Chapter-1

Chemical Reactions and equations

INTEXT QUESTON ANSWER
1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleared before burning in air?
Ans: Magnesium is a reactive metal. It combines with oxygen to form a layer of
magnesium oxide on its surface. This layer is quite stable and prevents further reaction
of magnesium with oxygen. Hence it should be cleaned with a sand paper before
burning to remove the oxide layer formed on its surface.
2. write the balanced equation for the following chemical reaction.
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine --------- Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate ------Barium sulphte +Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium + Water ------ Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrogen
Ans : (i) H2 + Cl2 ----- 2HCl
(ii) 3 BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 ------ 3 BaSO4 + 2 AlCl3
(iii) 2Na + 2H2O -------- 2 NaOH + H2
3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state, symbols for the following reactions.
(i) Solution of Barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble
Barium sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
(ii) sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution( in
water) to produce sodium chloride solution and water.
Ans: (i) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ----- 2 NaCl(aq) + BaSO4 (s)
(ii) NaOH(aq) +HCl(aq) ------ NaCl (aq) + H2O(L)
4. A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white washing.
(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula
(ii) write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with the water.
Ans: (i) The substance ‘X’ is Calcium oxide. Its chemical formula is CaO
(ii) Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to form calcium hydroxide(slaked lime)
CaO + H2O ------- Ca(OH)2
5.Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in activity 1.7 double of
the amount collected in the other? Name this gas.
Ans: Water (H2O) contains two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen. Therefore,
the amount of hydrogen and oxygen produced during the electrolysis of water is in a
2:1 ratio. During electrolysis, since hydrogen collected in one test tube oxygen is
collected in another, the amount of gas collected in one test tube is double the amount
collected in the other. The gas collected is Hydrogen.

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6. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail dipped in
it?
Ans: When an iron nail is placed in a copper sulphate solution, iron displaces copper
from copper sulphate solution forming iron sulphate, which is green in colour.
Therefore , the blue colour of copper sulphate fades and green colour appears.
7. Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the activity given in
1.10.
Ans: Silver nitrate solution reacts with aqueous solution of sodium chloride to form
sodium nitrate and silver chloride precipitate.
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) ------ NaNO3 ( aq) + AgCl(s)
8. Identify the substance that are oxidized and the substances that are reduced in the
following reactions.
(i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) --------2Na2O
(ii) CuO (s) + H2 --------- Cu(s) + H2O(l)
Ans: (i) Sodium is oxidized as it gains oxygen
(ii) Hydrogen is oxidized to water and copper oxide reduced to copper.
EXCECISE QUESTION ANSWERS
1. Which of the statement about the reaction below are incorrect?
2PbO(s) + C(s) --------- 2PbO(s) + CO2(g)
(a) Lead is getting reduced (b) Carbon dioxide is oxidized
(c) Carbon is getting oxidized (d) Lead oxide is getting reduced
(i) (a) and (b) (ii) (a) and (c) (iii) (a), (b)and (c) (iv) all
Ans: (i)
2. Fe2O3 + 2Al --------- Al2O3 + 2Fe
The above reaction is an example of a
(a) Combination reaction
(b) Double displacement reaction
(c) Decomposition reaction
(d) Displacement reaction
Ans: (d)
3. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron fillings? Tick the correct
answer.
(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride produced.
(b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide produced.
(c) No reaction takes place
(d) Iron salt and water produced
Ans; (a)
4. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should chemical equation balanced?

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Ans; Chemical reaction in which the number of atoms of each element is same in reactants
and products is called balanced chemical equation. According to the conservation of mass
states” mass neither be created nor be destroyed”. To obey the law of conservation of
mass chemical equations balanced.
5. Translate the following statements into chemical equation and then balance them.
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride anda
precipitate of barium sulphate.
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas

Ans; (a) H2 + N2 ------ 2NH3

(b) ) H2S + O2 ------- H2O + SO2

(c) BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 ------3BaSO4 +2AlCl3
(d) 2K + 2H2O -------- 2KOH + H2
6. Balance the following chemical equation
(a) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 --------- Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
(b) NaOH + H2SO4 -------- Na2SO4 + H2O
(c) NaCl + AgNO3 ------ AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ------ BaSO4 + HCl

Ans; (a)2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 --------- Ca(NO3)2 +2H2O

(b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 -------- Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
(c) NaCl + AgNO3 ------ AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ------ BaSO4 +2HCl
7. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following reactions.
(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide ---------calcium carbonate + Water
(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate ----- Zinc nitrate + Silver
(c) Aluminium + Copper chloride-------- Aluminium Chlorode + Copper
(d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate ------- Barium sulphate +
Potassium Chloride
Ans : (a) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ------ CaCO3 + H2O
(b) Zn + 2AgNO3 ---------Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
(c) 2Al + 3CuCl2 ------ 2AlCl3 + 3Cu
(d) BaCl2 +K2SO4 ------- BaSO4 + 2KCl
8. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of
reaction in each case.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
(a) Potassium Bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq) ------ Potassium Iodide(aq) + Barium
Bromide(s)
(b) Zinc carbonate (s)---------- Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
(c) Hydrogen(g) +Chlorine (g) ------ Hydrogen chloride(g)
(d) Magnesium (s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq) ----- Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)
Ans : (a) 2KBr(aq) + BaI2(aq) ------ 2KI(aq) + BaBr2(s)
Double displacement reaction
(b) ZnCO3 (s)---------- ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
Decomposition reaction
(c) H2(g) +Cl2 (g) ------ 2HCl(g)
Combination reaction
(d) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ----- MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Displacement reaction
9. What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give Examples
Ans: Reaction in which heat is released along with the formation of products are called
exothermic reactions.
Ex: CaO (s) + H2O(l) ----- Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat
Reaction in which energy is absorbed are called exothermic reactions.
Ex: CaCO3 (s) ---------- CaO(s) + CO2(g)
10.Why is respiration considered as an exothermic reactions? Explain.
Ans: During digestion, large molecules of food are breakdown into simpler substances as
glucose. Glucose combines with oxygen in the cells and provides energy. Since energy is
released in this process. It is considered as an exothermic reaction.
C6H12O6 + O2 ------ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy.
11. Why decomposition reactions called opposite of combination reactions? Write
equation for these reactions.
Ans: In combination reaction two or more reactants combine to form a single product. But
in decomposition reaction single reactant breaks down to give two or more products. So ,
decomposition reactions called opposite of combination reactions.
Ex: Combination reaction- CaO (s) + H2O(l) ----- Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat
Decomposition reaction- CaCO3 (s) ---- CaO(s) + CO2(g)
12. Write one equation each decomposition reactions where energy is supllied in the form
of heat, light or electricity
Ans : Thermal decomposition : When a decomposition reaction is carried out by heating,
it is called “Thermal decomposition”
Ex: CaCO3 (s) ---- CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Photo Chemical decomposition : When a decomposition reaction takes place in the
presence of sunlight.
2AgBr ----------- 2Ag + Br2
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
 2AgCl ----------- 2Ag + Cl2
Electrical decomposition(Electrolysis) : When a decomposition reaction takes place in the
presence of electricity.
Ex: electrolysis of water-- 2H2 + O2 -------- 2H2O
13. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reaction?
Write the equation for these reactions.
Displacement reaction Double displacement reaction
Chemical reaction in which more Reactions in which there is an exchange
reactive element displaces less reactive of ions between the reactants are called
element. double displacement reactions
Ex: Fe + CuSO4 --- FeSO4 + Cu Ex: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 -- BaSO4 + 2NaCl
14. In the recovery of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved
displacement by copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.
Ans: 2AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s) -------- Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag(s)
15. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving example.
Ans : Reaction that produces a precipitate is called precipitation reaction.
Barium chloride solution reacts with sodium sulphate solution to produce sodium chloride
and barium sulphate precipitate.
Ex:BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) -- BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
16. Explain the following in terms gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each.
(a) Oxidation (b) Reduction
Ans: (a) Oxidation : Gain of oxygen(Loss of Hydrogen) is “oxidation”
Ex: (i) 2Cu + O2 ---------- 2CuO - Cu is oxidized to Cuo
(ii) 4Na +O2 ------- 2Na2O - Na is oxidized to Na2O
(b) Reduction : Loss of oxygen ( Gain of Hydrogen) is “Reduction”
Ex: (i) CuO + H2 ----- Cu + H2O [CuO is reduced to Cu]
(ii) ZnO + C ------ Zn + CO [ ZnO is reduced to Zn]
17. A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour.
Name the element ‘X’ and the block coloured compound formed.
Ans: Element ‘X’ is Cu. Black coloured compound formed is CuO.
The reaction takes place here
2Cu + O2 ----- 2CuO
18. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
Ans: To prevent rusting the iron articles are painted.
19. Oil and fat containing items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?
Ans: To prevent the food items from getting oxidized, oil and fat containing food
items are flushed with nitrogen.
20. Explain the following terms with one example each.
(a) Corrosion (b) Rancidity
Ans: (a) Corrosion : The process in which a metal is attacked by substance around it
such as moisture, acids……etc is called “ Corrosion”
Ex: Green coating on copper. Rusting of iron
(b) Rancidity : Change in the smell and taste of food materials containing oil and
fats due to oxidation is called ”Rancidity”
Ex: When potato chips kept for a long time, its smell and taste changes.
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PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
 Extra Question Answer

1. Differentiate between physical and chemical change.

Physical Change Chemical change
1. Temporary and easily 1.Permanent and cannot be
reversible Re reversed easily
2. No new substance is formed 2. New substance is formed
3. No absorption of energy. 3. Absorption and evolution of
energy takes place.
4. 4. No change in temperature 5. 4. Change in temperature
6. 5. No change in colour 7. 5. Change in colour
8. 6. No change in state 9. 7. Change in state
10. Ex: Melting of ice, glowing of 11. EX: Digestion of food, growth,
bulb, evaporation of water fermentation of dosa batter, ripening of
….etc fruit
2. What are chemical reactions?
Ans: The process in which a substance or a substances undergo change to produce
new substances with new properties are known as “chemical reaction”
3. What is chemical equation?
Ans: A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical change in
the form of symbols and formulas.
4. What is balancing the chemical equation?
Ans: An equation that has equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of
the equation is called balanced chemical equation.

________________________________________________________________
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
1. You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water and the
other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution respectively. If you are given only red
litmus paper, how will you identify the contents of each test tube?
Ans: Dip the red litmus in each test tube separately. The liquid which turns red litmus to blue is
basic solution. Now dip that litmus in remaining other two test tube separately. The solution
which turns blue litmus to red is acidic solution and the one which does not
Change the colour of the litmus paper is distilled water.
2. Why should curd and sour substances not kept in brass and copper vessel?
Ans : Curd and sour substances contain acids. If they kept in brass and copper vessels the metal
reacts with the acid to liberate hydrogen gas and harmful substances, there by spoiling the food.
3. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an example.
How will you test for the presence of gas?
Ans: Hydrogen gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal. Take few pieces of zinc
granules in a test tube and add 5ml of dilute H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid). Pass the gas produced into a
soap solution. The bubbles containing hydrogen gas.
Zn + H2SO4 ------------- ZnSO4 + 2H2
When candle bought near the soap bubbles hydrogen gas burns with a pop sound.

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4. Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. The gas
evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one
of the compound formed is calcium chloride.
Ans: CaCO3 + 2HCl -------- CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
5. Why do HCl, HNO3 etc. show acidic characters in aqueous solution while solutions of
compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
Ans: The dissociation of HCl or HNO3 to form hydrogen ions always occurs in the presence of
water. Hydrogen ions ( H+) combine with H2O to form hydronium ion (H3O+). Although aqueous
solutions glucose and alcohol contain hydrogen, these cannot dissociate to form hydrogen ions.
Hence they do not show acidic character.
6. Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity?
Ans: Acids dissociate in aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions. These ions are responsible for
conduction of electricity.
7. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?
Ans: Acid dissociate in to ions only in the aqueous solution. So, dry HCl does not change the
colour of the litmus paper.
8. While diluting an acid, why it is recommended that the acid should be added to water and not
water to the acid?
Ans: The process of dissolving an acid or base in water is highly exothermic. If water is added to
a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause burns.
The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating.
9. How is the concentrated of hydronium ions ( H3O+) affected when solution of an acid is
diluted?
Ans: When an acid is diluted, the concentration of hydronium ions( H3O+) per unit volume
decreases.
10. How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH- ) affected when excess base dissolved in a
solution of sodium hydroxide?
Ans: The concentration of hydroxide ions (OH- ) will increase when excess base dissolved in a
solution of sodium hydroxide.
11. You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8. Which
solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is acidic and which one is base?
Ans: Solution A has more hydrogen ion concentration.
Solution A –Acidic Solution B –Basic
12. What effect does the concentration of H+ (aq) ions have on the nature of the solution?
Ans: When H+ ion concentration increases, the solution becomes more acidic, while H + ion
concentration decreases the solution becomes more basic.
13. Do basic solutions also have H+ (aq) ions? If yes, then why are these basic?
Ans: Yes,basic solution also has H+ (aq) ions. However, their concentration is less as compared to
the concentration of OH- ions that makes the solution basic.
14. Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his field with
quicklime (calcium hydroxide) or slaked lime(Calcium hydroxide) or chalk( Calcium carbonate)?
Ans: If the soil is acidic and unsuitable for cultivation, then to increase the basicity of soil, the
farmer would treat the soil with quick lime or slaked lime or chalk.
15. What is the common name of the compound CaOCl2?
Ans: The common name of the compound CaOCl2 is bleaching powder.
16. Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching powder.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
Ans: Calcium hydroxide( Ca(OH)2), on treatment with chlorine(Cl2) yields bleaching powder.
17. Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water?
Ans: Washing soda ( Na2CO3.10H2O) is used for softening hard water.
18. What happens if a solution of sodium hydro carbonate is heated? Give the equation of
reaction involved.
Ans: When a solution of sodium hydro carbonate is heated, sodium carbonate and water are
formed with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.
2NaHCO3 ---------- Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
19. Write an equation to show the reaction between Plaster of Paris and Water.
Ans: CaSO4.1/2H2O +11/2 H2O -------- CaSO4.2H2O
EXERCISE QUESTIN – ANSWERS
1. A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 10
Ans: (d) 10
2. A solution reacts with crushed egg-shells to give a gas that turns lime-water milky. The
solution contains
(a)NaCl (b) HCl (c) LiCl (d) KCl
Ans: (b) HCl
3. 10ml of a solution of NaOH is found to be completely neutralized by 8ml of given solution of
HCl. If we take 20ml of the same solution of NaOH, the amount of HCl solution (the same
solution as before) required to neutralize it will be
(a) 4ml (b) 8ml (c) 12ml (d) 16ml
Ans: (d) 16ml
4. Which one of the following types of medicine is used for treating indigestion?
(a) Anti biotic (b) Analgesic (c) Antacid (d) Antiseptic
Ans: (c) Antacid
5. Write the word equations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking place when-
(a) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with Zinc granules
(b) Dilute hydrochloric Acid reacts with magnesium ribbon
(c) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder.
(d) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings.
Ans: (a) Sulphuric acid + Zinc -------- Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen
H2SO4 + Zn ---------- ZnSO4 + H2
(b) Hydrochloric Acid + Magnesium ------ Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen
HCl + Mg ----------------- MgCl2 + H2
(c) Sulphuric acid + Aluminium -------------- Aluminium sulphate + Hydrogen
3H2SO4 + 2Al---------- Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
(d) Hydrochloric acid +iron --------- Ferric chloride + Hydrogen
3HCl + Fe ------------ FeCl3 + 3H2
6. Compounds such as alcohol and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not categorized as
acids. Describe an activity to prove it.
Ans: Take a 100 ml beaker and fit two nails on a cork and then connect the nails to terminals of
a 6Volt battery through a bulb and switch. Pour some dilute Hydrochloric acid into the beaker
and switch on current. Perform the same experiment with glucose solution and alcohol solution.
The bulb glows in the Hydrochloric acid solution and does not glow in the glucose and alcohol
solution.
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HCl dissociates into H+ and Cl- ions. These ions conduct electricity in the solution resulting the
glowing bulb. On the other hand, Glucose and alcohol solution not dissociate into ions.
Therefore they does not conduct electricity.
From this activity, it can be concluded that though alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen, they
are not categorized as acids.
7. Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, where as rain water does?
Ans: Distilled water is pure and does not dissociates in to any ions. Therefore, it does not
conduct electricity. Rain water is impure and contains dissolved acids and salts which dissociates
into ions therefore it conduct electricity.
8. Why do acids not show acidic behavior in the absence of water?
Ans: Hydrogen ions are responsible for the acidic behavior. Acids do not show acidic behavior in
absence water because the dissociation of hydrogen ions from an acid occurs only in the
presence of water.
9. Five solution A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator showed pH as 4, 1, 11, 7
and 9 respectively. Which solution is
a) Neutral?
b) Strongly alkaline?
c) Strongly acidic?
d) Weakly acidic?
e) Weakly alkaline?
Ans: a) Neutral: Solution D with pH 7
b) Strongly alkaline: Solution C with pH 11
c) Strongly acidic; Solution B with pH 1
d) Weakly acidic: Solution A with pH 4
e) Weakly alkaline: Solution E with pH 9
The pH can be arranged in the increasing order of the concentration of hydrogen ions as
11<9<7<4<1
10) Equal length of magnesium ribbon are taken in the test tube A and B. Hydrochloric acid
(HCl) is added to test tube A, While acetic acid(CH3COOH) is added to test tube B. In which test
tube will the fizzing occurs more vigorously and why?
Ans: The fizzing will be occur more vigorously in test tube A, in which hydrochloric acid(HCl) is
added. This is because HCl is a stronger acid than CH3COOHs to curd
11. Fresh milk has pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into curd? Explain
your answer.
Ans: The pH of milk is 6. As it change pH will reduce because curd is acidic in nature.
12. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does thus milk take a long time to set as curd?
Ans: (a) The milkman shifts the pH of the fresh milk 6 to slightly alkaline because in alkaline
condition, milk does not set as curd.
(b) Since this milk is slightly basic, acids produced to set the curd are neutralized by the base.
Therefore, it takes a longer time for the curd to set.
13. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Explain why?
Ans: Plaster of Paris ( POP ) should be stored in a moisture-proof container because, Plaster of
Paris absorbs moisture to form a hard solid known as gypsum.
CaSO4.1/2 H2O +1 1/2 H2O --------------- CaSO4 .2 H2O
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 Plaster of Paris + Water ---------------- Gypsum
14. What is neutralization reaction? Give two examples.
Ans: A reaction in which an acid and base react with each other to give a salt and water is
termed as neutralization reaction.
Example: NaOH + HCl---------- NaCl + H2O
KOH + HCl -------------- KCl + H2O
15. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda.
And: WASHING SODA
a) It is used in glass, soap and paper industries.
b) It is used to remove permanent hardness of water.
BAKING SODA
a) It is used as antacid (b) It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Differentiate between acids and bases?
Ans:
ACIDS BASES
Have sour taste Have bitter taste
Turns blue litmus paper into red Turns red litmus paper into blue
Acid remain colourless in Base make the solution turn pink when
phenolphthalein dissolved in phenolphthalein
Change the colour of methyl Change the colour of methyl
orange to red orange to yellow
pH value of acids are less than 7 pH value of bases are more than 7
+
Gives H ions when dissolved in Gives OH- ions when dissolved in water
water

2. State reason
a) Metallic oxides are said to be basic oxides.
Ans: The reaction between metallic oxides with acids is similar to the reaction of a base with acid.
Hence metallic oxides are said to be basic oxides.
b) Nonmetallic oxides are said to be acidic oxides.
Ans: The reaction between nonmetallic oxides with bases is similar to the reaction of a base with
acid. Hence nonmetallic oxides are said to be acidic oxides.
3) What is meant by alkalis? Give examples
Ans: Bases which are soluble in water are called Alkalis.
EX; Sodium hydroxide ( NaOH) Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
4) Which gas is released when a metal reacts with an acid? How will you test for the presence of
this gas?
Ans: When an acid react with metal, it liberates hydrogen gas.
To test the presence of hydrogen gas, bring burning candle near the gas, the gas burns with the
pop sound.
5) Explain how metal carbonate and metal hydrogen carbonate reacts with acid ? Name the gas
released during this reaction and explain how will you test for this gas?
Ans: When metal carbonate reacts with acids it produce salt, water and carbon dioxide.
Ex: Na2CO3 + 2HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2
When metal Hydrogen carbonate reacts with acids it produce salt, water and carbon dioxide.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
 Ex: NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2
The gas released during this process is Carbon dioxide. When this gas passed through lime water,
the lime water turns milky.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
On passing the excess of carbon dioxide the following reaction takes place.
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 →Ca(HCO3)
(Soluble in water)
6) What is hydronium ion?
Ans: An ion formed by the combination of a hydrogen ion with water molecule.
7) What is dilution of an acid or base?
Ans: Mixing an acid or base with water results in decrease in the concentration of ions(H3O+/OH-)
per unit volume is called as dilution and the acid or the base is said to be diluted.
8) Define pH.
Ans: pH is a measure of acidic or basic a substance or solution is.
9) What is acid rain?
Ans : When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.
10) The pH of soil A is 7.5 while that of soil Bi is 4.5. which of the two soils should be treated with
quick lime to adjust the pH and why?
Ans: Soil B having pH 4.5 should be treated with quick lime to adjust pH. Soil B is too acidic.
Its acidity can be reduced by adding quick lime.
11) Which acid is produced in our stomach? What happens if there is an excess of acid in the
stomach? How can its effect be cured?
Ans: Hydrochloric acid is produced in our stomach. During indigestion the stomach produces too
much acid which produces pain and irritation. This effect can be cured by using antacids. Antacids
react excess acid in the stomach and neutralize it.
12) What are antacids? Give an example.
Ans: The mild base which neutralize the excess acid in the stomach are called antacids.
Ex: Milk of magnesia (Magnesium hydroxide) Sodium hydrogen carbonate.
13) What happens when a bee stings? What is its remedy?
Ans: When a bee stings, it injects an acid (Methanoic acid) into the skin which causes pain and
irritation. By rubbing mild base like baking soda on the sting area gives relief. Being a base baking
soda neutralizes the acidic liquid.
14) Why does tooth decay start? When the pH of is lower than 5.5? How to prevent this?
Ans: Tooth decay starts when pH of mouth is lower than 5.5. Bacteria present in the mouth
produces acids by degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth after eating.
The best way to prevent this is to clean the mouth after eating food. Using tooth pastes, which
are generally basic, for neutralize the excess acid.
14) Can salt be acidic, basic or neutral? How explain?
Ans: Yes salt can be acidic, basic or neutral. Salts of a strong acid and a strong base are neutral
with pH value7. Ex: NaCl,NaNO3 , KCl….etc
Salts of weak acid and strong base are basic in nature with pH value more than 7.
Ex: Calcium carbonate(CaCO3) Sodium hydrogen carbonate(NaHCO3) and sodium acetate
Salts of weak base and strong acid are acidic in nature.
Ex: NH4Cl (Ammonium chloride) Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4
15) What is chloro-alkali process? Name the three products produced during this process and
state their uses?
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
Ans : Electrolytic decomposition of sodium chloride solution in to chlorine and sodium hydroxide
is called chloro-alkali process.
The three products produced during this process are, Chlorine, Hydrogen and sodium hydroxide.
Uses:
HYDROGEN: *used to make margarine
* used in fuels * used in the manufacture of ammonia for fertilisers
CHLORINE: *used in water treatment * used in manufacture of PVC, disinfectants, CFC’s, and
pesticides
SODIUM HYDROXIDE: *used to de-greasing metals *used in the manufacture of soaps and
detergents * Used in paper making * used in artificial fibers

Common Chemical Chemical Preparation Uses

name Name Formula

Bleaching Calcium oxy CaOCl2 By passing chlorine *For bleaching cotton textile
powder chloride gas over slaked lime *For disinfecting drinking water
Ca(OH)2+Cl2→ CaOCl2 *As an oxidizing agent
Washing Sodium carbonate
Na2CO3.10H2O By recrystallization *in detergent and soaps
soda Decahydrate Of Sodium carbonate *in washing clothes
In water *In paper industry
Na2CO3 +10H2O→ *manufacturing glass, borax
Na2CO3.10H2O And caustic soda

Baking Sodium hydrogenNaHCO3 On reacting *Preparing baking soda

soda carbonate sodium chloride *Used as an antacid
solution *used in soda-acid fire
With ammonia and Extinguisher
Carbon dioxide
NaCl+NH3+CO2+H2O
→ NaHCO3+NH4Cl
Plaster of Calcium sulphateCaSO4 .1/2 H2O By heating gypsum *For making statues, models
Paris Hemi hydrate at 373K temperature Toys…..etc
*For making fire-proof
CaSO4 .2 H2O 373K Materials
CaSO4 .1/2 H2O+ *Use as plaster for
1 1/2 H2O supporting fractured bone
in the right position.

___________________________________________________________________________
Life process
1.Why is diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular organisms
like humans?
Ans: Multicellular organisms such as human’s possess complex body designs. Unlike
unicellular organisms cells of multi cellular organisms are not direct contact with the outer

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

environment. Therefore diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of
multicellular organisms
2.What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive ?
Ans: Visible movement such as walking, growing, reproduction.. etc life process are used to
decide whether something alive or not.
3.What are outside materials used for by an organism?
Ans: i. Autotrophs use carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, minerals and sunlight
ii. Heterotrophs use food and oxygen
4.What process would you consider essential for maintaining life?
Ans: Life process such as nutrition, respiration , excretion..etc are essential for maintaining
life.
5.What are the difference between autotrophic and heteritrophic nutrition?
Ans;
Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrion
1.Food is synthesized from 1.Food is obtained directly or
simple indirectly from autotrophs.
inorganic raw materials
like CO2 and water
2.Presence of green pigment 2. No pigment is required
(chlorophyll) is necessary.
3.Digestion is not required 3. Digestion is required
6. Where plants get each of raw the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Ans: CO2 from the atmosphere, water from the soil and sun light from sun.
7. What is the role of the acid in our stomach?
Ans: The role of acid in our stomach is
i) HCl makes the acidic medium which facilitates the action of the enzyme pepsin.
ii) Kills microbes entering the stomach.
8.What is the function of digestive enzymes?
Ans: Degestive enzymes breaks down the complex food particles in to simple ones.
9. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
Ans: The small intestine has millions of finger like projections called villi. These villi increase
the surface area for absorption of food. Within these villi, many blood vessels are present
that absorb the digested food and carry it to the blood stream.
10. What are the advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have
regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Ans: The content of Oxygen in air is high as compared to the amount of dissolved oxygen
present in water. Aquatic organisms have to breath faster to get adequate oxygen for their
activites. But terrestrial animals do not have to breath faster to get adequate oxygen.
11.What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in on various
organisms?
Ans:I) In yeast cell glucose is breakdown in the absence of oxygen to form ethyl alcohol and
carbon dioxide with energy

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

Glucose---- 2Pyruvate( in cytoplasm)----- Absence of oxygen - Ethanol(2 carbon
compound)+CO2 + Energy
2) In human muscle in the deficiency of oxygen, glucose is converted into lactic acid
Glucose---- 2Pyruvate( in cytoplasm)---Cell---lack of oxygen- Lactic acid (3carbon
compound) + Energy
3) In cells of higher organisms in mitochondria, presence of oxygen, glucose is converted
into carbon dioxide and water. In this process large amount of energy is liberated.
Glucose---- 2Pyruvate( in cytoplasm)-----Cell (Presence of oxygen)- 6CO2 + 6H2O +
Energy
12. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?
Ans: Haemoglobin transports oxygen molecule to all the body cells for cellular respiration
from the lungs. After giving away oxygen to the body cells, blood takes away carbon dioxide
which is the end product of cellular respiration. Since haemoglobin pigment has less affinity
for CO2 , CO2 is mainly transported in dissolved form by plasma to the lungs.
13. How the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for absorption?
Ans: Each lung contain 300-350 million alveoli. These numerous alveoli increase the surface
area for exchange making the process of respiration more efficient.
14. What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the
function of these components?
Ans: The main component of the transport system in human beings are heart, blood and
blood vessels.
Heart pumps the oxygenated blood throughout the body. It receives deoxygenated blood
from the various body parts and send this to the lungs for oxygenation.
Blood Components of blood and their function;
i) Plasma: Transportation of nutrients, salt, waste materials, hormones and antibodies and
CO2 .
ii) Red blood corpuscles: Helps in transportation of oxygen.
iii) White blood corpuscles: Destroying disease causing microorganisms.
iv)Blood platelets: Helps in the blood clotting.
Blood vessels : Types and function
i) Arteries: Carries blood away from the heart.
ii) Veins : Brings the blood to the heart.
iii) Capillaries: Exchange the materials between blood and surrounding cell.
15. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and
birds?
Ans: Birds and mammals are warm blooded animals and they require more energy in turn
more oxygen to maintain their constant body temperature. Such separation allows a highly
efficient supply of oxygen to the body.
16. What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?
Ans: Xylem and phloem are the components of the transport system in highly organized
plants.
17. How are the water and minerals transported in plants?
Ans: In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
 Of the roots, stems and leaves are inter connected to form a continuous system of water
conducting channels reaching all parts of the plant. At the roots, cell in contact with the soil
actively take up ions. This creates a difference in concentration of these ions between the
soil and the root. Water therefore moves into the root from the soil to eliminate these
difference. Evaporation of water molecule through the cells of leaf creates a suction which
pulls the water from the xylem cells of roots.
18. How is food transported in plants?
Ans: Transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called “Translocation”. Phloem
transports food materials from the leaves to different parts of the plant body. Material like
sucrose is transferred into phloem tissue using energy from ATP. This increase the osmotic
pressure of the tissue causing water to move into it. This pressure moves the material in
the phloem to tissue which have less pressure. This allows the materials according to the
plant’s need. The translocation of food and other substance takes place in the sieve tubes
with the help of adjacent companion cells both in upward direction.
19. Describe the structure and function of nephrons.
Ans: Structure of nephrons
1. Nephrons are basic units filtering of kidneys.
2. Each kidney possesses a large number of nephrons
3. The components of the nephron
Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule and a long renal tubule.
Function of nephron
1.The blood enters the kidney through renal artery which branches into capillaries
associated with the glomerulus. Waste materials in the blood are filtered and collected by
Bowman’s capsule.(Glomerulus filtration)
2. Some substances in the initial filtrate such as glucose, amino acids , salts and major
amount of water are selectively re-absorbed as the filtrate flows along the long tubule
(Selective re-absorption)
3.In the last step solutes and waste are secreted by tubule into the filtrate. This is known
as tubular secretion. The urine forming in each kidney enters a long tube, the ureter, which
connects the kidneys with urinary bladder.
20. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
Ans: (i) Plants get rid of excess of water by transpiration.
(ii) Waster products are stored in cellular vacuoles.
(iii) Waste products may be stored in leaves that fall off.
(iv)Resins and gums are stored in old xylem.
(v)Some waste substances excreted into the soil from roots.
21.How is the amount of urine produced regulated?
Ans: The amount of urine produced depends on the amount of excess water and dissolved
wastes present in the body. Some other factors such as habitat of an organism and
hormone such as Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also regulates the amount of urine produced.
EXERCISE QUESTION ANSWERS
1.The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for
(a) Nutrition (b) Respiration (c) Excretion (d) Transportation Ans: (c) Excretion
2.The Xylem in plants are responsible for
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
(a) Transport of water (b) Transport of Food (c) Transport of amino acids (d) Transport of
oxygen
Ans:L (a) Transport of water
3. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires
(a) Carbon dioxide and water (b) Chlorophyll (c) Sun light (d) All the above
Ans: (d) All the above
4. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in
(a) Cytoplasm (b) Mitochondria (c) Chloroplast (d) Nucleus Ans: (b) Mitochondria
5. How are fats digested in our body? Where does this process take place?
Ans: The bile juice from the liver breakdown the large fat globule into smaller globules. So
that pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them. The pancreas secrets pancreatic juice
which contain enzyme lipase for breaking down emulsified fats. The enzymes present in
intestinal juice finally converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol. This process takes place in
the small intestine.
6. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
Ans: Saliva contain a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase, which breakdown starch
into sugar.
7. Why valves present in heart and veins?
Ans: 1) Ensure the blood does not flow backwards when the atria or ventricle contract.
2) It helps the blood to flow in one direction.
8. What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its by-
products?
Ans : Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis. Carbon
dioxide, water, chlorophyll pigment and sun light are necessary conditions required for
autotrophic nutrition. Carbohydrates (food) and oxygen are the by-products of
photosynthesis.
9. What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some
organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration?
Ans:
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
1.Occurs in the presence of O2 1. Occurs in the absence of O2
2. It involves the exchange of gasses 2. Exchange of gasses is absent
3.Takes place in cytoplasm and 3. It occurs in cytoplasm
mitochondria
4. The products are CO2 and H2O 4.The products are ethyl alcohol and
carbon dioxide
5.It yields more energy. 5. it yields less energy
Anaerobic respiration occurs in some parasitic worms, bacteria and yeast.
10. How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?
Ans: The alveoli are the small balloon like structures present in the lungs. The walls of
alveoli consists of extensive network of blood vessels. Each lung contains 300-350 million
alveoli, making it a total of approximately 700 million in both the lungs. The alveolar surface

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

 when spread out covers about 80m2 area. This large surface area makes the gaseous
exchange more efficient.
11. What would be the consequences of deficiency of haemoglobin in our body?
Ans: Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment that transport s oxygen to the body cells for
cellular respiration. Therefore, deficiency of haemoglobin in blood can affect the supplying
capacity of blood. This can lead to deficiency of oxygen in the body cells. It can also lead to
a disease called anemia.
12. Describe the double circulation in human beings? Why it is necessary?
Ans: Blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle in human beings. This is known
as “Double circulation”
*Deoxygenated blood enters the heart vena cava in to the right atrium.
*when right atrium contracts and passes the de-oxygenated blood flows to the right
ventricle.
*Then right ventricle contracts and passes the blood into the two pulmonary arteries, which
pumps the blood to the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenate.
*From the lungs, the pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
*When the left atrium contracts oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle.
* The aorta carries the oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all the region of the
body
Importance of double circulation
(i) Double circulation keeps the deoxygenated blood from oxygenated blood.
(ii) It allows more efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells.
13. What are the differences between the transport of material in xylem and phloem?
Ans:
Transport of materials in xylem Transport of materials in phloem
1. Xylem tissue helps in the transport 1.Phloem tissue helps in the transport
of water and minerals of food
2. Water is transported upwards from 2. Food is transported in both upward
roots to all the other plant body and downward direction.
3. Transport in xylem occurs with the 3.Transport of food in phloem requires
help of simple forces such as energy in the form of ATP
transpiration.
14. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys
with respect to their structure and function.
Alveoli Nephron
Structure Structure
*Alveoli are tiny balloon like structure * Nephrons are tubular structures
present inside the lungs. present inside the kidneys.
*The walls of the alveoli are one cell * Nephrons are made of glomerulus,
thick and it contains an extensive Bowman’s capsule and a long renal
network of blood capillaries. tube. It also contains a cluster of thin
walled capillaries.

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

 Function Function
The exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place Urine is formed by the filtration,
in the alveoli selective reabsorption process.

15. Draw neat labelled diagram of the following

a) Human alimentary canal b) Open and closed stomata c) Human heart d) Excretory
system in human beings e) Structure of NEPHRON
*********************************************************************
CONTROL AND COORDINATION
1. What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Ans:
REFLEX ACTION WALKING
A rapid, automatic and involuntary Voluntary action
response to a stimulus.
Does not involve thinking It is under our conscious control
EX: We close our eyes immediately
when bright light is focused.

2. What happens at the synapse between two neurons?

Ans: A synapse is a very small gap between two neurons. At the synapse the
electrical signals are converted into chemicals that can easily cross the gap and
pass on to the next neuron where they again get converted in to electrical signals.
3. Which part of the brain maintains the posture and equilibrium of the body?
Ans: Cerebellum,a part of hind brain is responsible for maintaining the posture and
equilibrium of the body.
4. How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (Incense stick)?
Ans: The thinking part of our brain is the cerebrum (part of fore brain) . It has
separate areas that are specialized for hearing, smelling, touch etc. When smell of
an incense stick reaches us, our forebrain (cerebrum) detects it. Then, the fore
brain interprets it by putting it together with the information received from the
receptor and also with the information already stored in the brain.
5. What is the role of brain in reflex action?
Ans: Reflex actions are sudden responses carried out by spinal cord, which do not
involve any thinking. So, the brain has no role to play in reflex action.
6. What are plant hormones?
Ans: Plant hormones or phytohormones are naturally-occurring organic substances
produced by plants in small quantities.
7. How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the
movement of a shoot towards light?
Ans: The movement of leaves of the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica or “touch me
not”, occurs in response to touch or contact stimuli. This movement is

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

independent of growth. The movement of shoot towards light is known as photo
tropism. This type of movement is directional and growth dependent.
8. Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.
Ans: Auxin is an example for the plant hormone that promotes growth.
9.How do auxin promotes the growth of a tendril around a support?
Ans: Auxin is synthesized at the shoot tip. It helps the cell grow longer. When a
tendril comes in contact with a support, auxin stimulates faster growth of the cell
opposite side, so that tendril forms a coil around a support.
10. Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.
Ans: Take two small beakers and label them as A and B. Fill the beaker A with
water. Now make a cylindrical shaped roll from a filter paper and keep it as bridge
between beaker A and B, as shown in the figure. Attach few germinating seeds in
the middle of the filter paper bridge. Now, cover the entire se- up with a
transparent plastic container so that moisture retained.

Observation: The roots of the germinating seeds will grow towards beaker A.
11. How does chemical coordination take place in animals?
Ans: Chemical coordination takes place in animals with the help of hormones
secreted by endocrine glands.
12. Why is the use of Iodized salt advisable?
Ans: Iodine stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxin hormone. It regulates
carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism in our body. Deficiency of this hormone
results in the enlargement of the thyroid gland. This can lead to goiter, a disease
characterized by swollen neck. Therefore, iodised salt is advised for normal
functioning of thyroid gland.
13. How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
Ans; When adrenaline is secreted into the blood it is transported to different parts
of the body. It speeds up the heart beat and hence supplies more oxygen to the
muscle. The breathing rate also increases due to contraction of diaphragm and rib
muscles.
14. Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
Ans: Diabetes is a diseases in which the level of sugar in the blood is too high
because of improper secretion insulin hormone. Insulin, a hormone secreted by the
pancreas, helps in regulating the blood sugar levels. This is the reason why diabetic
patients are treated by giving injections of insulin.
EXERCISE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which of the following is a plant hormone?
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
a) Insulin b) Thyroxin c) Estrogen d) Cytokinin
Ans: d) Cytokinin
2. The gap between two neurons is called a
a) Thinking b) Synapse c) Axon d) Impulse
Ans: b) Synapse
3. The brain is responsible for
a) Thinking b) Regulating the heart beat c) Balancing the body d) All the above
Ans: d) All the above
4. what is the function of receptors in our body? Think of situations where
receptors not working properly. What problems are likely to arise?
Ans: Receptors are sensory structures ( organs/tissues or cells) present all over the
body. If receptors do not work properly one cannot recognize and receive any
information’s and unable to detect the changes in their surrounding environment.
5. Draw the structure of neuron and explain its function.
Ans:

Neurons are the structural and functional units of nervous system. The three main
parts of a neuron are axon, dendrite and cell body. Information acquired at the end
of the dendrite tip of a cell sets of a chemical reaction that creates an electric
impulses. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then along
the axon to its end. At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse set off release of
some chemicals. These chemicals cross the synapse.
6. How does phototropism occur in plants?
Ans: The directional movement of the plant is response to light is called
phototropism. When growing plants detect light, a hormone called auxin,
synthesized at the shoot tip, helps the cells grow longer. When light is coming from
one side of the plant, auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot. This
concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the shoot
which is away from light. Thus, the plant appears to bend towards light.
7. Which signal will get disrupted in case of spinal cord injury?
Ans: In case of spinal cord injury signals of reflex action and involuntary action will
get disrupted.
8. How does chemical coordination occur in plants?
Ans: The growth, development and responses to the environment in plants is
controlled and coordinated by special class of chemicals known as plant hormones.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
9. What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?
Ans: The maintenance of the body functions in response to changes in the body by
working together of various integrated body system is known as coordination. All
the movements that occur in response to stimuli are carefully coordinated and
controlled.
10. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Ans:
Involuntary actions Reflex action
i. Involuntary actions cannot be i. Reflex action are sudden, unconscious
consciously controlled. automatic response to some change in
the environment.
ii. These actions are however directly ii. These are controlled by spinal cord.
under the control of the brain
iii. Takes place slowly ii. Takes place very quickly
11. Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and
coordination.
Ans:
Nervous system mechanism Hormonal system mechanism
i. The information is conveyed in the i. The information is conveyed in the
form of nerve impulse. form of chemical messengers.
ii. The nerve impulse are conducted ii. The formation is transmitted or
through nerve fibers. transported through blood.
iii. The flow of information is rapid and iii. The information travels slowly and
response is quick. response is flow.
iv. Its effects are short lived iv. It has prolonged effect.
12. What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in
a sensitive plant and the movement in our legs?
Ans:
Movement in sensitive plants Movement in our legs
i. It occurs response to stimulus which i. It is a voluntary action
is an involuntary action.
ii. No special tissue is there for the ii. Have specialized tissue for transfer
transfer of information. information.
iii. For this movement to our, the plant iii. In animals the muscle cells, some
cells change shape by changing the proteins are found which allow the
amount of water in them. movement to occur.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1) Explain closing and opening of leaves of sensitivity plant?
Ans: Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them, resulting
in swelling or shrinking and therefore in changing shapes.
2) How brain and spinal cord is protected?
Ans: Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon which acts as shock absorber and
enclosed in cranium.
Spinal cord is enclosed in vertebral column.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
3)How does the nervous tissue causes muscular action?
Ans: Muscle cells will move by changing their shape. Muscle cells have special
proteins that change both their shape and their arrangement in the cells in
response to nervous electrical impulses. When this happens, new arrangement of
these proteins give the muscle cells a shorter form this causes muscular activity.
4) Name different types of tropism exhibited by the plants and write their
meaning.
Ans: A tropism is a growth towards or away from a stimulus.
Phototropism: The directional growth of a plant in response to light.
Geotropism: Growth in response to gravity.
Hydrotropism: Directional growth in response to water.
Chemotropism: Is a growth in response to chemicals.
5) Write the functions of
a) Forebrain (Cerebrum) b) Cerebellum c) Mid brain d) Medulla e) pons f)
Hypothalamus
Ans: a) Forebrain (Cerebrum): Control the voluntary actions. Stores information
collected from sensory organs (Memory power)
b) Cerebellum: Controls posture and balance. Controls precision of voluntary
actions.
c) Mid brain: Center for visual and auditory reflexes.
d) Medulla: Controls involuntary actions. Ex blood pressure, salivation, vomiting
e) Pons: Controlling sleep cycle and controls the facial expressions.
f) Hypothalamus: Regulate the body temperature, controls appetite, the rate of
heart beat and blood pressure
6) What is reflex action and reflex arc? Which are the five components reflex arc?
State their function.
Ans: Sudden action in response to something in the environment is called “Reflex
action”
Specific pathway through which the impulses of reflex action flow is called “Reflex
arc”
The five components of reflex arc is
1) Receptor: Receives the stimulus
2) Sensory neuron: Carries the impulses from receptor to spinal cord
3) Relay neuron: Connects the sensory neuron to the motor neuron
4) Motor neuron: Carries the impulses from spinal cord to effector organ
5) Effector organ: Responds to the impulses
7) Write the functions following plant hormones.
Auxin, Gibberllin, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid
Plant hormones Functions
Auxin Helps the cells to grow longer
Gibberllin Help in the elongation of stem
Cytokinins Promote cell division
Abscisic acid Inhibits growth(Ex: wilting of leaves)
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
8) List the important Endocrine glands, the hormone they secrete , their functions
and their deficiency disorders.

Gland Hormone Functions Deficiency disorder

Pituitary Growth Controls growth Deficiency of growth
Gland hormone hormone causes
“Dwarfism”
Hyper secretion Of
growth hormone
causes “Gigantism”
Thyroid Thyroxin Regulates Iodine deficiency in
Gland (Personality carbohydrate, protein diet causes “Simple
hormone) and fat metabolism goiter”
Adrenal Adrenaline Increase heartbeat,
gland blood pressure,
breathing rate to face
the emergency
situation
Pancreas Insulin Regulates blood sugar Insufficient production
level of insulin causes
“Diabetes mellitus”
Testis TestosteroneChanges associated
with puberty in males
Ovary Estrogen Changes associated
with puberty in
females
________________________________________________________________

ELECTRICITY
1. What does an electric circuit mean?
Ans: A continuous and closed path along which an electric current flows is called
electric circuit.
2. Define unit of current.
Ans: If one coulomb of charge flows through any section of conductor in one second,
then the current through it is one ampere.
1A= 1C s-1
3. Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge.
Ans: Electron charge e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Total charge C = 1C
Number of electrons
b= Q/e = 1C/ 1.6 x 10-19 C = 6.25 x 1018
4. Name a device that helps to maintain a potential difference across conductor.
Ans: Battery
5. What is meant by saying that the potential difference between two points is 1V?

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

Ans: The potential difference between two points is 1 V if 1 J of work is done in
moving a positive charge of 1 C from one point to another.
6. How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6V
battery?
Ans: Energy E(W) = VQ = 6V x 1C
7. On what factor does resistance of conductor depend?
Ans: The resistance of a conductor depends on
i) Its length
ii) Its area
iii) Its temperature
iv)Nature of material.
8) Will current flow more easily through a thick wire or a thin wire of the same
material, when connected to same source? Why?
Ans: Current flow easily through thick wire. Thick wire has larger area of cross
section, its resistance is less, and hence, current flows more easily.
9. Let the resistance of an electrical component remains constant while the potential
differences across the two ends of the component decreases to half of its former
value. What change will occur in the current through it?
Ans: When potential difference is halved, the current through the component also
gets halved. This is according to Ohm’s law i.e, Vα I
10.Why are coils of electric toaster and electric irons are made of an alloy rather than
a pure metal?
Ans: Because (i) Alloys have higher resistivity (ii) Alloys do not oxidise at high
temperature (iii) Alloys have high melting point.
11) Use the data in table (6.12a) to answer the following:
a) Which among iron and mercury is better conductor?
b) Which material is the best conductor?
Ans: a) Iron is a better conductor because it has lower resistivity (10.0 X 10 -8 Ωm)
than mercury (94 X 10-8 Ωm)
b) Silver is the best conductor as its resistivity is least (i.e 1.6 X 10 -8 Ωm)
12) Why does the cord of an electric heater not glow while the heating element
does?
Ans; Heating element becomes hot due to its high resistance ( H=I 2Rt) and begin to
glow, whereas the cord remains cold due to its low resistance and does not glow.
13) Explain the following
a) Why is the tungsten used almost exclusively for filament of electric lamps?
b) Why are the conductors of electric heating device, such as bread-toasters and
electric irons, made of an alloy rather than a pure metal?
c) Why is the series arrangement not used for domestic circuits?
d) How does the resistance of a wire vary with area of cross section?
e) Why are copper and aluminium wires usually employed for electricity
transmission?
Ans: a) This is because thin wire of tungsten has high resistance and high melting
point. When a current is passed through it, it becomes hot and emits light.
b) Alloys have resistivity and high melting point, they are used as heating elements.

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

 c) In series arrangement (i) same current flow through all appliances, which is not
desired.(ii) total resistance will increase and current through the circuit will be low
(iii) if one appliance is switched off, then all other will stop working.
d) Since the resistance is inversely proportional to area of cross section thick wire
has low resistance than thin wire.
e) Copper and alluminium wires has low resistivity. Power losses in the form of heat
is very less.
14) Define the following;
Electric current: The flow of electric charges through a conductor.
Potential difference: Amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from
one point to other point.
Resistance(R) : The property of a conductor to oppose the flow of current through it.
Resistor: conductor which have appreciable resistance.
Resistivity: the resistance offered by a wire of unit length and unit cross sectional
area .
15) State Ohm’s law
Ans: The potential difference, V across the ends of a given metallic wire in an electric
circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provides
temperature remains same.

V=IR
16) State joule’s law of heating effect.
Heat produced in a resistor is (i) directly proportional to square of the current for a
given resistance (ii) directly proportional resistance for a given current and (iii)
directly proportional to the time for which the current flows through the resistor.
H=I2Rt

IMPORTANT EQUATIONS AND SI UNITS

I=𝑸/ V=IR I=V/R V=W/Q Rs=R1+R2+R3 H=I2Rt P=I2R
𝒕
Q=It R=V/I R=ƿ W=VQ 1/Rp=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 P=VI P=V2/R
l/A

Electric Current Ampere A

Work Joule J
Potential difference Volt V
Electric charge Coulomb C
Resistance Ohm Ω
Resistivity Ohm-meter Ωm
Power Watt W
Heat Joule J

*****************************************************************************
METALS AND NON-METALS
1. Give an example of a metal which
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
 (i) Is a liquid at room temperature - Mercury
(ii) Can be easily cut with knife - Sodium
(iii) Is the best conductors of heat – Silver and copper
(iv) Is poor conductor of heat- Lead and mercury
(v) Most ductile and malleable metals-Gold and silver
(vi) is kept in kerosene – Potassium and sodium
2. Explain the meaning of malleable and ductile.
Ans: Malleability: The ability of metals to be beaten into thin sheets.
Ductility: The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wires.
3. Why sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil?
Ans: Sodium is highly reactive metal and reacts with oxygen and water very
rapidly. So, it is kept immersed in kerosene oil.
4.Write the equations for the reactions of (i) Iron with steam
(ii) Calcium and potassium with water
Ans: (i) Iron with steam
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ------- Fe3O4 + 4H2
(ii) Calcium and potassium with water
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) ------ Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2(g) + Heat
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) -------- 2KOH (aq) + H2(g) + Heat
5. Sample of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the following
solution one by one. The results obtained have been tabulated as follows.
Metal Iron(II) sulphate Copper(II) sulphate Zinc sulphate Silver nitrate
A No reaction Displacement
B Displacement No reaction
C No reaction No reaction No reaction Displacement
D No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction
Use the Table above to answer the following questions about metals A, B, C and D
(i) Which is the most reactive metal?
(ii)What would you observe if B is added to a solution of Copper (II) sulphate?
(iii) Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the order of decreasing reactivity.
Ans: (i) Most reactive metal is B

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

(ii) If B is adde3d to a solution of Copper (II) sulphate, then it would displace copper
because B is more reactive than copper.
(iii) The arrangement of the metals in order of decreasing reactivity is:
B>A>C>D
6. Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive
metal? Write the chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H 2SO4
Ans: Hydrogen gas is produced when hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal.
Iron reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to produce Iron(II) sulphate and hydrogen gas
is liberated.
Fe(s) + H2SO4 (aq) ------------- FeSO4 (aq) + H2(g)
7. What would you observe when zinc is added to solution of iron(II) sulphate?
Write the chemical reaction that takes place.
Ans: When zinc is added to solution of iron(II) sulphate, zinc displaces iron from
iron(II) sulphate solution, because zinc is more reactive than iron.
Zn(s) + FeSO4 (aq) ------------ ZnSO4 (aq) + Fe(s)
8. (i) Write the electron-dot structure for sodium, oxygen and magnesium.
(ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.
(iii) What are the ions present in these compounds?

Ans: (i) The sodium atom (Na) has 1 outermost electron (or 1 valence electron) so
its electron-dot structure is Na, the oxygen atoms (O) has 6 outermost electrons (or
6 valence electrons) , so its dot structure is :..O:
and the magnesium atom (Mg) has 2 outermost electrons (or 2 valence electrons)
so its electron -dot structure is Mg:
(ii) (a) Formation of Na2O
Na2O is sodium oxide. In the formation of sodium oxide two sodium atoms transfer
their 2 outermost electrons to an oxygen atom. By losing 2 electrons the two
sodium atoms form two sodium ions (2Na+) . And by gaining 2 electrons, the
oxygen atom forms an oxide ion (O2−)

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

The oppositely charged sodium ions and oxide ion are together by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction to form the ionic sodium oxide
compound 2Na+O2− or Na2O.
(b) Formation of MgO
MgO is magnesium oxide. In the formation of magnesium oxide, a magnesium
atom transfers its 2 outermost electrons to an oxygen atom. By losing 2 electrons a
magnesium atom forms magnesium ion (Mg2+) and by gaining 2 electrons the
oxygen atom forms and oxide ion (O2−):

The oppositely charged magnesium ions and oxide ions are held together by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction to form the ionic magnesium oxide
compound Mg2+ O2− or MgO
(iii) (a) The ions present in sodium oxide (Na2O) compound are sodium
ions (Na+) and oxide ions (O2−)
(b) The ions present in magnesium oxide (MgO) are magnesium ions (Mg2+ ) and
oxide ions(O2− )

9. Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?

Ans: The ionic compounds are made up of positive and negative ions which have
the strong force of attraction between opposite charged ions. So, a lot of heat
energy is required to break this force of attraction or ionic bond due to this ionic
compounds have high melting points.
10. Define the following terms: (i) Mineral (ii) Ore (iii) Gangue
Ans: (i) Minerals: Naturally occurring metals or its compounds are called minerals.
(ii) Ore: Ore is a type of mineral from which metal can be extracted profitably and
conveniently.

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

(iii) Gangue: The impurities like sand, mud, rocky substances etc. that are present
in an ore are called gangue.

11. Name the metals which are found in nature in the free state.

Ans: Gold, Silver and Platinum

12 Which chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide?

Ans: Reduction is the chemical process used for obtaining a metal from its oxide.
13. Metallic oxide of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated the following
metals
Ans:
Metal Zinc Magnesium Copper
Zinc oxide
Magnesium oxide
Copper oxide
In which cases will you find displacement reactions taking place?
Ans:
Metal Zinc Magnesium Copper
Zinc oxide X Displacement X
Magnesium X X X
oxide
Copper oxide Displacement Displacement X
14. Which metal do not corrode easily?
Ans: Gold and Platinum
15. What are alloys?
Ans: Homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non- metal is
called an alloy.
16. Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions?
a) NaCl solution and copper b) MgCl2 Solution and aluminium metal
c) FeSO4 solution and silver metal d) AgNo3 solution and copper metal
Ans: d) AgNo3 solution and copper metal
17. Which of the following methods is suitable for preventing an iron frying pan
from rusting?
(a) Applying grease (b) applying paint (c) Applying a coating of zinc (d) All of the
above

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

Ans: (c) Applying a coating of zinc
18. An element reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high melting point.
This compound is also soluble in water. This compound is also soluble in water.
This element is likely to be
(a) Calcium (b) Carbon (c) Silicon (d) Iron
Ans: (a) Calcium
19. Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because
(a) zinc is costlier than tin (b) zinc has a higher melting point than tin
(c)zinc is more reactive than tin (d) zinc is less reactive than tin
Ans: (c)zinc is more reactive than tin
20. You are given hammer, a battery, a bulb, wires and a switch. (a) How could you
use them to distinguish between samples of metals and non-metals? (b) Asses the
usefulness of these tests in distinguishing between metals and non-metals?
Ans: (a) With the hammer, we can beat the sample and if it can be beaten into thin
sheets (malleable), then it is a metal, if not it is a non-metal. Strike the samples
with the hammer if it produces the sound(Sonorous)it is a metal otherwise it is a
non-metal. Set up the electric circuit using the battery, bulb, wires and a switch. If
the sample conducts electricity, then it is metal otherwise it is a non-metal.
(b)
Metals Non-metals
1. Metals are malleable 1. Non-metals are non-
malleable(brittle)
2. Metals are good conductors of 2. Non-metals are poor or bad
electricity. conductors of electricity.
3. Metals are sonorous. 3. Non-metals are non-sonorous.

21. What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides.
Ans: Metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salt and
water are known as “ Amphoteric oxides”
Ex: Aluminium oxide(Al2O3) Zinc oxide (ZnO)
22. Name two metals which will displace hydrogen from dilute acids and two
metals which will not.
Ans: Metals which displaces hydrogen from dilute acids are-sodium, potassium,
calcium, magnesium.
Metals which do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids are copper, silver and
mercury.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
23. In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take as the anode, the
cathode and the electrolyte?
Ans: In the electrolytic of a metal M:
Anode → Thick strip of impure metal M
Cathode → Thin strip of metal M
Electrolyte → Solution of salt of the metal M
24. Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas
evolved by inverting a test tube over tube over it, as shown in the figure below.
(a) What will be the action of gas on (i) dry litmus paper? (ii) moist litmus paper?
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place?

When sulphur powder is heated in air, it forms sulphur dioxide, which is acidic in
nature and its aqueous solution is called sulphurous acid (H2SO3). (a) Action of gas
: (i) There will be no effect of gas on dry litmus paper. (ii) Moist blue litmus paper
changes its colour to red due to H+ ions present in the aqueous solution
of H2SO3 formed from SO2 obtained after burning sulphur. (b) Balanced chemical
equation for the above activity is as given below:
S(s)+O2(g)→SO2(g)
SO2(g)+H2O(l)H2SO3(aq)Sulphurous acid
24. State two ways to prevent the rusting of iron.
Ans: Two ways to prevent the rusting of iron are:
(i) Applying grease, oiling or paint.
(ii) Galvanization.
25. What type of oxides are formed when a non-metals combine with oxygen?
Ans: The reaction of non-metals with oxygen results in the formation of acidic or
neutral oxides.For example, the reaction of Carbon (C) with Oxygen (O2) gives
Carbon dioxide (CO2) which is an acidic oxide. On the other hand, Hydrogen (H2)
reacts with Oxygen (O2) to give water.
Ex: C(g) + O2(g) ------ CO2(g)
26.Give reason:
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
(a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
Ans: Because they are lustrous and less reactive and do not corrode easily.
(b) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking.
Ans: Though Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, it is resistant to corrosion.
Aluminium reacts with oxygen present in the air to form thin layer of aluminium
oxide. This oxide layer is very stable and prevents further reaction of aluminium
with oxygen. Also, it is light in weight and a good conductor of heat. Hence, it is
used in the manufacture of cooking utensils.
(c) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under kerosene.
Ans: Sodium, potassium and lithium are highly reactive metals. They react
vigorously with air as well as water. To protect them they are kept immersed in
kerosene oil.
(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the
process of extraction.
Ans: Because it is to extract metals from their oxides by reduction rather than from
their carbonates and sulphides.
27. You must seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind
juice. Explain why these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels?

Ans: Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in air to form copper carbonate and
as a result, copper carbonate and as a result, copper vessel loses its shiny brown
surface forming a green layer of copper carbonate. The citric acid present in the
lemon or tamarind neutralizes the basic copper carbonate and dissolves the
carbonate layer which insoluble in water. Thus the sour substances are effective in
cleaning the vessels.
28. Differentiate between metals and non-metals on the basis of their chemical
properties.
Ans:

METALS NON-METALS
1. Metals are electron donors, I,e they 1. Non-metals are electron acceptors,
are electropositive. I,e they are electronegative.
2. Metals react with oxygen to form 2. Non-metals react with oxygen to
basic oxides. form acidic oxides.
3. Metals are reducing agents. 3. Non-metals are oxidising agents.
4. Reactive metals react with dilute 4.Non- metals does not react with
(Hydrochloric acid) HCl to produce salt dilute acids.
and hydrogen gas
29. A man went door to door posing as a goldsmith. He promised bring the glitter
of old gold ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave a set gold bangles to him which
he dipped in a particular solution. The bangles sparkled like new but their weight
was reduced drastically. The lady was upset but after a futile argument the man
beat a hasty retreat. Can you play the detective to find out the nature of the
solution he had used?
Ans: He must have dipped the gold metal in the solution of aqua regia, a 3:1
mixture of concentrated Hydrochloric acid(HCl) and concentrated Nitric acid
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
(HNO3). Aqua regia is fuming, highly corrosive liquid. It dissolves gold in it. After
dipping the gold ornaments in aqua regia, the outer layer of gold gets dissolved and
the inner shiny layer appears. That is why the weight of gold ornament reduced.
30. Give reason why copper is used to make hot water tank and not steel (an alloy
of iron)
Ans: Copper is used to make hot water̥ tanks and not steel because copper does
not react with cold or hot water or steam. However, iron reacts with steam. If the
hot water tanks are made of steel (an alloy of iron), then iron would react
vigorously with the steam formed from hot water.
31. What are thermite reactions? Explain with the help of an equation. State one use
of this reaction.
A thermite reaction is a reaction in which a metal oxide is reduced by using
aluminium as the reducing agent. It is generally exothermic in nature, wherein a
large amount of heat is liberated. Due to this heat, the metals produced are in the
molten state.
An example of a thermite reaction is the reduction of iron (III) oxide by using
aluminium powder.
Fe2O3(s) Iron (III) oxide +2Al(s) Aluminium powder ⟶2Fe(l) Iron +Al2O3(s)
Aluminium oxide +Heat
Iron metal is produced when a mixture of iron (III) oxide and aluminium powder is
ignited with a magnesium ribbon. The iron, so obtained, is in the molten state due
to a large amount of heat liberated in the process. This is used to weld broken
pieces of iron.
32. Metals can be given different shapes according to our needs. Give scientific
reason.
Ans: because metals are malleable (i.e., metals can be hammered into thin sheets)
and ductile (i.e., metals can be drawn into thin wires).
33. What is the difference between the reaction of sodium and reaction of calcium
with water.
Ans: The reaction of sodium with water is so violent and exothermic that the
evolved hydrogen immediately catches fire. But, the reaction of calcium with water
is less violent. The heat evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire.
34. Give reason- on reacting with water Calcium and magnesium starts to float.
Ans: On reacting with water Calcium and magnesium starts to floating because the
bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metal.
35. Why hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid?
Ans: Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid, because
HNO3 is a strong oxidizing agent. It oxidises the hydrogen produced to water and
itself gets reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides.( N2O, NO, NO2)
36.Differentiate between metals and non-metals on the basis of their physical
properties.
Ans:

METALS NON-METALS
1.Have a shining surface 1.Do not have a shining surface

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

 2. Are malleable ductile and malleable. 2. Are not malleable ductile and
malleable.
3. Good conductors heat and 3. Bad conductors or non-conductors of
electricity. heat and electricity.
4. Are sonorous. 4. Are not sonorous.
37. What are alkali? Explain with example.
Ans: Metals oxides dissolve in water to form a compound called alkalis.
Ex: Sodium oxide and potassium oxide dissolves in water to form to produce
alkalis.
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) ------ 2NaOH(aq)
K2O(s) + H2O(l) ------- 2KOH(aq)
38.Differenciate between calcination and roasting.
Ans:
CALCINATION ROASTING
Process of heating carbonate ore at Process of heating sulphide ore at high
high temperature in either in the temperature in the presence of excess
absence of air or in limited supply of air.
air.

CO2 is produced along with the metal SO2 is produced along with the metal
oxide. oxide.
39. Define: (a) Amalgum (b) Galvanisation.
Ans: (a) Amalgum: An alloy which consists mercury as one constituent.
(b) Galvanisation: Method of protecting steel and iron from rusting by coating
them with a thin layer of zinc.
40. List the properties of Ionic compounds.
Ans: The properties of ionic compounds are as follows:
1. They are crystalline solids, and are brittle in nature.
2. They have high melting and boiling points.
3. They are soluble in water.
4. They conduct electricity only in their solution and molten states.
41. Give reason: (i) School bells are made up of metals.
(ii) Electric wires are made up of copper.
(i) Metals produce sound on hitting ( sonorous). So, school bells are made up of
metals.
(ii) Copper is a good conductor of electricity. So, electric wires are made up of
copper.
42.A non-metal ‘X’ exists in two forms ‘Y’ and ‘Z’. ‘Y’ is hardest natural substance.
Where as ‘Z’ is a good conductor of electricity. Identify X,Y and Z.
Ans: X is carbon, Y is diamond and Z is graphite.
43. “Some metallic oxides are amphoteric in nature”. Justify the statement with
suitable example and write the balanced chemical reaction.
Ans: Metallic oxides such as zinc oxide and aluminum oxide reacts with both acid
and base to produce salt and water. So they are called amphoteric oxides.
ZnO(s) + 2HCl(aq) ------- ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
ZnO(s) + 2NaOH(aq) --------- Na2ZnO2(H2O(l)
44.(a) the process used to join the cracked metal parts.
Ans: Thermite process
(b) Write the another use of this process.
Ans: Joining the railway tracks.
(c) Write the balanced chemical reaction of this process.
Ans: Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) ----- 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s) + Heat
45.” Properties of alloy are different from its constituent elements”. Justify.
Ans: Copper is a good conductor of electricity but, brass and bronze alloys of
copper are not good conductors of electricity. Iron is soft and stretches easily when
hot, but steel an alloy of iron is hard and does not rust. Thus we can say that”
Properties of alloy are different from its constituent elements”
46. A metal which exists as liquid at room temperature is obtained by roasting by
heating from its sulphide ore. Identify the metal, its ore and write the reaction
involved.
Ans: The metal is mercury and the ore is cinnabar (HgS).
The reaction involved are:
HgS(s) + 3O2(g) ------- 2HgS(l) + 2SO2(g)
2HgS(l) --------- 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
47. P,Q and R are three elements which undergo chemical reactions according to
the following equations.
(a) P2O3 + 2Q ---- Q2O3 + 2P
(b) 3RSO2 + 2Q --------- Q2(SO3) + 3R
(c) 3RO + 2P -------- P2O3 + 3R
Answer the following questions
(i) Which element is more reactive?
(ii) Which element is least reactive?
(iii) State the type of reaction listed above.
Ans: (i) Q is the most reactive element as it has displaced both P and R from their
compound.
(ii) R is the least reactive element as it is displaced by both P and Q.
(iii) Displacement reaction.
48.Give reason: Ionic compounds conducts electricity only in solution state or
molten state. But not in solid state.
Ans: In ionic compounds, electricity is conducted by ions. In solid state, ions are
held together by strong electrostatic forces and are not free to move about within
the solid. Hence, ionic solids do not conduct electricity in solid state. However, in
molten state or in solution form, the ions are free to move and can conduct
electricity.
49. Silver articles turn black after few days. Why?
Ans: This is because the silver metal reacts with sulphur present in the atmosphere
and forms silver sulphide. Thus, a layer of silver sulphide is formed on the surface
of silver articles, because of which they appear dull and black.
50. Tabulate the name of alloy, their constituents, their properties and uses.
Ans:

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

 Name of the Constituent Properties Uses
Alloy elements
Stainless steel Iron, Chromium,  Corrosion resistant. Kitchen
Nickel and carbon Hard accessories,
surgical
instruments
Brass Copper, zinc Corrosion resistant Locks, hinges,
High malleable gears, bearings,
Has less ammunition
conductivity than casings, zippers,
pure metal plumbing, hose
couplings, valves
and electrical
plugs and sockets.
Bronze Copper and Tin Hard, resistant to Cooking vessels,
corrosion, easy to statues, medals
cast, highly
sonorous
Solder Lead and tin Low melting point Welding electrical
High resistivity wires, fuse metal
Amalgam Mercury and Soft paste or solid Dental fillings,
other metals making dyes

51. Write the relative reactivity series of metals.

Most reactive Potassium - K
Sodium - Na
Calcium - Ca
Magnesium - Mg
Aluminium - Al
Medium reactive Zinc – Zn
Iron – Fe
Lead –Pb
Copper - Cu
Least reactive Silver – Ag
Gold - Au
52. Give reason:
(a) Aluminium is a reactive metal but is still used for packing food articles.
(b) Calcium starts floating when water is added to it. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
(a) Aluminium is a strong and cheap metal. It is also a good conductor of heat. But
it is highly reactive. When it is exposed to moist air, its surface is covered with a
thin impervious layer of aluminium oxide (Al2O3). This layer does not allow moist
air to come in contact with the fresh metal and hence, protects the metal
underneath from further damage or corrosion. Thus, after the formation of this
protective layer of Al2O3, aluminium becomes resistant to corrosion. It is because

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

of this reason that although aluminium is a highly reactive metal, it is still used in
food packaging.
(b) Calcium reacts with cold water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

The bubbles of hydrogen gas produced stick to the surface of calcium and hence, it
starts floating on the surface of water.
53. State what would happen if:
(i) some zinc pieces are placed in blue copper sulphate solution.
(ii) some’copper pieces are placed in green ferrous sulphate solution.
(iii) an iron nail is dipped in a solution of copper sulphate for some time.
Ans: (i) If a strip of zinc metal is put in copper sulphate solution, then the blue
colour of copper sulphate fades gradually due to the formation of colourless zinc
sulphate solution and reddish-brown copper metal is deposited on zinc strip.

In this reaction, zinc metal being more reactive than copper.

(ii) Cu + FeSO4 No Reaction
Cu is less reactive than Fe, thus, it cannot displace Fe from FeSO4 solution.
(iii) When an iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution, then the blue colour of
copper sulphate fades gradually and a reddish brown coating is formed on the iron
nail.

As iron is more reactive than copper, it displaces copper from copper sulphate
solution.

54. A metal ‘X’ combines with a non-metal ‘Y’ by the transfer of electrons to form
a compound Z.
(i) State the type of bond in compound Z.
(ii) What can you say about the melting point and boiling point of compound Z?
(iii) Will this compound dissolve in kerosene or petrol?
(iv) Will this compound be a good conductor of electricity? (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
X being a metal loses electrons and Y being a non-metal gains electrons to form Z.
(i) The chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to
another is known as an ionic bond. Hence, Z is an ionic compound.
(ii) Compound Z is an ionic compound thus, it has high melting and boiling points.
(iii) Ionic compounds are insoluble in non-polar solvents such as kerosene or petrol.
(iv) As Z is an ionic compound, it does not conduct electricity in the solid state
because movement of ions in the solid is not possible due to their rigid structure.

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

 But it conducts electricity in the molten state or in aqueous solution due to the
movement of ions freely

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****

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

1) What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has a formula
CO2?

Ans: Electron dot structure of CO2 is

2) What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made
up of 8 atoms of sulphur?
Ans:

3) How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?

Ans : Three structural isomers can be drawn for pentane.

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

4) What are the two properties of carbon which lead to a huge number of carbon
compounds we see around us?
Ans: 1) Catenation 2) Tetravalency 3) Isomerism
5) What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Ans: Molecular formula of cyclopentane is C5H10

6) Draw the structure of the following compounds : i) Ethanoic acid (ii)

Bromopentane (iii) Butanone (iv) Hexanal
Ans: i) Ethanoic acid

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

(ii) Bromopentane

(iii) Butanone

(iv) Hexanal

,
7) How would you name the following compounds?
Ans: i) CH3—CH2--Br

ii)

iii)

Ans: i) Bromoethane ii) Methanal iii) Hexyne

8) Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
Ans : Oxidation of ethanol to ehanoic acid involves addition of oxygen and removal of
hydrogen. Hence the reaction is an oxidation reaction.
CH3CH2OH (Ethanol) AcidifiedKMnO4-CH3COOH (Ethanoic acid)

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

9) A mixture of ethyne and oxygen is burnt for wielding. Can you tell why a
mixture of ehtyne and air is not used?
Ans: Air contains 21% of oxygen and hence ethyne burns in air with lesser heat
which is insufficient to melt the metal. Thus, pure oxygen is used to produce more
heat required to weld the metals.
10) How will you distinguish between alcohol and carboxylic acid experimentally?
Ans: Alcohol does not react with baking soda( Sodium hydrogen carbonate), while
carboxylic acid reacts and produces cO2
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ------------------- CH3COONa +H2O + CO2
11) What are oxidising agents?
Ans: The substances which add oxygen atom or remove hydrogen atom from a
chemical substances are called oxidising agents .
EX: Alkaline potassium permanganate, Nitric acid
12) Would you able to check, if water is hard by using detergent?
Ans: No. Detergent gives lather both hard water and soft water. But soap gives
lather quickly in soft water only.
13) People use variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually, after adding soap, they
beat the clothes on a stone or beat with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the
mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean
clothes?
Ans: The non-ionic long chain hydrocarbon part of the soap attaches the oil and
grease droplets and loosen them from the fiber of the clothes along with the dirt.
However this loosing is insufficient to take out the tiny droplets of oil or grease
along with dirt. Thus, the clothes are agitated by various methods, so that oil or
grease droplets along with dirt are cleaned easily.
14) Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has
(a) 6 covalent bonds (b) 7 covalent bonds (c) 8 covalent bonds (d) 9 covalent bonds
Ans: (b) 7 covalent bonds
15) Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
(a) Carboxylic acid (b) Aldehyde (c) Ketone (d) Alcohol
Ans: (c) Ketone
16) Which among, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it
means that
(a) The food is not cooked completely (b) The fuel is not burning completely
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
(c) The fuel is wet (d)The fuel is burning completely.
Ans : (b) The fuel is not burning completely
17) Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH 3Cl.
Ans: carbon has atomic number 6. It has 4 electrons in the valence shell. Hydrogen
(Z=1) has one electron in its valence shell while chlorine (Z=17) seven electrons in
valence shell. In order to achieve a noble gas configuration, carbon shares its 4
electrons with three hydrogen atoms and one chlorine atom. Thus carbon forms 4
covalent bonds.

18) Draw the electron dot structures for (a) Ethanoic acid (b) H2O (c)Propanone
(d)F2

Ans: a) Ethanoic Acid

(b) H2S

(c) Propanone

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

.(d) F2

19) What is homologous series? Explain with the example.

Ans: A homologous series is a family of hydrocarbons with similar chemical
properties who share the same general formula.
OR
Homologous series refers to a series of compounds with the same functional group
and also similar chemical properties.
Ex: (a) CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH, C4H9OH (b) CH4, C2H6, C3H8 , C4H10

20) How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their
physical and chemical properties?

Ans: Physical properties

Ethanol Ethanoic acid

Has pleasant odour Has pungent odour
On cooling does not freeze On cooling freezes at 290K
Chemical properties

Ethanol Ethanoic acid

Does not react with metal carbonates Reacts with metal carbonates and
and metal hydrogen carbonate metal hydrogen carbonates to form
salt, water and carbon dioxide
Ethanol gets dehydrated to ethane by Does not get dehydrated by sulphuric
concentrated sulphuric acid acid.
Does not react with base Reacts with bases such as NaOH, KOH
to produce water and salt
21) Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a
micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?

Ans: A molecule of soap is made up of two parts:i) An ionic part which is

hydrophilic (water loving) andii) A hydrocarbon chain which is hydrophobic (water
hating).

Inside water, the soap molecules form cluster to keep hydrocarbon part out of
water. In a cluster, the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster and
hydrophilic ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster. This formation is called
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
micelle.No. Micelle formation does not take place in organic solvent like ethanol as
soaps insoluble in organic solvents.

22) Why carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most application?

Ans: Carbon compounds are used as fuel because they burn with a clean flame and
no smoke is produced. Carbon compounds have higher calorific values, maximum
ignition temperature and their combustion can be restrained. Hence, carbon and
its compounds are a great source of fuel.

23) Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.

And: A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids. Hard water
contains salts of calcium and magnesium. When soap is added to hard water,
calcium and magnesium ions present in water displace sodium or potassium ions
from the soap molecules forming an insoluble substance called scum. A lot soap is
wasted in the process.

24) What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red or blue)?

Ans: Soap is basic in nature so, it will turn red litmus blue and blue litmus paper
will remain blue.

25) What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?

Ans: The process of converting unsaturated hydrocarbons into saturated

hydrocarbons by passing hydrogen in the presence palladium or nickel catalyst is
called “Hydrogenation”

The chemical reaction is depicted below:

The reaction is used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils, which contain long
chains of unsaturated carbon.
26) Which of the following hydrocarbon undergoes addition reaction?
C2H6 , C3H8 , C3H6 , C2H2 , CH4
C3H6 and C2H2 are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hence they undergo addition
reaction.
27) Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and
cookin oil.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
Ans: We can distinguish between cooking oil and butter by bromine water test:
Add bromine water to little of cooking oil and butter taken in different test tubes.
Cooking oil decolourises bromine water showing that it is an unsaturated
compound while butter doesn't decolourise bromine water showing that it is a
saturated compound.
28) Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
Ans: Cleaning action of soaps: Most dirt is oily in nature and the hydrophobic end
of soap attaches to dirt, while the ionic end, while the ionic end attracted by the
water. This results in the formation micelles. Soap molecule form an emulsion. The
cloth needs to be mechanically agitated to remove the dirt particles from the cloth.
29) “LPG burn with a blue flame while acetylene burn with a sooty flame”. why?
Ans: An unsaturated hydrocarbon(acetylene) has high concentration of carbon,
which does not get burnt completely in air. Thus, unburnt carbon appears in the
form of soot and hence the flame is sooty.
30) Write the next higher homologue of the following.
(i) C3H6 (ii) C5H8
Ans: (i) C4H8 (ii) C6H10
31) Name the type of reaction represented by the following equation:
CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH conc.H2SO4___ ------ CH3COO CH2CH3 + H2O
Ans: Esterification
32) Write the name and structure of an aldehyde with 4 carbon atoms.
Ans: Butanal – C3H7CHO
33) State the reason why carbon can neither form C4+ cations nor C4- anions, but
forms covalent compounds. Also state reasons to explain why covalent compounds
:
(i) are bad conductors of electricity?
(ii) have low melting and boiling points?
Ans: Ionic compounds are formed either by gaining or losing electrons from the
outermost shells, but carbon which has four electrons in its outermost shell cannot
form ionic bonds because
1. If carbon forms ionic bonds by gaining four electrons to attain a noble gas
configuration then it would be difficult for six protons in the nucleus to hold ten
electrons.
2. If carbon forms ionic bonds by loss of four electrons then it would require a lot of
energy to remove these electrons from outermost shell. Due to these reasons
carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing the valence electrons.
i) A covalent bond is formed between non-metal atoms which combine together by
sharing electrons. Covalent compounds have no free electrons and no ions so they
dont conduct electricity
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
ii) The force of attraction between the molecules is very weak and so the amount
of energy needed to separate them is small consequently they have low melting
points and boiling points.
34.What are covalent compounds? Why are they different from ionic compounds?
List their three characteristic properties.
Answer:
Covalent compounds are those compounds which are formed by sharing of valence
electrons between the atoms e.g., hydrogen molecule is formed by mutual sharing
of electrons between two hydrogen atoms.
They are different from ionic compounds as ionic compounds are formed by the
complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another e.g., NaCl is formed when
one valence electron of sodium gets completely transferred to outer shell of
chlorine atom. The characteristic properties of covalent compounds are:
(i) They are generally insoluble or less soluble in water but soluble in organic
solvents.
(ii) They have low melting and boiling points.
(iii) They do not conduct electricity as they do not contain ions.
35) What are covalent bonds? Show their formation with the help of electron dot
structure of methane. Why are covalent compounds generally poor conductors of
electricity?
Ans: Covalent bonds are those bonds which are formed by sharing of the valence
electrons between two atoms. Electron dot structure of methane is shown in the

figure
Covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity because they do
not have tree electrons or ions.
36) Define: Catenation and Isomerism.
Ans: The phenomenon of possessing same molecular formula but, different
properties by the compounds is known as isomerism. The compounds that exhibit
isomerism are called isomers. Catenation : If an element forms bonds between its
own atoms to give big molecule we call this property as catenation property.
Carbon has ability to form longest chains with its own atoms.
**************************************************************** HOW
DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?
1. What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?
Ans: * DNA copying ensures each daughter cell produced at the end of cell division
receives an identical amount of DNA.
*It causes by generating variety during sexual reproduction.
* It aids the transmission of information or traits from parents to children.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
2. Why are variations beneficial to the species but not necessary for the individual?
Ans: Variations act as pre-adaptations to environmental changes which have no
immediate benefit to the individuals. If there are no variations present in the
members of the population, the niche altered drastically. In that case, the
population could be wiped out. Thus, variations beneficial to the necessary for the
individual.
3. How binary fission differ from multiple fission?
Binary Fission Multiple Fission
(i) Formation of two daughter cells (i) Formation of many daughter cells
from the mother cell. from mother cell.
(ii) undertaken under most favorable (ii) Undertaken under adverse
conditions condition.
Ex: Amoeba, Leishmania Ex: Plasmodium
4. How will an organism be benefitted if it reproduces through spores?
Ans: (i) Spores are small hence dispersed by air and help in spreading the organisms
far and wide.
(ii) All the daughter cells formed through spores are genetically similar.
(iii) Spores can also functions as a means of perennation of passage through
unfavorable conditions.
5. Can you think of reasons why more complex organisms cannot give rise to new
individuals through generations?
Ans: Organisms at higher complex levels cannot give rise to new individuals
through regeneration because they have organization of their organs system at
different levels. All these organ systems are interconnected and work in full
coordination. They can regenerate a few of their lost body parts like skin, blood,
muscles, etc. but can’t give rise to new individuals.
6. Why is vegetative propagation practiced for growing some types of plants?
Ans: Vegetative propagation is practiced for growing some types of plants because,
(i) Good qualities of variety can be maintained indefinitely.
(ii) Vegetative propagation gives a genetically uniform population.
(iii) Vegetative propagation is a quicker method of raising of crops.
(iv)Plants raised by vegetative propagation can bear flowers and fruits earlier.
(v) This method is also make possible the propagation of plants that have lost the
capacity to produce seeds.
7. Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?
Ans: During reproduction, new cells are formed which must carry the same amount
of DNA as parent cell. Hence DNA copying is an essential phenomenon of
reproduction through which organisms pass on their body features to their
offspring.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
8.How is the process of pollination is different from fertilization?
Ans:
Pollination Fertilisation
Pollination is the transfer of pollen Fertilisation is the fusion of male
grains from anther to the stigma of a gamete with female gamete.
flower.
9. What is the role of seminal vesicle and the prostate gland?
Ans: Secretion of Seminal vesicle and prostate gland:
(i) Makes the transport of the sperms easier. (ii) Provide nutrition to the sperms.
10. What are the changes seen in the girls and boys at the time of puberty?
Ans: Changes seen in the girls at the time of puberty are;
(i) Skin become oily. Pimples often develop. (ii) Breast size begins to increase, with
darkening of the skin of the nipple at the tips of breasts. (iii) Beginning of
menstruation cycle. (iv)Growth of thick hairs in the armpit and genital area
between the thighs.
Changes seen in the boys at the time of puberty are;(i)Under the influence of
hormones, the larynx develops prominently.(ii) The vocal cord become longer and
thicker in boys, causing the voice to become hoarse.(iii) Growth of hair in other
areas of skin like underarms, face, hands, and legs.(iv) Enlargement of the testicles
followed by penis.(v) Testes grow and start producing sperms.
11. How does the embryo get nourishment inside the mother’s body?
Ans: The embryo gets its nourishment from the mother’s blood through placenta.
Placenta contains villi on the embryo’s side of the tissue. On the mother’s side are
blood space, which surrounds the villi. This provides a large surface area for
glucose and oxygen to pass from mother to the embryo. In this way, embryo gets
its nutrition. The wastes generated by the developing embryo is also removed
through the placenta by transferring them into the mother’s blood.
12. If a women is using copper-T will it help in protecting her from sexually
transmitted diseases?
Ans: No, sexually transmitted diseases occur due to fluid contact that takes place in
vagina.
EXERCISE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Sexually reproduction takes place through budding in
a) Amoeba b) Yeast c) Plasmodium d) Leishmania
Ans: a) Amoeba
2. Which of the following is not a part of female reproductive system in human
beings?
a) Ovary b) Uterus c) Vas deference d) fallopian tube
Ans: c) Vas deference
3. The anther contains
a) Sepals b) Ovules c) Carpel d) Pollen grains
Ans: d) Pollen grains
4. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
Ans; Sexual reproduction has following advantages
i) The offsprings produced by sexual reproduction exhibit diversity of characters
because fusing of gametes come from two different and sexually distinct
individuals.
ii) Sexual reproduction involves meiosis which provides opportunities for new
combination of genes.
iii) It plays a prominent role in the origin of new species and lead to variations
required for evolution.
5. What are the functions performed by the testis in human beings?
Ans: The function of the testis in human beings:
1) They are responsible for producing the male sex hormone, testosterone.
2) They are responsible for producing sperms (male reproductive cells).
6. Why does menstruation occur?
Ans: The uterus prepare itself every month to receive a fertilized egg. Its lining
becomes thick and spongy. But if fertilization does not occur then this lining of the
uterus breaks down along with the blood moves out of the vagina in the form of
bleeding, called menstruation.
7. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the longitudinal section of flower.
Ans:

8. What are the different methods of contraception?

Ans: Methods of contraception can classified into three types:
(i) Creation of mechanical barrier: Condoms on the penis or similar coverings worn
in the vagina. Using loop or the copper-T inside vagina.
(ii) Changing the hormonal balance; in which drugs or pills are used.
(iii) Surgical methods: Blocking the vas deference in male or the fallopian tube in
female.
9. How are the modes of reproduction different in unicellular and multi cellular
organisms?
Ans: Unicellular organisms have very simple mode of reproduction. Sex is not
differentiate into male and female. They reproduce by budding, fragmentation,
fission..etc. In multicellular organisms mode of reproduction is complex. Male and

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

female sex is differentiate in multicellular organisms. Separate organ system for
reproduction has been developed.
10. How does reproduction help in providing stability to population of species?
Ans: Reproduction is the process of producing new individuals of the same species
by existing organisms of a species, so, it helps providing stability to population of
species by giving birth to new individuals as rate of birth must be at par with the
rate of death to provide stability to population of a species.
11. What could be the reasons for the adopting contraceptive methods?
Ans: Contraceptive methods are adopted to, i) to prevent the unwanted pregnancy
ii) to have sufficient gap between successive birth iii) to prevent the spreading of
sexually transmitted diseases.
In the given Figure label the parts and mention their functions-:

(a) Production of egg

Ans: The Production of eggs takes place in ovaries.
(b) Site of fertilisation
Ans: The site of fertilization (fusion of gametes) is oviduct.
(c) Site of implantation
Ans: The site of implantation is the uterus.
(d) Entry of the sperms
Ans: Entry of the sperms occurs in vagina during the sexual intercourse.
12. Write two points of difference between asexual and sexual types of
reproduction. Describe why variations are observed in the offspring formed by
sexual reproduction.
Ans:
Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction

1. In this kind of reproduction two 1.In this kind of reproduction single

parents are involved. parent is involved.

2. It involves union of gametes. 2. there is no fusion of gametes..

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

 3. The young ones are different from the 3. The young ones are genetically
parents identical to the parents
Variations are observed in the offspring formed by sexual reproduction because-:
1. Involvement of two parents.
2. Fusion of gametes.
3. Crossing over during the meiosis.
13. Draw a neat, labeled diagram of a pistil showing pollen tube growth and its entry
into the ovule.
Ans:

14. Reproduction is essentially a phenomenon that is not for survival of an individual

but for the stability of a species. Justify
Ans: Reproduction is defined as the production of offspring from the parents. As we
know that every organism needs to fight for their survival & very few cope up with
this which ultimately leads to drastic decrease in the population. So, reproduction is
the only way to maintain the stability of the population as well as the continuation
of species. It does not play any role in the survival of an organism.
15. Mention the gland and their functions associated with the male reproductive
system.
Glands associated with the male
Functions
reproductive system

Testis It secretes testosterone hormone

Prostate gland It add on the fluid content to the semen

It secretes fructose rich fluid that provides

Seminal vesicle
the energy to the sperms.

It lubricates the urethra & neutralize the

Cowper’s gland
acidity of traces of urine
16. Why cannot fertilization take place in flowers if pollination does not occur?
Ans: Pollination is defined as the dispersal of pollen grains. As soon as the pollen
grains land on the stigma they germinate to produce pollen tubes that carry the male
gamete towards the egg & facilitate the process of fertilization. Hence, fertilization
can not take place in flowers if pollination does not occur.
17. What is puberty?
Ans: Puberty is the period of sexual maturity during adolescence when the
reproductive organs become functional.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
 18. What are the advantages of spore-forming organisms?
Ans: The advantages of spore-forming organisms are:
 It helps the organism survive in harsh environmental conditions.
 Thick walls cover the spores, so it provides them with protection.
 They come in contact with the moist surface and germinate.
 They are small and light.
 Wind, water, and animals can easily disperse it.
19. What is a unisexual and bisexual flower?
Ans: Unisexual flowers are those flowers that contain only one sex organ, either
stamens or carpels. Examples of unisexual flowers include flowers like papaya and
watermelon.
When the flower has sex organs, the stamen and the carpel, it is called a bisexual
flower—for example, the flower of the hibiscus and the mustard.
20. Name the parts of the flower that serve the same function as the animals.
Ans: Testes – anther of stamen
Sperm – pollen
Ovary – ovary of the pistil
Egg – female germ cell present in the ovule.

21.Two very small organisms X and Y both reproduce by the method of budding.
Organism X is industrially very important because it is used in making alcohol from
sugar. It is also used in making bread. Organism Y lives in freshwater. If organism Y
gets cut into a number of parts accidently, each cut part can grow to from complete
organism.
(a) What are organisms X and Y?
(b) What is the name of process in which X convert sugar into alcohol
(c) To Which class of organisms does X belong?
(d) Name an important body feature of organism Y
(e) Which organism is multicellular and which one is unicellular?
Ans: a) is X yeast and Y is Hydra (b) Fermentation (c) Yeast (d) Y has tentacles (e) Y
is multicellular whereas X is unicellular
22. What are the advantages and disadvantages of self and cross-pollination?
Ans:Advantages of self-pollination:
i)The race's purity is preserved. Ii) Pollen grains do not go to waste. Iii) Pollination
is not dependent on external causes or pollinating agents.
Disadvantages of self-pollination
i) The seeds are smaller in number. ii) New plant varieties cannot be created.
Advantages of cross-pollination: i) New varieties are created as a result of cross-
pollination.
ii) Seeds are produced in more significant quantities and are more viable.
Disadvantages of cross-pollination: i) Pollen grains are being wasted in more
significant quantities. ii) Because of the distance barrier, pollination may fail. iii)
Cross-pollination has the potential to introduce undesirable traits. iv) It is
uneconomical for plants to create huge, scented, nectar-filled flowers to attract
insects.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
 23) Observe the picture given related to asexual reproduction and identify the
type, example and give a brief account about it.
SL PICTURE TYPE EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
NO
1 Binary fission Amoeba The process of
division of a
single celled
organism into
two in any
plane.
2 Binary fission Leishmania The process of
division of a
single celled
organism into
two in a
definite
orientation.
3 Multiple Plasmodium The process of
fission division of a
single celled
organism into
many daughter
cells
simultaneously.
4 Regeneration Planaria Body of the
organism is cut
into number of
pieces and each
piece grows
into a complete
organisms.
5 Budding Hydra Budding is a
Yeast type of asexual
reproduction
where a small,
outgrowth or
bud forms on
the parent
organism. This
bud eventually
develops into a
new organism
that detaches
from the
parent,
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
 becoming
independent.
6 Spore Rhizopus Spore
Formation formation is a
form of
reproduction in
which the
reproductive
bodies called
the spores are
present in a
blobs called the
sporangia.
Once these
spores mature
the sporangia
burst and these
matured spores
reach different
areas by air,
wind and
water. Under
suitable
conditions,
these spores
germinate to
form a new
plant.
7 Vegetative Bryophillum Vegetative
propagation Sugar cane propagation
Rose, is an asexual
grapes method of
hibiscus reproduction in
which new
plants are
obtained from
plant parts such
as the stem,
leaves and
roots without
the help of
reproductive
organs.
26. Write the differences between self pollination and cross pollination.
Ans:

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

 Self pollination Cross pollination
Transfer of pollen grains from the Transfer of pollen grains from the
stamen to stigma of same flower. stamen to stigma of another flower.
Does not require external agency Needs external agent.
27.Give examples for sexually transmitting bacterial disease and viral diseases
Bacterial disease Gonorrhoea, Syphilis
Viral disease AIDS, Warts

*********************************************************************
HERIDITY
1. If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a
trait B exists in 60% of the same population. Which trait is likely to have arisen
earlier?
Ans: In the given question we will see that trait B will be seen earlier. This happens
because, in the case of an asexually reproducing population, the organisms will be
the exact copy of their parents. Now if there is a mutation just in the case of trait A
as we see, it will take time to appear in the population. Trait B being the majority
will appear first.
2. How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival?
Ans: Variation help in the survival of the species by allowing the organisms to
adapt to the ever changing environment.
3. How do Mendel’s experiment show that traits are inherited independently?
Ans: Mendel crossed pea plants having round green seeds (RRyy) with pea plants
having wrinkled yellow seeds (rrYY). The F1 plants will have yellow round seeds
because yellow seed colour and round seeds are dominant. Then this F1 progeny
was self-pollinated and F2 progeny was found to have yellow round seeds, green
round seeds, yellow wrinkled seeds and green wrinkled seeds in the ratio of
9:3:3:1. In the above cross, new characters were shown in the plants of F2
generation, and these are independently inherited.
OR
During dihybrid cross by Mendel, it was observed that when two pairs of traits
were considered; each trait expressed independently of the other. Thus, Mendel
was able to propose the Law of Independent Assortment which says about the
independent inheritance of traits.
4.How do Mendel’s that traits show that traits may be dominant or recessive?
Ans: Mendel crossed true breeding tall (TT) and dwarf (tt) pea plants. All the F1
plants obtained were tall. Then, Mendel self-pollinated the F1 plants and observed
that 25% of the F2 plants were short. From this experiment, Mendel F1 tall plants
were carrying traits of both short and tall trait is dominant over the dwarf.

PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR

5. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their
daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the
traits blood group A or O is dominant? Why or why not?
Ans: No. This information is not sufficient to determine which of the traits - blood
group A or O - is dominant. Thus is because we do not know about the blood group
of all the progeny. Blood group A can be genotypically AA of AO. Hence, the
information is incomplete to draw any such conclusion.
6. How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?
Ans: In human beings, the female have two X chromosomes and male have one X
and one Y chromosome. Therefore, the females are XX and the males are XY. The
male gametes have 22 autosomes and either X or Y sex chromosome. Female have
XX sex chromosomes, their gametes can only have X sex chromosome. Thus, the
mother provides only X chromosome. The sex of the baby is determined by the
type of the male gamete (X or Y) that fuses with X chromosome of the female.
7. Define the following
i) Heredity ii) Variations iii) Monohybrid cross iv)Dihybrid cross
Ans: i) Heredity: The transmission of characters/traits from one generation to the
next generation.
ii) Variations: The differences in the characters/traits between the parent and
offspring.
iii) Monohybrid cross: Cross between two plants with one pair of contrasting
characters.
iv) Dihybrid cross: Cross between two plants having two pairs of contrasting
characters.
8. What will be the appearance of (a) F1 and (b) F2 progenies when a pure
(homozygous) tall (TT) pea plant is crossed with a pure (homozygous) dwarf pea
plant (tt)?
Ans: Tallness (T) gene is dominant over dwarfness (t) gene

Pure (homozygous) tall pea plant = TT

Pure (homozygous) dwarf pea plant = tt

(a) Parents:

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Thus, the off-springs of F1 generation will be heterozygous tall.
(b) Here the F1 hybrids, i.e., heterozygous tall (Tt) are self-pollinated which may
result into following possibilities:

Therefore, 3 plants will be tall and one plant will be dwarf in F 2 generation showing
a ratio of 3: 1. And the genotypic ratio is 1:2:1
9. All the variations in a species do not have equal chances of survival. Why?
Ans: All the variations do not have equal chances of survival in the environment in
which they live. Depending on the nature of variations, different individuals would
have different kinds of advantages. The organisms which are most adapted to the
environment will survive.
10. Assertion (A) : The sex of a child in human beings will be determined by the
type of chromosome he/she inherits from the father.
Reason (R) : A child who inherits ‘X’ chromosome from his father would be a girl
(XX), while a child who inherits a ‘Y’ chromosome from the father would be a boy
(XY).
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion
(A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is, false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion (A).

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11. How did Mendels experiments show that different traits are inherited
independently? Explain.
Answer: In a dihybrid cross given by Mendel, it was observed that when two pairs
of traits or characters were considered, each trait expressed independent of the
other. Thus, Mendel was able to propose the Law of Independent Assortment
which says about independent inheritance of traits. This could be explained clearly
from the given cross:

F2 generation ratio : Round-yellow = 9 : Round- green = 3: Wrinkled-yellow = 3:

Wrinkled-green = 1
Ratio is 9:3:3:1
13. Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his experiments?
Ans: i) Pea plant has many contrasting characters.
ii)The Pea plant is self-pollinating and so it is easy to raise pure breeding
individuals.
iii) It has short life span
iv) It is easy to cross pollinating.
v) Flowers are bisexual
vi) Plants are easy to maintain.
14. What is a gene?
Ans: A gene is a unit of DNA on a chromosome which governs the synthesis of
particular protein that controls specific characteristics (or traits) of an organism.

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15. Why is the progeny always tall when a tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea
plant?
Ans: When a tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant, the resultant progeny
is always tall because tall is dominant trait and short is recessive trait. Therefore,
dominant trait expresses itself in the progeny.

16.A cross was made between pure breeding pea plants, one with round and green
seeds and the other with wrinkled and yellow seeds.
(a) Write the phenotype of F1 progeny. Give reason for your answer.
(b) Write the different types of F2 progeny obtained along with their ratio when
F1 progeny was selfed.
Answer:
(a) The given cross was made between pure breeding pea plants, one with round
and green seeds and the other with wrinkled and yellow seeds.
Yellow seed colour and round seed shape is dominant over green seed colour and
wrinkled seed shape. In F1 generation, dominant traits express itself, whereas
recessive traits get suppressed.

Therefore, the phenotype of F1 progeny is round and yellow.(b) The different types
of F2 progeny obtained along with their ratio when F1 progeny was selfed could be

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illustrated by the given cross.

Phenotypic ratio: 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
Round yellow seeds – 9 ; Round green seeds – 3;
Wrinkled yellow seeds – 3; Wrinkled green seeds – 1

Law of Dominance
This is also called Mendel’s first law of inheritance. According to the law of
dominance, hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype.
The alleles that are suppressed are called the recessive traits while the alleles that
determine the trait are known as the dominant traits.
Law of Segregation
The law of segregation states that during the production of gametes, two copies of
each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each
parent. In other words, allele (alternative form of the gene) pairs segregate during
the formation of gamete and re-unite randomly during fertilization. This is also
known as Mendel’s third law of inheritance.
Law of Independent Assortment
Also known as Mendel’s second law of inheritance, the law of independent
assortment states that a pair of traits segregates independently of another pair
during gamete formation. As the individual heredity factors assort independently,
different traits get equal opportunity to occur together.
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
 OUR ENVIRONMENT
1) What are trophic levels? Give an example of a food chain and state the different
trophic levels in its.
Ans: Each step or level of the food chain is called a trophic level
Example: Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Hawk
T1 → T2 → T3 →T4 →T5
1 trophic level →2 trophic level→ 3 trophic level→4th trophic level→5th trophic
st nd rd

level
Producers→ Primary consumers → Secondary consumers →Tertiary consumers→
Quaternary consumers
Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Small Fish → Big Fish
T1 → T2 → T3 →T4
1 trophic level →2 trophic level→ 3 trophic level→4th trophic level
st nd rd

Producers→ Primary consumers → Secondary consumers →Tertiary consumers

2) What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem?
Ans: The decomposers breakdown the organic remains into simpler and soluble
substances there by cleans the environment and increase the soil fertility.
3) Why are some substances biodegradable and some non-biodegradable?
Ans: Substances which are broken down by enzymes produced by decomposers are
biodegradable.
Example: Livestock waste, garbage, sewage, agriculture waste ….etc
The substances which cannot be broken down by enzymes produced by
decomposers are non-biodegradable. Example: Plastic, Polythene, glass …..etc
4) Give any two ways in which biodegradable substances would affect the
environment?
Ans: i) The huge amount of biodegradable produce foul gas and pollute
environment.
ii) A number of pathogens and pests breed in such places and spread the
diseases.
5) Give any two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the
environment.
Ans: i) They contaminate soil and water resources as they cannot be decomposed
by micro-organisms. (ii) These substances, when accidentally eaten by stray
animals, can harm them and can even cause their death.
6) What is ozone and how does it affect any ecosystem?
Ans: Ozone is a molecule of three atoms of oxygen (O3). Ozone lies above the
troposphere and it shields the atmosphere and protects the earth from UV-
radiations.
7) How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal? Give any two
methods.

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Ans: We can reduce the problem of waste disposal by adopting the following
methods-
i) By recycling and minimizing the use of the of non-biodegradable wastes.
ii) By producing useful products like biogas, compost, vermin compost..etc from the
biodegradable wastes.
8) Which of the following groups contain only biodegradable items?
a) Grass, flowers and leather (b) Grass, wood and plastic
(c) Fruit-peels , cake and lime juice (d) Cake, wood and grass
Ans: (a), (b) And (c)
9) Which of the following constitute a food chain?
(a) Grass, wheat and mango (b) Grass, goat and human
(c) Goat, cow and elephant (d) Grass, fish and Goat
Ans: (b) Grass, goat and human
10) Which of the following are eco-friendly practices?
(a) Carrying cloth bags to put purchases while shopping (b) Switching off
unnecessary lights and fans
(c ) Walking to school instead of getting your mother you on her scooter (d) All the
above
Ans: (d) All the above
11) What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level?
Ans: If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, the organisms of the next
trophic level will decrease in number due to non-availability of food. On the other
hand the organisms of lower trophic level will increase because no organism will be
there to feed upon.
12) (a) Will impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different
trophic levels?
(b) Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any
damage to the ecosystem?
Ans: (a) Impact of removing all organisms of a trophic level is different for different
trophic levels. For example, if we remove producers from a food chain, no
organism will get food, if we remove herbivores from a food chain then carnivores
will die and producers will also die due to competition for space and nutrients. No,
we can't remove any trophic level without causing damage to the ecosystem as one
is dependent on other for their survival. If we remove any one this will create
imbalance in the ecosystem.
(b) No, the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level will be the same
for different trophic levels. No, the organisms of any trophic level cannot be
removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem.
13) What is bio magnification or biological magnification? Will the level
of this magnification be different at different trophic levels?
Ans: Biological magnification is the phenomenon in which harmful chemicals enter in the
food chain and its concentration increases at each tropic level. The levels of biological
magnification is different at different levels of the ecosystem. It will be increases with
PRIYADARSHINI K ASST TEACHER KPS JEEVANBIMANAGAR
each successive level. It is maximum at highest tropic levels and minimum at lowest tropic
levels. For example, it is highest in humans and lowest in autotrophs like plants.
14) What are the problems caused by non-biodegradable wastes that we
generates?
Ans: The following are the issues caused by non-biodegradable waste:
i) Non-biodegradable waste does not decompose. They accumulate in the environment
and cause bio magnification; as a result of this accumulation, they pollute soil and water;
they pollute the environment.
ii) If such wastes are burned, they pollute the air.
iii) Non-biodegradable wastes, such as pesticides, deplete soil fertility as they penetrate it.
The soil's pH level becomes unsuitable for plant growth.
Iv) Some substances contaminate the environment, causing harm to living organisms.
15) If the waste we generate is biodegradable, will this have no impact on the
environment?
Ans: If the biodegradable wastes are disposed properly then this will have no impact on
the environment. But these waste also cause environmental pollution if they are not
disposed properly.
16) Why is damage to the ozone layer a cause if concern? What steps are being taken to
limit this damage?
Ans: The damage to the ozone layer is a cause for concern because:
→ It will not be able to filter out the ultra-violet rays efficiently, and this will cause various
skin problems such as skin darkening and skin cancer.
→ Ozone layer maintains a steady temperature on the planet. Damage to the layer might
result in the death of many phytoplankton’s that leads to increased global warming.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are compounds that damage the ozone layer. To limit the
damage to the ozone layer, the release of CFCs into the atmosphere must be reduced.
CFCs used as refrigerants and in fire extinguishers should be replaced with
environmentally-safe alternatives. Also, the release of CFCs through industrial activities
should be controlled.
17) Why are green plants are called producer?
Ans: The green plants can produce their food using carbon dioxide, chlorophyll,
water, and sunlight, giving out oxygen and glucose.The food which is produced by
green plants can be utilized by others.
They produce food for the whole ecosystem, hence they are called as producers.
18) Why decomposers are called as natural scavengers?
Ans: Decomposers are known as nature's scavengers because they help to clean the
environment by decomposing the dead remains of the plants and animals.
19) Food chain usually contains only 3-4 trophic levels why?
Ans: The loss of energy at each step of food chain is so great that very little
unusable energy remains after four trophic levels. Hence, food chains generally
consist of only three or four steps.
20) What is 10% law? Give an example.
Ans: Ten PerCent Law – According to ten per cent law only 10 per cent of the
energy entering a particular trophic level of organisms is available for transfer to
the next higher trophic level.

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 Example – Suppose 1000 Joules of light energy emitted by the sun falls on the
plants. Consider a food chain: The plants or first trophic level has 10 joules of
energy in it. Now according to 10 percent law only 10% of 10 joules of energy which
is 1 joule will be available for transfer to the next trophic level so that the
herbivore will have only 1 joule of energy stored as food at the second trophic
level. 10% of the remaining 1 joule will be transferred to third trophic level of
carnivore. So the energy available
in the lion as food will be only 0.1 joule.
21) Bio magnification in human why?
Ans: Since, these chemicals are not degradable. They get accumulated at each
trophic level. Human beings, are the top carnivores hence occupy the level in the food
chain. So, the maximum concentration of these chemicals will be accumulated in
their bodies.
22) Flow of energy is unidirectional in an ecosystem. Why?
Ans: The flow of energy is unidirectional because of reasons given below
(i) Energy flows progressively from one trophic level to another and cannot revert
back.
Energy given out as heat is lost in the environment, it does not return to be used
again
(ii) Also, the available energy decreases at higher trophic level. Out of the total
energy available, at a particular trophic level, only 10% is passed on to the next
trophic level, making it impossible for energy to flow in the reverse direction

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