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RGPV Computer Networks Notes

The document provides detailed notes on key concepts in computer networks, including ISDN, HDLC, hubs, and jitter control. ISDN is a digital network for voice and data, HDLC is a data link layer protocol for reliable data transmission, and hubs connect devices in a LAN without filtering. Jitter control techniques are essential for maintaining quality in real-time communications.

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20 views4 pages

RGPV Computer Networks Notes

The document provides detailed notes on key concepts in computer networks, including ISDN, HDLC, hubs, and jitter control. ISDN is a digital network for voice and data, HDLC is a data link layer protocol for reliable data transmission, and hubs connect devices in a LAN without filtering. Jitter control techniques are essential for maintaining quality in real-time communications.

Uploaded by

shreyasinghaii07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Networks - Detailed Notes for RGPV Exam

1. Introduction to ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

-------------------------------------------------------------

ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system designed to carry voice, video, data, and other

services over traditional telephone lines.

Features:

- Digital transmission over ordinary telephone copper wires

- Provides higher data rates than analog systems

- Supports multiple devices on a single line

ISDN Interfaces:

- BRI (Basic Rate Interface): 2B + D channels (2 × 64 kbps + 1 × 16 kbps) for homes/small offices

- PRI (Primary Rate Interface): 30B + D in Europe (30 × 64 kbps + 1 × 64 kbps) for large

organizations

Applications:

- Video conferencing

- Internet access

- Telephony services

- Remote control of industrial machines

2. HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control)

---------------------------------------

HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol used for transmitting data over point-to-point and multipoint links.
Key Features:

- Works at Data Link Layer (Layer 2)

- Provides error detection and correction

- Supports flow control and reliable delivery

HDLC Frame Format:

Flag | Address | Control | Data | FCS | Flag

- Flag: 01111110 (start/end of frame)

- Address: Identifies the receiver

- Control: Manages flow and sequencing

- Data: Actual payload

- FCS: Frame Check Sequence (error detection)

Modes:

- Normal Response Mode (NRM)

- Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM)

- Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM)

3. HUB

--------

A Hub is a basic networking device that connects multiple computers or network devices together in

a LAN.

Key Characteristics:

- Operates at Layer 1 (Physical Layer)

- No data filtering or routing

- Broadcasts data to all ports


- Also called a "multiport repeater"

Types:

- Active Hub: Amplifies signal before forwarding

- Passive Hub: Only connects wires, no amplification

- Intelligent Hub: Includes management features

Limitations:

- No traffic management

- Can cause network congestion

4. Jitter Control

------------------

Jitter refers to the variation in packet arrival time. It is especially important in real-time

communications like VoIP and video conferencing.

Causes of Jitter:

- Network congestion

- Route changes

- Variable queuing delays

- Hardware latency

Jitter Control Techniques:

1. Buffering: Receiver waits and stores data temporarily to smooth variations.

2. Traffic shaping: Sender sends packets at consistent intervals.

3. QoS (Quality of Service): Prioritizes time-sensitive traffic.

4. Packet scheduling: Ensures fair and timely delivery.


Impact:

- Poor jitter control can lead to choppy audio/video, lag, or packet loss.

(Additional detailed answers from prior responses can be appended here...)

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