noble gases & N have near-zero or +ve EA

✅ 6. Electronegativity

 → Period: Increases

 ↓ Group: Decreases

 Most EN: Fluorine (F)

 EN depends on: size, nuclear charge, shielding

✅ 7. Metallic & Non-Metallic Character

 Metallic:

o Increases ↓ group

o Decreases → period

 Non-metallic: Opposite trend

 Metalloids: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te

✅ 8. Reactivity Trends

Element Type Period Trend Group Trend

Metals ↓ Less reactive → More reactive

Non-metals ↓ Less reactive → More reactive

✅ 9. Special Points

 Highest I.E.: He

 Highest E.A.: Cl (not F due to small size repulsion)

 Most Metallic: Cs/Fr

 Most Non-Metallic: F

✅ 10. Diagonal Relationship

 Li ~ Mg, Be ~ Al, B ~ Si

 Due to similar size, charge density


✅ 11. Isoelectronic Species

 Same number of electrons

 More protons → smaller radius


Example:

O2−>F−>Na+>Mg2+\text{O}^{2-} > \text{F}^- > \text{Na}^+ > \text{Mg}^{2+}O2−>F−>Na+>Mg2+

✅ 12. Successive I.E.

 I.E.₁ < I.E.₂ < I.E.₃ ...

 Big jump in I.E. = removal of core e⁻

 Helps identify valency

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