Ch-1 What is Psychology Psychology refers to the study of human mind and behaviour. It is considered both an art and a science. In fact one begins to know what psychology is, the first question that naturally comes to my mind is why would ‘ne want to take up psychology as a subject in class XI or choose to study it at the college or university level. Well, different people tend to give different reasons for studying psychology. Some being more meaningful and others being less worthy. A quest for questions like —-who am I? Why do people behave as they do?, what is well-being? How can one improvise self or move towards self growth? Why do we dream? What is unconscious? How does our past and childhood experiences shape us and affect our personality? Why do some People become criminals and others saints? What is normal and what is not normal, is likely to draw you ‘towards the field of psychology, as psychology aims to answers such questions and many more. Both who end up taking psychology thinking that they would be able to read someone's mind, will be able to tell what the other is thinking by simply looking at his face, or will be able to tell someone's future, may feel to ‘some extent disappointed, as these are not the questions that psychology aims to answer. Psvchology aims to study.. In short, psychology aims to make sense of human behaviour in its multiple facets and aims to study the reasons behind why humans beings behave so differently in different settings. It aims to carry out an in-depth scientific study of psychological processes such as attention, memory, intelligence, emotions etc, which are largely internal and are available to humans for observation within themselves. Definition of Psychology ‘When one tries to define psychology, one finds it too difficult to do so because of the following reasons: 1, It isa continuously evolving field. 2. It studies a wide variety of phenomenon etc. The term psychology is derived from two Greek words namely psyche which means soul and logos which means science or study of a subject. That is why psychology was earlier defined as a study of the soul or mind. But over the years, the focus of psychology shifted and it established itself as a scientific discipline that deals with processes underlying human experiences and behavior. It studies a wide variety of phenomena’s having, biological and social basis, at different levels such as the individual, dyadic (involving two individuals), group ‘or an organization level ‘Thus, psychology can be formally defined as a science which studies mental processes, experiences and behavior in different contexts. It tries to understand and explain how mind works and how different mental processes result in different behaviours. It tries to study these phenomenons by systematically collecting data using various methods from biological and social sciences. Defining mental processes The term mental processes refers to the states of consciousness or awareness or to internal experiences an individual experiences. Mental processes such as remembering, learning, knowing, perceiving, feeling etc are of interest to a psychologist as they study these processes to try to understand how the mind works and to help us improve the uses and applications of these mental processes. We use our mental processes when we think or try to solve a problem, to know or remember something. They are often reflected in one’s brain activity. For example, different brain activities are involved in say solving a ‘Mathematical problem. But, it is important to remember that brain activities and mental processes are not the ‘same, they are independent of each other. vs Mental activities and neural activities are mutually overlapping processes but, they are not identical. Unlike the brain, mind doesn’t have a physical structure or a location. Mind emerges and evolves as our interactions andexperiences in this world get dynamically organized in the form of a system which is responsible for the occurrence of various mental processes, Brain activities provide important clues as to how our mind functions but, the consciousness of our own experiences and mental processes are much more than the neural or brain activities, Some mental activities such as learning, remembering, receiving information etc takes place even when we are asleep. Defining Experiences Experiences are subjective in nature as we cannot directly observe or know someone else’s experience. Only the experiencing person can be aware or be conscious of her or his experiences. Thus, experiences are embedded in ‘our awareness or consciousness, Experiences often get influenced by the internal and external conditions of the experiencer. For example, we may feel more discomfort when traveling in a crowded bus for work than when going for a picnic. That is why, the nature of experiences can only be better understood by analyzing a complex set of internal and external conditions, Psychologist study experiences of pain in terminally ill patients, romantic feelings, esoteric experiences that a Yogi has when he enters different levels of consciousness or an experience of high that a drug addict may undergo etc. De! Behaviors Behaviors are responses or reactions we make ot activities we engage in. For example, blinking of an eye when something is brought suddenly in front of our eye, pounding of heart during an examination, going for a movie with a friend etc, Behaviors may be simple or complex; short or enduring; overt (external) or covert (internal). Overt behaviors are those that can be outwardly seen or sensed by an observer such as walking, dancing, running, whereas covert behaviors refer to any mental, social, or physical actions or practice that is not immediately observable such as ‘mental behavior that take place while one is playing a game of chess. All behaviours, covert or overt, are associated with or triggered by some stimulus in the environment or changes that happen internally. Some psychologists study behavior as an association between stimulus (S) and response (R). Both stimulus and responses can be internal or external. chology as a Disc ' Psychology studies studies mental processes, experiences and behavior in different contexts. It tries to understand and explain how mind works and how different mental processes result in different behaviours. It ties to study these phenomenons in a systematic and verifiable manner using various methods such as ‘© Analysis behvaior and data scientifically and objectively to minimize biases Explain behaviour from the point of view of the experiencing persons as some psychologist think that subjectivity is a necessary aspect of human experience. a © Self reflection and analysis of our conscious experiences (as per the Indian tradition & some western. psychologist) first laboratory of psychology was established in 1879 in Leipzig. Although it is categorized as a social ee but in certain eae and in India too, it is taught at the B, Sc. and M. Sc. level too. Neuroscience and computer science also borrow a lot from psychology. For example, {MRI and EEG are used to study brain processes when they are actually taking place, Similarly artificial intelligence draws a lot from psychological knowledge in cognitive processes. “Thus, psychology as a discipline has two parallel streams ‘© One which makes use of the methods in physical and biological sciences, where psychology considers itself as a discipline which focuses largely on biological principles to explain human behaviot and believes that all behavioral phenomenon has causes which can be discovered if we can collect dataoo er ee oe Oe Os ss systematically under controlled conditions. By knowing the cause and effect relationship one can Predict and control a behavior ‘© And the other which makes use of methods of social and cultural sciences in studying various psychological and social phenomena. Psychology as a social science focuses on how behavior can be explained in terms of interactions that take place between the person and his socio-cultural context and ‘each behavioral phenomenon is assumed to have multiple causes. Psychology as a Natural Science ‘Though psychology historically has its roots in philosophy but modern psychology has developed because of the application ofthe scientific method to study psychological phenomenon in an objective, measurable manner, Influenced by the work of Descartes and developments in physics, psychology makes use of the bypothetica- deductive model, which suggests that scientific advancement can take place if one has a theory to explain a phenomenon. Theory is a set of statements about how a certain complex phenomenon can be explained with the help of propositions which are interrelated. Based on a theory, scientists deduce or propose a hypothesis that offers a tentative explanation of how a certain Phenomenon takes place. The hypothesis then is tested and proved true or false based on empirical data that one has gathered. The theory is revised if hypothesis proved false. Using the above approach psychologists have developed theories of leaning, memory, attention, perception, motivation and emotion, etc. and have made significant progress, Till date, most ofthe research in psychology follows this approach Psychology also adopts the evolutionary approach to explain various kinds of psychological phenomenon such as attachment and aggression. ‘cho! Social Scien Psychology is recognized more as a social science because it studies the behavior of human beings in their socio-cultural contexts using methods of social and cultural sciences to study various psychological and social phenomena ‘© It sees human beings as social beings who are not only influenced by their socio-cultural contexts but also create them, ‘© It aims to study questions like why do some people behave in pro-social ways and some behave in ant- social ways under similar circumstances ‘© Thus, psychology is a social science with focus on the individuals and communities in relation to their socio-cultural and physical environment. ‘Understanding Mind and Behavio Psychology was earlier defined as a science of the mind but for many decades mind remained a taboo in psychology because it could not be defined in concrete behavioural terms or its location could not be indicated. Mind cannot exist without brain but it is a separate entity. For example, it has been seen that some patients ‘whose occipital lobes where removed they were still able to correctly respond to location and configuration of visual cues. Similarly, there was another person who lost his arm in an accident but continued to feel the arm and its movernents. Ineach ofthese cases, the person had suffered from damage of some par of the brain bu his mind had remained imact. Unlike the previously held belie that there is no relationship between mind and brain, and thatthe two are parallel o each other, recent studies in affective neurosciences have clearly shown that there isa relationship between mind and behaviour. For instance, they have seen that by using positive visualization techniques and feeling, postive emotions, one can bring about significant changes in bodily processes. On these lines, a scarcer med Ori made pole wih Bok aries saliz that ood wat fowingthugh is Blocked poser practising this over a period found that a significant relief was obtained by these patients degree of blockage became significant less. ™ by: ‘as the Use of mental imagery (Le. images generated by a person in his or her mind) have been Kind” of phobias (iraional fous of obect and sitations) In fhet a. new alsaping itPsychoneuroimmunology has emerged whi immune system. emphasises the role played by the mind in strengthening the ular notions about the discipline of psychok People in general carry lat of incorrect notions about psychology based on common sense and hindsight. Lot of People develop their own theories about human behaviour which are often not accurate and are devoid of scientific investigation Psychology as a science looks for patterns of behaviour which can be predicted and not explained after the behaviour occurs. Scientific knowledge generated by psychology often runs against common sense. To ‘Understand this beter, let's take an example ofa study conducted by Dweck in 1975, where she wanted to study Why children gave up too easily when faced with a difficult problem or failure. Common sense would say that Xe should give easy problems in order to increase their success rate so that their confidence goes up and later they should be given difficult problems to solve. So in her study she gave easy maths problems to one group of students and tothe other gave a mix of easy and Theme 1: Psychology like other sciences attempts to develop principles of behavior and mental processes.ve aesearch, the main concer is with the understandit i al the mair understanding and explanation of behaviour and mental event Processes. They design and conduet experi i iments under controlled conditions on a wide range of psychological henomens. The conclusion drawn from these studies are then generalized, The themes of eaten ae usually domain specific, where different disciplines of psychology try and study different topies. For instance, Pap Rmental psychologists study the processes of perception, leaning, memory etc. using experiments as theit Teneo! of inquiry whereas physiological psychologist atiempt to examine physiologial bases of these aviours, > Theme 2: Human behaviour is a function of the attributes of persons and environment. Kurt Lewin first proposed the famous equation B= {(P,E) ~ which suggests that behaviour is the product of a person and her/ his environment. That is, with respect to psychological attributes no two individuals are same and how each person react depends a great deal on theit genetic makeup, their experiences and their perceptions of and reactions to the environment around them, Much in agreement with this, one discipline of psychology called as the differential psychology, believes that core psychological processes are universal but they are Eusceptible to individual dispositions. Psychologists look for explanations of various psychological phenomena based on individual-environment interactions > Theme 3: Human behavior is caused, Most psychologists believe that all human behaviour ean be explained in terms of causes which are internal (10 the organism) or extemal having location in the outside environment. Only when we understand causal relationships, we can predict behaviour. In psychology, itis difficult to find simple linear causal explanations ‘and there is no one cause of behaviour. That is why, psychologists look for causal models where a set of interdependent variables are used to explain a particular behaviour. > Theme 4: Understanding of human behavior is culturally constructed. ‘There are psychologists who believe that most psychological theories and models are Euro-American in nature and therefore, do not help us in understanding behaviours in other cultural settings. Psychologists from Asia, Arica and Latin America have been critical of Euro-American approaches which are propagated as universal. ‘Similarly feminist believe that psychology offers a male perspective and ignores the perspective of women. That is why they argue in the favour of the dialectical approach which will accommodate both male and female Perspectives in understanding human behaviour. > Theme 5: Human behavior can be controlied and modified through the application of psychological principles. ‘By trying to understand behaviour, psychologist desire to develop techniques or methods that can improve the Quality of human life. This applied role of psychologists has brought the subject closer to the life of people and. hhas helped us in knowing the limits of the applicability of its principles. As a result, several independent branches of psychology have emerged that try to use psychological theories, principles and facts to diagnose and resolve problems related to industrial and organizational settings, clinical services, education, environment ete. Basic vs Applied Psychol Basie psychology provides us with theories and principles that form the basis of application of psychology. Applied psychology provides us with different contexts in which the theories and principles derived frees research can be meaningfully applied. {In reality, the distinction between the two is not as sharp and clear as research is an integral part of even those fields of psychology that come under the category of application In fac, because of ever increasing demande oF psychology in different settings many fields that were earlier regarded as primarily “research orinted” hace been gradually turned into ‘application-oriented’. : Newly emerging disciplines like applied experimental psychology, applied social psychology and applied developmental psychology indicate that all fields of psychology have the potential of appiearinn ary es basically applied in nature, Both basic and applied psychology, are highly inter-related artnet nn aedia, al cal CORRECT Psychology is related to any discipline which deals with people. Similarly psychologists also acknowledge the relevance of other di in understanding, human behaviour. That is why today we talk of an inter «disciplinary approach in the field of psychology. For instance, in studying brain and behavior, psychology shares its knowledge with neurology, physiology, biology, medicine and computer science. In studying human behaviour in a sociocultural context, psychology shares its knowiedge with anthropology. sociology, social work, political science and economics. Similarly, in studying mental activities involved in creation of literary texts, music and drama, psychology shares its knowledge with iterate, at and musi Some ofthe major disciplines inked tothe field of psychology ae discussed below > Philosophy: Until the end of the 19th century, certain concems that are now part of contemporary psychology like, what i the nature ofthe mind or how do humans come to know their motivations and ‘emotions were the concems of philosophers. In the later part of the 19th century, Wundt and other Psychologists adopted an experimental approach to these questions and contemporary psychology ‘emerged. Despite the emergence of psychology as a science, it greatly draws from philosophy, particularly with respect to methods of knowing, and various domains of human nature. > Medicine: Doctors have realised that a healthy body requires a healthy mind The role of psychologists in preventing people from engaging in health hazardous behaviours and in adhering tothe prescribed doctors’ regimen are some of the important areas where the two disciplines have come together. While treating patients suffering from cancer, AIDS, and the physically challenged or handling patents in the Intensive Care Unit, and patients during post-operative care doctors have also felt the need for psychological counselling, > Economics, Political Science and Sociology: Psychology has contributed toa great deal to the study cof micro-level economic behavior particularly in understanding consumer behavior, savings behavior and in decision making. This information has also been used to predict economic growth. Like ‘economies, political science too draws considerably from psychology, particularly, in understanding issues related to exercise of power and authority, nature of political conflicts and their resolutions, and voting behaviour. Sociology and psychology come together to explain and understand the behaviour of individuals ferent socio-cultural contexts. Issues related to socialization, group and collaborative behavior and intergroup conflicts gain from both these disciplines. > Computer Science: Computer scientists and engineers are seeking to make computers not only more ‘and more intelligent hut also machines which can sense and feel, Developments in the field of ‘computer science and psychology have brought about significant advancement in the field of cognitive > Law and Criminology: A skied lawyer and a criminologist require knowledge of psychology in answering such questions as: How well a witness remembers an accident, a street fight. or a murder? How well can se report such facts when taking the witness stand inthe court? What factors influence the decision which is taken by the jury? What are the dependable signs of guilt and falsehood? etc. Psychologica research on such topics is likely to help the legal system of country. > Mass Communication: The print an he lecronic medi hve entered in our lives ina . ‘They hve a major nln nour thkig sites nd ou rations, Tthey have oust loses together they fave ao ediced alta verses, The pact of media on he formation otis ef lien an thei boavir domain where oth these spies come togeter,Poycholog has Sis helped in developing sates fr beter and efectve communication Its blcved har sotey ikelythuve ater inpac if ts based on abackpround of pyehologiel Knowledge and sige > Masle and Fine Arte Scientists have made wie of me im sng Work pores: Seales fDstsng on the relationship between muse and emotions have led'o ihe cocrorens ot hee,Therapy’. It uses different “Ragas’ for curing certain physical ailments, though the efficacy of music therapy still remains to be proven, > Architecture and Engineering: Architects need to provide mental and physical space through her design to their clients and need to satisfy them aesthetically. Engineers must also take into account hhuman habits in their plans for safety, for example, on streets and highways. Psychological knowledge helps in a big way in designing of all mechanical devices and displays. ing to human functioning. In short, psychology is located at the intersection of many fields of knowledge pert hologis k Psychologists today work in a variety of settings and human service areas, where they apply psychological principles for teaching and training people to cope effectively with the problems of their lives such as--- > Clinical psychologists specialise in helping clients with behavioural problems by providing therapy for ‘rious mental disorders and in cases of anxiety or fear, or with stresses at home or at work. They work either as private practitioners or at hospitals, mental institutions, or with social agencies. They may be involved in conducting interviews and administering psychological tests to diagnose the client's problems and use psychological methods for their treatment and rehabilitation. > Counselling psychologists work with persons who suffer from motivational and emotional problems. The problems of their clients are less serious than those of the clinical psychologists. A counseling psychologist may be involved in vocational rehabilitation programmes, or helping persons in making professional choices or in adjusting to new and difficult situations of life. Counseling psychologists ‘work for public agencies such as mental health centres, hospitals, schools, colleges and universities. > Community psychologists generally focus on problems related to community mental health. They work for mental health agencies, private organisations and state governments. They help the ‘community and its institutions in addressing physical and mental health problems. In rural areas they ‘may work to establish a mental health centre. In urban areas they may design a drug rehabilitation programme. Many community psychologists also work with special populations such as elderly or the physically or mentally challenged. Besides the redirection and evaluation of various programmes and plans, community based rehabilitation (CBR) is of major interest to community psychologists. > School psychologists work in educational systems, and their roles vary according to the levels of their training. For example, some school psychologists only administer tests, whereas others also interpret fest results to help students with their problems. They also help in the formulation of school policies. ‘They facilitate communication between parents, teachers and administrators, and also provide teachers nd parents with information about the academic progress of a student. > Organisational psychologists help in dealing with problems that the executives and employees of an organisation tend to face in their respective roles. They provide organisations with consultancy services and organise skill training programmes in order to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness. Some “organisational psychologists specialise in Human Resource Development (HRD), while others in ‘Organisational Development and Change Management programmers. ;chology in ever fe > Psychology is not only a subject that satisfies some of the curiosities of our mind about human nature, but itis also a subject that can offer solutions to a variety of problems such as drug addiction, behavior problems in a child, family conflict, terrorism ete. » Many problems related to education, heath, environment, socal justice, women development, Jplergroup relations, efc. are largely psychological in nature and they result from our unhealthy thinking. negative aad towards people and self and undesirable pies of etavou A hological analysis of these problems helps both in having a deeper understanding of th Peyelems and also in finding their effective solutions. : ommne of“The potential of psychology in solving the problems of life is being realized more and more. With the belp of media, psychologists are seen suggesting solutions to a variety of problems related to children, adolescents, adults and the elderly. Psychologists are also seen analyzing social problems relating to social change and development, population, poverty, inlergroup violence ec. psychologists also work in a variety of settings such as schools, organizations, bospitals, private practice etc designing and ‘executing intervention programs in order to provide people with a better quality of life. ‘One needs to have a positive and balanced understanding of self. One can use psychological principles ina positive manner to develop good habits of study for improving one's earning and memory, and for solving one’s personal and interpersonal problems by using appropriate decision making strategies. You will aso find it of use to reduce or alleviate the stress of examination. Thus, the knowledge of psychology is quite useful in our everyday life, and is rewarding from personal as well as social points of view.eee edhe ea ce eri drari iil CHAPTER ‘METHODS OF ENQUIRY IN PSYCHOLOGY. INTR In the last chapter ‘what Jhology is all about and the various aspects it chooses to study. The the les chaper we re abt er lo any one’s mind is /hat methods: next most naturally occuring questions that is likley to come into It psychologists use to study behavior and mental presses in thet various shades and situations « observations to address their questions. It is “The Methodology” Psychologists use a variety of research methods il of them eannot be studied by a single method, ‘psychological testing and case study Paychologists rely on formal, systema psychologists use that makes psychology a scientific endeavour because questions about human behaviour are numerous and al ‘Methods such a8 observation, experimental, correlational researeh, survey, ‘are more frequently used to study the problems of psychology. )E PSYCHOLOGICAL. v Paychological enquiry has the following goals: description, prediction, and application of knowledge explanation, and control of behaviour, 1. Description Description stands for describing @ behaviour or a phenomenon as accurately as possible, This helps, in distinguishing one behaviour from other. For example you are intrested in understanding the inapropriste ‘behaviors among children, Now, this may include a diverse range of habits like lying, stealing, throwing tantrums, shouting ete, Within each particular behavior there may be certain more minute descriptions such how ‘often they do, with whom they display tantrums, how adults repsond to thei issues and ete Before one begins to describe a particular behavior, itis very essential to define what one clealry means by that ‘behavior This is essential as description requires recording ofa particular behaviour which helps in its proper ‘understanding 2. Prediction “The second goal of scien enquiry is prediction of behaviour. Once we understand and decseribe a ‘behaviour, we are abe to form is relationship with other events, phenomenon, etc. Based on these relationships, ie forecasting of conditions under which this behavior can occur again within a certain margin of error is called Prediction, For example: You established a postve relationship between study time and better scores at exam Now you can preditthat_you ae likely to study Tor more hous, if you wish to score more. It should be noted that prediction becomes more accurate withthe increase inthe number o persons involved and with frequency fof occurrence ofthat particular behaviour repeatedly. 3. Explanation ‘The third goal of psychological enquiry is to know the causal factors or determinants of behaviour. Poychologiss are primarily interested in knowing the factors that make behaviour occur. Also they wish to Kaaw more about those conditions under which particular behaviour does not occur. For example, what makes vrwore attentive than B in the classroom, Thus, this goal is concemed with identifying the determinants or J nccedent conditions (i.e. conditions that led tothe particular behaviour) ofthe behaviour being studied so that ‘cause-effect relationship could be established. 4. Control ir yo are abe explain why a panculr behaviour occurs, you ca contol hat behaviour by making changes ye a aejem conditons, Control refers to tree things: mating a particular behaviour happen, reducing it 2 evap The change brought about in behaviour by psychological retment in terms of therapy i a good example of control. i tific TT ‘Appl I sn eR se ny Aplin inl inn out peste cage ine nes of Th ide ci coed sts ples misting Soca ey pele I th arcs, which ee aera For same ODT a once 4? te eso ve abete quale Sry Yoga sods sane cme ee. sw ICTING SCI1. bist: The atta refers he ft tha 14 oF moe pasos inked sty Parr even, bot thom, oa gre exten shold wv he same conus 2 Sitematic The second racic setifis that ows tema pros BEETS towne sp comepalsonon of poten, clacton of da drain conc ‘Sarevting rach concn and hoy (0) Conceptstsng «Problem: The rerr fis wc xh op fr sy Then whe mame ‘Soe the air ne deveops pce rsa guesins ects fr the stay based on view of ‘pot rescach, oberon nd pono expences Inppcolgy orto aly wide vai f poles such att reed 2 omg no hry el fs when yee er + Guontndie ote enon’ eo (wy do ame pope ost ak an sot SON oaang wn ee pots i nc of dng el solar ft ane). 1+ Grea cnr o nul (ep om Sc et ese farce on 1 eS it Sanrpra oon)| Gry behaviour el (why oe ting behaviour incense when peopl ae {Gow or wiy doe mb bee san agpesive mane cc) Aer icin ofthe problem, the researcher proceds by developing teats hat AESANESS iy, whic ald lypotne: For example one may ype tha xcesive ‘Cetin cf in vider can nese aggresion nile (2) Cobecing Data: The sein! sep jn sie rau so cll dat Dat coletn ree: SONGS PSS Sige or bi of he ete ty. erga ng ess abot be ‘Slow ox pe @)Pericipns he wy (eg, Would oe like to cnt! he ty om ein a eens ‘Siege senor echers SOUT sccm, woud ae theo cotta sing the method of bern or ty orcreion 2) THOSE ce, woulda ie ase he to of atrvew oF ein ‘Sao. TSS cation (ee, Won ee wo codct th quiver nadia or aig lve. (0) Deaving Concsons: The set sp is 0 anys dts wo colt though the we of sais a tte wate Gon tenn Ths conte shied tosh phil represents FECES ean, coma eqns, ad bythe we of dil atl mes pie of endive types wd da olson corey, einem Coren Os 8 err ay mats og pe Se eS ciate ye fee teiecdegnte Foeater eee ee Ss Dany eres Ta ee Conn rose e EIECIETEI INN oboe ALTERNATIVE EARADIGHS OF BFSEARCY wy gmat fs anda be tere, mee nd Teale wd aero he ten vay eric He oh ool ft ered and menue mot es np seein rpetve wedi concre wih sug bio ma eprint of At ah seni nl eee es ae angi nd wean sa be OA ey SESE Oy etclng on oso eprencesndisii. _NATURE.OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DATA, nay aaron tom dies sores emplving ere etl Pacblogte colet Pehla ole Sac vonuar = date), rele 10 the inva’ cover or over havo, tet sspjrve tne ceen Dia 90k indepenent of he psa o socal context the ‘have erty Se ee behave cars Thi al he more te a we behave di Theme ection save, leven, experiment, et) osed andthe characteris of response Pee seat Serum youre ld ma rfl, rl or ban) ao iflaence the mle ae eee camp aie, pon me say fat be very barcowerking But when YO ‘Ztallyqoand fsewe the pene, be ay Be he exact opposite Arter portant ese of dt is tht does ot lf peak bout realy. Infreaces ave fo be made ASAE esewchersucies meaning fo he data y placing in Ws proper context. Some pe OF ta oF 1 Demographe Infomation: Tis afrmation generat fces personal infomation Th me 88, oder unter of sings, eaten, orcspation arial Sats, umber of chien, aes, abe, 2 Pople! Infomation: Ts cegry wcases inenation stot sclgicalconions ‘Mice moe eons tng dinar ono es sable one Maenogibnbond mie thot mode feapoaten ae 1. Pete Dae: ose ses psig aa calle tut gh, weit ate (Matt on Gaonc Sa Rese (OSA cei xi fe taxed by co ‘Spinto ogee in On pan f 4 Pach! Infomation: Pog rain cole may ree to sich we Ereece pean, mie vay cea enti, mtvaion pool dre, sth ion hm pen os ah eo coo "hy rain tel y Qui adr Quant ics giving a mete or egal vale sch a (Yes No or High.ow evar (10214666) eee_f 6 SCTE GS In reality making god otratin fail. A good obser knows whe an ha 1 see, he ad ‘hore the rson nods 0 be Sone wha fare so be ected and whch octhods we be wed sayseit (©) Paricinan Vs Non Parkeant Ozeroton: servation can be dns in wo ways. One, you may koGeto herve te pono cee msdn. Two br observer may hcome pao be 0) fingered In he hn che poo being ctrved may ot be aware tht seis Being ‘hashed For example you wan't seve te pam of meracton eee acer an ste it perc li 2300 nal aids cameaia he caso orecrd This pe of aseaons faled om paricpat been, In paricpan observation, the ase beomes # part of the goup of people elag observed. The serfs ables rappel hy st cept ine 8 prof tir boise htt abou nese, ie comming a thee may be obverse (aes 6 ‘etch ofthe aburversbut the patipas or Ge event bing osrved). There, th bret i i | i eh eE ob vous at Be tine of should rect the bev a8 tappens and should wot inte te ben ‘aration all. rib which is manpalate orale rs strength i varie byte 1 ac th cnet the variable tht the esearcer wants ©

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