Chapter 1 : Fundamentals of Computer

Q1. Discuss the use of computer in any two

HOMELANDER
Fields of life. Use of computer in field of life

Education

GROUPComputers have revolutionized the teaching profession in

multiple ways.
Teachers use computers to record grades, calculate averages,
manage attendance and access data on student performance in
online programs and assessments. Computers have also made it
easier for teachers to vary their instructional delivery.

Business

Computers help in research, production, distribution,

marketing, banking, team management, business automation, data
storage, employee management, and very helpful to increase
productivity at a lower cost, less time with high quality.

Banking

Banks and other financial institution are heavy users of

computers in maintaining customer's accounts, ledger, updating,
electronic fund transfer and processing of huge amount of cheques,
credit cards, and the major transactions that takes place daily

2023 – 2024 Pg #[1]

Q2. Differentiate Compiler and Assembler.

HOMELANDER Compiler
Compiler translates high level
Assembler
Assembler converts the

GROUP
assembly
programming language code to
level language to machine
machine level code.
level code.
Source code in high level Assembly level code as input.
programming language.
Compiler checks and converts Assembler generally does not
the
convert complete code at one
complete code at one time. time.
lexical analyzer, Syntax Assembler does works in two
analyzer,
passes.
Semantic analyzer, Code
optimizer, Code generator, and
Error handler
Mnemonic version of machine Binary version of machine
code. code.
C, C++ , Java compilers. GAS, GNU assemblers.

Q3. Differentiate System and Application software.

System Software. Application Software.

System Software is the type Application Software is the

of software which is the type of software which runs
interface between application as per user request.
software and system.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[2]

 In general System software While in case of Application
are developed in low level software high level
language which is more language is used for their

HOMELANDER
compatible with the system
hardware in order to
development as they are
developed as some

GROUP
interact with.
System software is used for
operating computer
specific purpose software.
On other hand Application
software is used by user to
hardware. perform specific task.
System software are installed On other hand Application
on the computer when software are installed
operating system is installed. according to user’s
requirements.
As mentioned in above points On other hand in application
system software are specific software user can interacts
to system hardware so less or with it as user interface is
no user interaction available available in this case.
in case
of system software.
System software can run On other hand in application
independently. It provides software can’t run
platform for running independently. They can’t run
application without the
software. presence of system software..
Some examples of system On other hand some
software’s are compiler, examples of application
assembler, debugger, driver, software’s are word
etc.
processor, web browser,
media player, etc.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[3]

Q4. Describe artificial intelligence with

HOMELANDER
examples. Artificial Intelligence

The term A.I. may also be referred to any machine that displays

GROUP
qualities associated with a human brain such as learning, reasoning
and problem solving. A.I. is also used for Machine Learning. It learns
from our daily routines and suggests us different options.

Example

Like google maps suggest the best ways for our daily commute. A.I.
is vastly used in scientific experiment, healthcare and space
technologies.

Q5. Discuss Impact and Non-Impact Printers with

examples. Impact Printers:

It is a type of printer that works by direct contact of an ink ribbon

with paper. These printers are typically loud but remain in use today
because of their unique ability to function with multipart forms. An
impact printer has mechanisms resembling those of a typewriter.

Example of Impact Printers

Dot-matrix printers, Daisy-wheel printers, and line printers.

Non-Impact Printers:

It is a type of printer that does not hit or impact a ribbon to print. They
used laser, xerographic, electrostatic, chemical and inkjet technologies.
Non-impact
2023 – 2024 Pg #[4]
printers are generally much quieter. They are less likely to need
maintenance or repairs than earlier impact printers.

HOMELANDER
Example of Non-Impact

Printers Inkjet printers and

GROUP
Laser printers.

Q6. Write the use of these storage devices: Hard Disk, USB Flash

Disk, SD Card. Hard Disk

A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile computer storage device

containing magnetic disks or platters rotating at high speeds. It is a
secondary storage device used to store data

USB Flash Disk

USB flash drives are often used for storage, data back-up and
transferring
of computer files. Compared with floppy disks or CDs, they are
smaller, faster, have significantly more capacity, and are more
durable due to a lack of moving parts.

SD Card

An SD card is a storage device that is used to store data You can

add an SD card to a small device, like a mobile phone, to extend
the storage space available for ringtones, texts, apps, music and
other data.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[5]

Q7. Which monitor will you prefer in your school; CRT or FPD? Why?

HOMELANDER
FPD(flat panel display) monitor will he more preferable than CRT
monitor, because ,

GROUP
 It use less electricity
 It dose not emits ray which emitted by CRT monitor which
effect the eyes of uses
 It use small area whereas CRT need bigger area
 FPD have a picture quality is better than CRT monitor

Q8. List any five components present on

motherboard. Components on motherboard

1. Microprocessor (CPU)
2. Ports
3. Buses
4. RAM
5. ROM

Q9. Outline the various generations of computers

(a) First Generation of Computers (1940 to1956)

Based on vacuum tubes, first generation computers were very large
in size. This generation computers used machine language (i.e. 1's
and 0's).Magnetic drums were used as primary internal storage
medium and punched cards for input. In this generation mainly
batch processing operating system was used.
Examples
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC), Universal
Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)

2023 – 2024 Pg #[6]

(b) Second Generation of Computers (1956 to 1963)
Because of transistors computers became smaller, faster, cheaper
and more efficient. Assembly language and a high-level language

HOMELANDER
FORTRAN were introduced. Magnetic core was used as primary
internal storage medium.

GROUP
Punched Cards were used for input. Batch processing and
Multiprogramming Operating systems were used. These computers
were mainly used for commercial productions, scientific and
engineering analysis and design.
Examples

IBM 7094 and IBM 1401

(c)Third Generation of Computers (1964 to 1971)

Use of ICs further decreased size of computers and increased the
speed and efficiency. Less expensive computers were introduced.
High level programming languages such as Pascal and COBOL were
used. Keyboard as input and monitor as output also eased the use
of computer.
Example
IBM 370 are the examples of this generation's computers.

(d) Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 to Present)

The invention of microprocessors was revolutionary which caused

the development of faster, less expensive, smaller and more reliable
computers. They used semi-conductor memories RAM and ROM and
magnetic storage became popular. More high-level languages were
introduced like C, C++, Java, etc.

Examples

2023 – 2024 Pg #[7]

Apple Macintosh, IBM PC.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[8]

(e) Fifth Generation of Computers (Present and Beyond)

Fifth Generation computing devices are still being developed. In this

HOMELANDER
generation computers will be capable of self- learning, reasoning and
generalization.

GROUP
Q10. Define Analog Computer, Digital Computer and Hybrid Computer.

(a) Analog Computers

Analog Computers are used to process analog data. Analog data are
in the form of continuously varying physical quantities like pressure,
temperature, voltage, speed and weight. Examples of Analog
computer are speedometer of a car, voltmeter etc.

(b) Digital Computers

Digital Computers are most commonly used type of computers. They
are used to process information with quantities using the binary
number system (0's and 1's). Digital Computers are used in home,
educational institutes, offices, business, scientific fields, etc.

(c)Hybrid Computers
Hybrid Computers are the combination of Analog and Digital
Computer system. These computers combine analog and digital
features of computers in a single machine. A Hybrid Computer uses
analog to digital and digital to analog conversion. It may input or
output either digital or analog data.

Q11. What are Super Computers, Mainframe, Minicomputer and

2023 – 2024 Pg #[9]
Microcomputers.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[10]

(a) Super Computers

Super Computers are the most powerful, fastest and largest

HOMELANDER
computers. They are extremely expensive. These computers are
widely used in scientific applications such as aerodynamics, design

GROUP
simulations, processing of geological data, weather forecasting and
nuclear research.

(b) Mainframe

Mainframe Computers are powerful multi-user and multiprocessors

computers. They can process huge amount of calculations at very
high speed. Mainframes are also very expensive and require a lot of
technical expertise to be installed and operated. They are used in
banks and many large business organizations where several users
work simultaneously.

(c)Minicomputer
These are smaller than mainframe computers, but they are more
powerful than Microcomputers. Minicomputers usually use multi-user
operating system.
Multiple users can use the Minicomputers through
terminals. Minicomputers may be used as network servers and
Internet servers. DEC VAX and IBM AS/400 are good examples
of minicomputers.

(d) Microcomputers
Microcomputers are also called Personal Computers (PCs). The use
of microprocessor has made computers cheaper yet faster and more
2023 – 2024 Pg #[11]
reliable. These are the smallest computers designed to be used by
individuals. PCs can be used for variety of tasks like documentation,
calculations, illustration and

2023 – 2024 Pg #[12]

entertainment. The power of network and internet has also made it
more useful. Now computers are also used for communication and

HOMELANDER
socialization.

GROUP
Q12. Write shot note on mother

board. Mother board

The motherboard is the main board which connects different parts

of computer. It includes the following general components:
Microprocessor (CPU), Slots, Ports, Buses, RAM, ROM and other
electronic components for example resistors, capacitors, diodes,
transistors, jumpers etc.

Just like nervous system it allows communication between all parts

of the computer. We can find CPU, memory slots, expansion slots
and a number of chipsets on motherboard. Motherboards also have
connectors called ports. These ports are used to connect input,
output and other peripheral devices.

Q13. what is an Arithmetic Logic Unit ALU and Control Unit CU.

(a) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

ALU performs all the actual calculations like arithmetic operations
and logical comparisons. Arithmetic operations include addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division while logical comparisons
include comparing, selecting and matching of data.

(b) Control Unit (CU)

Control Unit is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and
2023 – 2024 Pg #[13]
instructions among other units of a computer. This unit controls the
operations of all parts of

2023 – 2024 Pg #[14]

the computer but does not carry out any actual data processing
operations. CU functions just like a traffic policeman. It manages
and coordinates all the units of the computer.

HOMELANDER
GROUP
Q14. Define Buses and it

types Buses
In computer, Buses are the electric paths on which data is sent and
received by different components. They are just like roads. As roads
connect different places, buses connect all the parts of the computer
to each other. They also connect all internal components on the
motherboard. There are three types of buses

1. Control bus
2. Data bus
3. Address bus.

Control Bus carries command between different components to

control all activities in a computer.

Data Bus carries data between the processor, memory unit and
other components.

Address Bus carries the address of the data (but not the data).The
address bus is used to specify memory location to be used by micro
process for specific operation.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[15]

Q15. Differentiate between Soft Copy and Hard Copy

HOMELANDER Soft Copy

It is screen display or voice
Hard Copy
It is output on paper.

GROUP
output.
It is volatile output and lost It is nonvolatile output that is
when other output is shown or relatively stable
computer is and permanent form
turned off
Monitor, speaker are examples of Printer, plotter are examples of
soft hard
copy copy

Q16. What is

plotter? Plotters

Like printer it gives images on paper but typically used to print large
format images such as maps, construction drawing, advertising
hoardings etc.

Q17. Define monitor and its types

Monitors
It is TV like device that displays data by small bright dots

called pixels. Monitors are of two types.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red, green, and blue phosphor
dots that glow when struck by an electron beam that travels across
the screen to create a visible image. The illustration below shows
2023 – 2024 Pg #[16]
how this works inside a CRT.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[17]

Flat Panel Display (FDP)

A flat-panel display (FPD) is an electronic display device used to

HOMELANDER
enable people to see content in a range of entertainment, consumer
electronics, personal computer, and mobile devices, and many

GROUP
types of medical, transportation and industrial equipment. They are
far lighter and thinner than traditional cathode ray tube (CRT)
television sets and are usually less than 10 centimeters (3.9 in)
thick.

Q18. Differentiate between ROM and RAM

ROM RAM
ROM is non-volatile, not RAM is volatile, requiring power
requiring to
power to store data. store data.
ROM is often used to store RAM is used in computers to
the BIOS program on a temporarily store files in use on
computer the
motherboard. computer.
ROM chips often have a RAM chips often range in storage
storage
capacity from 1 to 256 GB.
capacity of 4 to 8 MB.
ROM can vary in size RAM is available in two primary
sizes

Q19. Prepare a table of generations.

Example
Generatio Period Technology
2023 – 2024 Pg #[18]
 of
n
Machines

2023 – 2024 Pg #[19]

First 1940 - 1956 Vacuum tubes ENIAC,
UNIAC
Second 1956 – 1963 Transistor IBM 7094

HOMELANDER
Third

Forth
1964 – 1971

1971 - present
Integrated circuit

Microprocessor
IBM 360

IBM PC

GROUP
Fifth Present -
beyond
Artificial
Inelegancy
Laptop

2023 – 2024 Pg #[20]

 Choose the right answer

1. The device that converts hard copy into soft copy is:

HOMELANDER
a)printer b) plotter

c) scanner d) barcode reader

GROUP
2. The volatile memory
a)is permanent b) loses contents as the power is off

c) possesses large storage d) manages hardware resources

3. Media players are:
a)business software b) education software

c) entertainment software d) productivity software

4.The programs that are generally installed to manage
and maintain overall computer resources is:
a)operating system b) utility program

c) language translator d) device driver

5. Modern languages use
a)compiler b) interpreter

c) convertor d) assembler
6. A collection of wires connecting the CPU with main
memory that is used to identify particular locations is:
a)control bus b) data bus

c) address bus d) memory bus

7. The inexpensive and most commonly used computers are:
a)super computer b) mainframe computer

2023 – 2024 Pg #[21]

c) minicomputer d) microcomputer
8.Computer cannot start without:

HOMELANDER
a)operating system b) utility program

c) device drivers d) business software

GROUP
9. Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed in:
a)second generation b) fourth generation

c) mechanical era d) electro-mechanical era

10. A person who uses different programming languages
to develop programs is:
a)database administrator b) web designer

c)software engineer d) graphic designer

2023 – 2024 Pg #[22]

 Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Operating System

Q1 Define Operating System. Give three examples of

HOMELANDER
operating systems Operating System

An Operating System is a software which performs all the basic tasks

GROUP
like booting the computer, file management, memory management,
process management, and controlling peripheral devices such as
hard disk, printer, etc. It manages computer resources efficiently.

Examples

Windows

Linux

Android

Mac

iOS

Q2 List the functions of an OS? Write briefly about

any two Function Of Operating System

Operating system manages every activity of a computer. It is the
master control program that provides an interface for a user to
communicate with computer.
System software and application software run on operating system.
Operating System performs the following functions.

1. Booting
Booting is a process of starting the computer operating system. It
checks the computer resources and makes it ready to perform
different tasks.
2023 – 2024 Pg #[23]
 2. Resource Management
Operating system manages all the hardware and software

HOMELANDER
resources. This includes allocation and de-allocation of
processor, memory, access to shared cache memory and
access to network resources.

GROUP
Q3. Differentiate between CLI and GUI. Write any two benefits of each.

Command Line Interface (CLI) Graphical User Interface (GUI)

It is a screen or text-based A GUI provides a user friendly
representation in which the user environment where user can
types the commands on place interact with computers through
called graphical
prompt to operate the computer. objects
Command contains string of It contains menus, icons, buttons
characters. and other graphical objects.

CLI is difficult to use because the It is easy to use as users are

user has to remember the supposed to just click on a
commands and their syntaxes. picture to run commands
without memorizing them.

It is fast in use because text GUI is as graphical mode takes

mode takes less resources more memory and resources.

Personal computers including Windows and IOS are the

MS- DOS and Apple DOS are the example of GUI.
example
of CUI
2023 – 2024 Pg #[24]
HOMELANDER
Q4. Which resources are managed by Resource Management
function of OS?

GROUP
Ans. Resource Management Operating system manages all the
hardware and software resources. This includes allocation and de-
allocation of processor, memory, access to shared cache memory
and access to network resources.

Q5. What is the difference between single user and multi user OS?

Single User Operating System Multi-User Operating System

In a Single User Operating A Multi-User Operating System
System, a
allows multiple users to access
single user can access the
the computer at same time.
computer system at a time.
It's the most common system It's the most common system
used for home computers used for business computers

DOS for PCs and Windows 98 for Linux and UNIX are the most
PCs are example of common examples of the multi-
single user operating system. user operating system.

Q6. What is the purpose of office automation software? List the

programs available in MS Office and write why each program is
used?

Purpose of office automation

2023 – 2024 Pg #[25]
Office Automation software is the most common software package
that we install on our computers. Office Automation software is a

HOMELANDER
group of computer programs that help users in their daily work.
Generally, you will find MS Office in school lab, offices and other
places. MS Office contains

GROUP
 MS Word use for word processor
 MS Excel use for making Spreadsheet
 MS PowerPoint is use for making multimedia presentation
 MS Access use for doing database management
 MS Outlook is and email application

Q7. What is the major difference between Soft Real Time and Hard
Real Time systems?

Soft Real Time and Hard Real Time

A Real Time Processing operating system is a time bound operating

system which has fixed time limit.
whereas A Hard Real Time System guarantees that critical tasks
complete on time. Missile systems and Air Traffic Control System are
best examples of Hard Real Time System

Q8. Why it is important to install an

antivirus? Installing Antivirus

To keep our computer secure and free from viruses, we need to
install an antivirus software. A number of free antivirus software are
available online. AVG, Avast, Avira and Kaspersky are some of the
free antivirus software.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[26]

Q9. what are the major steps involve to install

windows Major Steps for Installing Windows

HOMELANDER
 Insert the Windows Installation DVD/Flash Drive
 Restart your Computer

GROUP
 Wait for the First startup screen
 Press or hold Del or F2 to enter the BIOS screen
 Locate the Boot order/ Boot sequence
 Select Boot order/ Boot sequence as per your
installation source USB Flash/USB Hard Disk
USB CD/DVD ROM
Internal CD/DVD ROM
 Select any
option:
Upgrade
Customize Installation (Advance)
 Select any drive for installing your operating system Follow the
on screen instructions

Q10. Give steps To install MS- Office

package We need to take following

steps.

 Run the MS- Office setup from USB, DVD or Hard Disk backup.
 Check the box marked 'I accept the terms of this agreement'
and click on 'Continue'.
 Enter Product Key
 Click on Install Now or Customize procedure.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[27]

 Select the package which you want to install. Click on 'Install
Now'. Then installation begins.
 MS Office installer will notify automatically after finishing the

HOMELANDER
installation.

GROUP

2023 – 2024 Pg #[28]

 Choose the right answer

1. The software which performs all basic tasks is:

HOMELANDER
a)antivirus b) start menu

c) operating system d) office automation

GROUP
2. A program that enables user to interact with computer is called:
a)my document b) start menu

c) desktop d) interface
3. The process of checking computer, starting
operating system and making it ready to work is referred
to as:
a)resource management b) booting

c) error checking d) file management

4.The number of user(s) that can access the resources
simultaneously on a Multiuser OS is /are:
a)one b) two

c) many d) only administrators

5. Which management controls the dynamic allocation and
de-allocation of processor, memory, etc?
a)Resource b) File

c) I/O d) User
6. In which operating system jobs are executed in groups?
a)Batch Processing b) Time Sharing

c) Single User d) Real Time

2023 – 2024 Pg #[29]

7. The system that guarantees that critical tasks should
be completed without shortest delay is:

HOMELANDER
a)Batch Processing b) Hard Real Time

c) Soft Real Time d) Time Sharing

GROUP
8.DOS is an example of:
a)Real Time Processing OS b) Multi Processing OS

c) Single User OS d) Multi User OS

9. The group of programs that helps office workers to do a
number of routine tasks easily and efficiently is called:
a)operating system b) e-mail

c) anti-virus d) office automation

10. The operating system that allows frequent switching
from one task to another is:
a)Batch Processing b) Real Time Processing

c)Single User d) Time Sharing

2023 – 2024 Pg #[30]

 Chap 3: Office Automation

Q1. What is a word processor? Write functions of a word

HOMELANDER
processor. Word processor

Word processing software is used to manipulate a text document, such

GROUP
as a resume or a report. You typically enter text by typing, and the
software provides tools for copying, deleting and various types of
formatting.

Functions of word processing

Some of the functions of word processing software include:

a. Creating, editing, saving and printing documents.

b. Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document.
c. Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining or
italicizing.
d. Creating and editing tables.
e. Inserting elements from other software, such as
illustrations or photographs.
f. Correcting spelling and grammar

Q2. Discuss the Margins and Paper Size options in the Page Setup

group. Margins (HOTKEY: ALT+P+M)

A margin is the area or space between the main content of a page and
the page edges. This button is used to change the margins of the
entire document or selected section.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[31]

Paper Size (HOTKEY: ALT+P+S+Z)
The size button is used to choose the size of the paper for current

HOMELANDER
section or entire document.

GROUP
Q3. Name and describe two options in

Orientation. Orientation (HOTKEY:

ALT+P+O)
Page orientation or print orientation is the placement of contents on
a page. Portrait mode

Portrait mode is the orientation of the page that prints the image
vertically across the page

Landscape mode

Landscape mode is the orientation of the page that prints the image
horizontally across the page

Q4. How can we apply Margins in a document?

To set margins in Word, first click the “Layout” tab in the Ribbon. Then
click the
“Margins” drop-down button in the “Page Setup” button group.

In this drop-down is a “Last Custom Setting” option, six preset

margin choices, and a “Custom Margins” command click on it and
set your desire custom margin then click ok or, to apply preset
margins in Word, click one of the preset margin choices shown in
the drop-down menu.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[32]

Q5. Describe the different types of breaks in MS

Word. Page Breaks in MS Word

2023 – 2024 Pg #[33]

There are 4 types of section breaks you can insert in a
Microsoft Word document.

HOMELANDER
Next page

GROUP
Insert a section break and start the new section of the next page.

Continuous

A type of break in which a section is break and to start the new

section on the same page.

Even page

It inserts a section break and start the new section of the next even
number page.

Odd page

In this type a section breaks and start the new section on the next
odd number page.

Q6. Differentiate “Bring Forward” and “Send Backward” options in

the Arrange
group with example.

Bring Forward Send Backward

2023 – 2024 Pg #[34]

Brings a selected object in front Sends a selected object behind
of all all
other objects. other objects

HOMELANDER
HOTKEY use is ALT+P+A+F HOTKEY use is ALT+P+A+E

GROUP
Q7. Explain the “Columns” option in the Page Setup group.

Columns
This button is used to split the text into two or more vertical
columns. Short cut key use for it be ALT+P+J

Q8. List and define Position and Wrap Text option in Arrange

Group. Position (HOTKEY: ALT+P+P+O)

Position is used to place an object (picture or shape) on the page
wherever you want.

Wrap Text (HOTKEY: ALT+P+T+W)

Text wrapping is used to arrange the text around an object like an image.

Q9. In what way does a ToC help book

reader? Table of Contents (ToC)
A Table of Contents (ToC) is an organized listing of the sections,
groups and headings of content in a document and identified by
page numbers where they are placed. It provides an overview of the
document and allows readers to go directly to specific section or
content in the document. ToC usually appears after the Title Page in
a document. MS Word 2010 provides an advanced feature for
automatically creating a ToC. A user can create an Automatic or a
Manual table of contents in a document.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[35]

Q10. Write steps that will multiply 37 by 15 using the formula bar

HOMELANDER
in MS Excel. To multiply numbers, which are 37 and 15, placed in

columns A2 and B2,

GROUP
respectively. The objective is to add these two numbers using MS

Excel formula. To achieve this, follow these steps:

1. Select cell C2.

2. Type = (equal sign).
3. Select cell A2 in the worksheet by using the mouse or the
keyboard. This action places the cell reference A2 in the
formula of selected cell.
4.Type * .
5. Select cell B2 in the worksheet by using the mouse or the
keyboard to put that cell's reference in the formula of selected cell.
6. Press Enter.
7. The answer (555) will be calculated by MS Excel and displayed
in the selected cell (C2) where the addition formula was composed.

Q11. Why do we use Watermark in a document? Give some

examples of Watermarks.

Watermark (HOTKEY: ALT+P+P+W)

A watermark is a faded background image that displays behind the
text in a document. This button is used to insert logos, images or
text behind the contents of a page.
Common watermarks by default are
Confidential
2023 – 2024 Pg #[36]
Do not copy

2023 – 2024 Pg #[37]

Q12. List uses of spreadsheets in business

HOMELANDER
1. Storing Data

One of the main uses of spreadsheets in business is storing data.

GROUP
2. Manipulate and analyze data

Apart from storage, you can use spreadsheets to manipulate and

analyze data. For example, it contains a feature that allows you to
enter custom formulas.

3. Presentation/Visualization

Spreadsheets are used often for visualization purposes. They

contain different tools and features that make it possible.

4.Inform the Decision Making Process

Decisions that a business makes determines whether it will be

successful or not. Spreadsheets help managers and investors to
make well-informed decisions

5. Business Accounts and Budgeting

Coming up with a budget is not an easy task without the use of

spreadsheets. You can create a table and list the most important
things followed by the least important. There are features that will
show you the sectors that need the most attention. This information
is very important, especially when purchasing items.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[38]

Spreadsheets also assist accountants in managing business
accounts. So funds are released easily because some calculations
are automated.

HOMELANDER
GROUP
6. Invoices

Most spreadsheet platforms will allow you to integrate the invoice

template. It speeds up the process of receiving or dispatching
products.

7. Wages

Managing wages is now easy thanks to the spreadsheets. You can

set up a formula that automatically calculates the number of hours
an individual employee has worked.

13. What do you know about page layout tab?

Page layout tab

The Page Layout Tab allows user to control the look and feel of his
or her document. User can set margins, apply themes, control page
orientation and size, add sections and line breaks, display line
numbers, and set paragraph indentation and lines. The Page Layout
tab has have groups of related commands namely Themes, Page
Setup, Page Background, Paragraph and Arrange.

Q14. what is Page setup group? Also discus if

functions. Page setup group

2023 – 2024 Pg #[39]
Page Setup settings help us set the page layout properties such as
margins, orientation and size. The settings in this section are often

HOMELANDER
applied throughout the document.

1. Margins (HOTKEY: ALT+P+M)

GROUP
A margin is the area or space between the main content of a
page and the page edges. This button is used to change the
margins of the entire document or selected section.
2. Orientation (HOTKEY: ALT+P+O)
Page orientation or print orientation is the placement of
contents on a page. This button sets the contents of the page
or section in portrait (Vertical) or landscape (Horizontal)
layouts.
3. Size (HOTKEY: ALT+P+S+Z)
The size button is used to choose the size of the paper for
current section or entire document.
4. Columns (HOTKEY: ALT+P+J)
This button is used to split the text into two or more vertical
columns.
5. Breaks (HOTKEY: ALT+P+B)
Breaks button is used to insert page, section or column breaks
in the document.
6. Line Numbers (HOTKEY: ALT+P+L+N)
This button is used to add line numbers on the left side of each line
of the document.
7. Hyphenation (HOTKEY: ALT+P+H)
This button is used to specify how hyphenation in a document
should be applied.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[40]

Q15. What do you know about page
background group? Page Background Group

HOMELANDER
These settings are used mostly for special documents such as
certificates, invitations, brochures, essays, etc. It consists of 3

GROUP
buttons namely, Watermark, Page Color and Page Borders.

1. Watermark (HOTKEY: ALT+P+P+W)

A watermark is a faded background image that displays
behind the text in a document. This button is used to insert
logos, images or text behind the contents of a page.
2. Page Color (HOTKEY: ALT+P+P+C)
This button is used when user wants to apply a color for the
background of the page.
3. Page Border (HOTKEY: ALT+P+P+B)
Page Border button is used to put a border around the page.

Q16. What do you know about Paragraph Group? Discus

its function. Paragraph Group
The Paragraph Group is where we can modify all the settings of the
paragraphs that appear in our document. This allows us to set a few
basic paragraph styles and also adjust the indents and spacing’s.

1. Indent Left (HOTKEY: ALT+P+I+L)

Indent Left is used to define amount of blank space (in
centimeters) used to separate a paragraph from left margin.
2. Indent Right (HOTKEY: ALT+P+I+R)

2023 – 2024 Pg #[41]

 Indent Right is used to define amount of blank space (in
centimeters) used to separate a paragraph from right margin.

HOMELANDER
3. Space Before (HOTKEY: ALT+P+S+B)
Space Before is used to indicate how much space (in points) is
added before the selected paragraph.

GROUP
4. Space After (HOTKEY: ALT+P+S+A)
Space After is used to indicate how much space (in points) is
added after the selected paragraph.

Q17. What do you know about Arrange group in MS-

Word. Arrange group

The buttons in Arrange Group help the users to quickly arrange

graphical and other elements of the document in relation to the
main textual content.

1. Position (HOTKEY: ALT+P+P+O)

Position is used to place an object (picture or shape) on the
page wherever you want.
2. Wrap Text (HOTKEY: ALT+P+T+W)
Text wrapping is used to arrange the text around an object like an
image.
3. Bring Forward (HOTKEY: ALT+P+A+F)
Brings a selected object in front of all other objects.
4. Send Backward (HOTKEY: ALT+P+A+E)
Sends a selected object behind all other objects.
5. Selection Pane (HOTKEY: ALT+P+A+P)
Selection Pane is used to select, show, hide and change the order
of objects in the document.
6. Align (HOTKEY: ALT+P+A+A)
2023 – 2024 Pg #[42]
 Align is used to place objects like pictures, shapes, icons, etc. in
alignment with margins, edge, or relative to another object in
the document.

HOMELANDER
GROUP
Q17. Write a short note on

sorting Sorting

Sorting is the process of rearranging or reordering data based on

different criteria like size, quality, value and quantity. MS Excel has
the ability to sort data according to the needs of the user.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[43]

 Choosetherightanswer:

1. Which chart will be suitable to show the share of three

partners in a business?

HOMELANDER
a) b)

GROUP
c) d)

2. The software that is used for accounting purpose is:

a)MS Word b) MS Excel
c) MS Power point d) MS Access

3. The software that is used to format a document is:

a)MS Word b) MS Excel
c) MS Power point d) MS Access

4.The special character that initiates the formula mode in a cell is:
a)/ b) =
c) - d) *

5. The function which is used to re-arrange data according to

specific criteria is called:
a)Filtering b) Sorting
c) Organizing d) Grouping

6. If we want to change the overall design of a word document, we

should use:
a)themes b) page layout
c) watermark d) margins

2023 – 2024 Pg #[44]

HOMELANDER
7. Thecorrectformulatocalculatethetotalinthegiventableis:

GROUP
a) = B2 + C2 + D2+ b) = B2 + E2
E2
c) = sum (B2 to E2) d) =sum(B2fromE
2)
8.Thecorrectformulatocalculatethepercentageinthegiventableis:

a) =B2 + C2 + D2+ E2 / 400 * 100

b) =B2 + C2 + D2+ E2 * 100

c) =(B2 + C2 + D2+ E2) / 400 * 100

d) =(B2 + C2 + D2+ E2) / 100 * 400

9. Charts are basically used to

a)design tables b) organize data in tables

c) Sort data in different columns d) show the
quantities and their relationships graphically

10. To apply the table of contents automatically, the most

important task is to properly define the
a)levels of heading b) page numbering

c) page layout d) themes

2023 – 2024 Pg #[45]

 Chap 4: Data Communication and Computer Networks

Q1. List the properties of a good communication system. Explain

HOMELANDER
any one. Properties of a Good Communication System

GROUP
The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on the
fundamental characteristics which include delivery, accuracy and
timeliness.

Characteristic
1. Delivery
Making sure that the data is delivered is the first fundamental
characteristic of any communication network. The system must
be able to deliver data in correct order to the correct
destination.

3. Accuracy
The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that has
been altered during transmission and left uncorrected is not
useful.
4. Timeliness
The data must be delivered in a timely manner. Late delivered
data is useless.

Q2. Explain components of communication using single example.

Components of a Communication System

A Communication system has following five components
1. Message
It is the information or data to be communicated. Common
2023 – 2024 Pg #[46]
forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio and
video.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[47]

 2. Sender
It is the device that generates and sends a message. It can be a
computer, telephone handset, etc.

HOMELANDER
3. Receiver
Any particular digital electronic device which has capability to

GROUPrecieve data in form of message. The location of receiving

computer is generally different from the sending computer.
Like sender, it can also be a computer, telephone handset, etc.
4. Medium
It is the channel or path through which the message is
carried from sender to the receiver. Some examples
include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, radio waves,
etc.
5. Protocol
Protocols are the rules and procedures on which computers
exchange data on network. Sender and receiver follow same
protocols to communicate with each other. In other words, a
protocol is an agreement between two parties or venders, using
communication devices.

Q3. Write the function of following network

devices. Amplifiers, Routers, Switch, Hub

Amplifiers

Amplifiers are used to overcome attenuation and make signal

stronger again.

Router

2023 – 2024 Pg #[48]

A Router is a device that connects two or more networks. Routers
are a combination of hardware and software. The main function of a
router is to

2023 – 2024 Pg #[49]

determine the optimal data path and transfer the information
through that path, also known as network traffic controller.

HOMELANDER
Switch

GROUP
A switch or network switch is a networking device that connects
computers and other devices like printers, scanners and cameras on
a network. Data cables from all computers and other devices of
network are plugged into the switch to enable communication
between them.

Hub

Hub is commonly used to connect segments of a LAN (Local Area

Network).
A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it
is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see
all packets. Hub acts as a common connection point for devices in a
network.

Q4. List the causes of signal impairments. Explain

them. Causes of impairment

There are three causes of impairment i.e.

attenuation

distortion

noise

1. Attenuation
Attenuation means loss of energy. A signal loses its energy due

2023 – 2024 Pg #[50]

to the resistance of medium while it is transmitted. Its strength
decreases with

2023 – 2024 Pg #[51]

 increase in distance. Amplifiers are used to overcome
attenuation and make signal stronger again. It is
measured in decibels.

HOMELANDER
GROUP
2. Distortion
Distortion means change in the shape of the signal. A
composite signal has several frequencies. When it travels
through a medium different component of signal may reach at
different time at destination because each component has
different speed in that medium. This is called distortion. They
have different phases at sender and receiver ends.

3. Noise
Unwanted signal that mixes up with the original signal during
the transmission of data is called noise. It can be induced noise,
crosstalk noise, thermal noise and impulse noise which may
damage the signal.

Q5. What is the difference between radio wave and microwave?

Microwave Radio Waves

Microwave transmission is a line Radio waves are also called
of sight transmission i.e. the electromagnetic waves. These
sending and receiving antennas are easy to generate and can
need to be properly aligned with penetrate through
each other. buildings.
Microwaves are electromagnetic Radio waves are
electromagnetic
waves with frequencies between
2023 – 2024 Pg #[52]
 waves within the frequencies
30KHz - 300GHz, and
Microwaves

2023 – 2024 Pg #[53]

300MHz (0.3GHz) and 300GHz in are at the higher frequency end
the electromagnetic spectrum. radio waves are at the lower

HOMELANDER
frequency end.
These are mostly used for mobile FM, AM radios, television and
phone communications tower and cordless phones use radio

GROUP
television
broadcast
waves

Q6. Why OSI model is broken up in

layers? OSI model

The Open Systems Interconnection model is a conceptual model

developed by ISO. It characterizes and standardizes the
communication functions of a telecommunication and computing
network. Its goal is the
interoperability of different communication systems with standard
communication protocols. This model divides a communication
system into seven abstraction layers

Q7. Explain the purpose of Standard

Organization. Purpose of Standard

Organization

Standard Organization develops, coordinates, revises, amends and

reissues technical standards. These standards are intended to
address the requirements of a group of concerned devices. There
are several organizations working on standardization of computing
equipment to enable the interoperability among different devices
manufactured by different companies in different regions.
2023 – 2024 Pg #[54]
IEEE, IETF, ITU and ANSI are the examples of standard organizations.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[55]

Q8. List merit and one demerit of each topology.

HOMELANDER
Bus Topology

GROUP
Advantages of Bus Topology

1. It is easy to set up, handle, and implement.

2. It is best-suited for small networks.

3. It costs very less.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

1. The cable length is limited. This limits the number of network

nodes that can be connected.

2. This network topology can perform well only for a limited

number of nodes. When the number of devices connected to
the bus increases, the efficiency decreases.

3. It is suitable for networks with low traffic. High traffic

increases load on the bus, and the network efficiency drops.

4. It is heavily dependent on the central bus. A fault in the

bus leads to network failure.

5. It is not easy to isolate faults in the network nodes.

6. Each device on the network “sees” all the data being

transmitted, thus
posing a security risk.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[56]

Ring Topology

HOMELANDER
Advantages of Ring Topology

1. The data being transmitted between two nodes passes through

GROUP
all the intermediate nodes. A central server is not required for the
management of this topology.

2. The traffic is unidirectional and the data transmission is high-speed.

3. In comparison to a bus, a ring is better at handling load.

4. The adding or removing of network nodes is easy, as the

process requires changing only two connections.

5. The configuration makes it easy to identify faults in network nodes.

6. In this topology, each node has the opportunity to transmit

data. Thus, it is a very organized network topology.

7. It is less costly than a star topology.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1. The failure of a single node in the network can cause the entire
network to fail.

2. The movement or changes made to network nodes affect the entire

network’s performance.

3. Data sent from one node to another has to pass through all
the intermediate nodes. This makes the transmission slower in
comparison to that

2023 – 2024 Pg #[57]

in a star topology. The transmission speed drops with an increase in
the number of nodes.

HOMELANDER
4. There is heavy dependency on the wire connecting the network
node

GROUP
Star Topology

Advantages of Star Topology

1. Due to its centralized nature, the topology offers simplicity of

operation.

2. It also achieves isolation of each device in the network.

3. Adding or removing network nodes is easy, and can be

done without affecting the entire network.

4. Due to the centralized nature, it is easy to detect faults in

the network devices.

5. As the analysis of traffic is easy, the topology poses lesser

security risk.

6. Data packets do not have to pass through many nodes, like in

the case of a ring network. Thus, with the use of a high-capacity
central hub, traffic load can be handled at fairly decent speeds.

Disadvantages of Star Topology

1. Network operation depends on the functioning of the central

hub. Hence, central hub failure leads to failure of the entire
network.

2. Also, the number of nodes that can be added, depends on

2023 – 2024 Pg #[58]

the capacity of the central hub.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[59]

 3. The setup cost is quite high.

HOMELANDER
Q9. Discus brief of LAN, WAN and MAN.

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

GROUPLAN is a group of computer and peripheral devices which are

connected in a limited area such as school, laboratory, home
and office building. Useful resources like internet access,
storage space and printers
can be shared through LAN. It can be built with inexpensive
hardware such as hubs, switches, network adapters and
network cables. Data and software are also shared through
LAN.
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
In MAN, computer network can spread across an entire city,
college campus, or a small region. It can cover the area of
several miles and may include multiple small networks or LANs.
MANs offer very fast communication but they are expensive to
establish. Therefore, only large business organization or
universities set up MAN. It also requires security measures to
prevent unauthorized access.

3. Wide Area Network (WAN)

A Wide Area Network is used for long distance transmission of
data. WAN helps to cover a larger geographical area and
connect cities, provinces or even countries. Using WAN
technology, computers may be
linked together in different countries using satellites, microwaves
or telecommunication links. Therefore, large business, research
2023 – 2024 Pg #[60]
and educational organizations situated at longer distances use
WAN. A WAN

2023 – 2024 Pg #[61]

 may include multiple MANs and LANS. WANs are set up with
expensive devices and need some dedicated connections.

HOMELANDER
Q10. Discus the Basic Terminologies of Data

GROUP
Communication Data

Collection of raw facts and figures is called data. The word data is
derived from Latin language and it is plural of Datum. The text,
numbers, symbols, images, voice and video which are processed
by computers and digital devices are called data. Data can be
considered as unprocessed information.

Data Communication

Data Communication is the process of transferring data

electrically from one place to another. It is the process of
exchange of data and information between two parties such as
human and electronic or computing device.

Data Transmission

The data transmission means emission of data in any direction

via wireless or wired medium. Transmission may occur between
source and destination.

Analog Signals

Analog signals are a continuously varying signals or waves that

change with time period and used to represent data. An analog
signal can be used to measure changes in some physical
quantities such as light, sound, pressure or temperature.

Digital Signals

2023 – 2024 Pg #[62]

 A digital signal is an electrical signal that is converted into a
pattern of bits to represent a sequence of discrete values, at any

HOMELANDER
given time. It can only be one of the finite numbers represented
as 0 or 1.

GROUP
Q11. Difference between Analog and Digital Signals

Analog Signals Digital Signals

An analog signal is a A digital signal is a discrete
continuous wave that changes wave that carries information
by time period. in binary
form.
Analog signal has no fixed range Digital signal has a finite
number i.e.
0 and 1.
An analog signal can easily be A digital signal is less prone to
other
disturbed by other signals or
waves. signals disturbance
The human voice is example of Signals used by computer are
an the
analog signal. digital signal
An analog signal is represented A digital signal is represented
by a by
sine wave. square waves.
Analog signals are long term Digital signals are short term
waves need to be boosting. signals remain within digital
devices
/ electronic.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[63]

 Choose the right answer:

1. Wired Media is also called:

HOMELANDER
a)targeted media

c) guided media
b) directed media

d) unguided media

GROUP
2. Communication system is made up of

a)three components b) four components

c) five components d) six components

3. Both Physical and Logical addresses are:

a)different b) unique

c) permanent d) temporary

4.If you are an electrical or electronic engineer, you should join:

a)IEEE b) IETF

c) ITU d) ANSI

5. The topology in which all computers are connected to a

central device called hub is:

a)Bus b) Star

c) Ring d) Tree

6. Change in the shape of signal between sender and receiver is

called:

a)attenuation b) interruption

c) noise d) distortion

7. Router determines data path to transfer data packets which is

the:
2023 – 2024 Pg #[64]
a) shortest b) longest

c) cheapest d) optimal

HOMELANDER
8.Converting digital signal to analog is called:

a)modulation b) modification

GROUP
c) bandwidth

9.
d) multiplexing

The number of bits used in an IPV 4 address are:

a)16 b) 32

c) 64 d) 128

10. The loss of energy in transmission signal refers to.

a)Attenuation b) Distortion

c)Noise d) Jitter

2023 – 2024 Pg #[65]

 Chapter 5: Computer Security and Ethics
Q1. What do you know about computer security?

HOMELANDER
COMPUTER SECURITY
The computer has become an important part of our life. We store
important data on our computers in the shape of documents,

GROUP
pictures, programs, etc.
Therefore, we expect that all our information must remain safe and our
computer runs properly without any problem. Few threats can cause
problems for our computers. These threats may be different types of
viruses or unauthorized use of a computer. To prevent our computer
from such threats, we need to abide by computer security.
Computer security is the protection against theft or damage to our
computer hardware, software and information present on it.

Q2. Why computer security is important

Importance of Computer Security
Computer security is important for our computer's overall health. It
keeps our information protected and helps prevent viruses and
malware, which allows programs to run quicker and smoother. It
safeguards confidential and sensitive information

Q3. What is cyber crime

Cybercrime
Cybercrime is the crime that is committed through a computer and
network. Cybercriminal uses devices to gain unauthorized access to
important information. Stealing passwords and important
information, hacking social media accounts, accessing anyone else's
account and making transactions, committing online frauds are
some of the examples of cybercrime. Cybercrime is illegal and also
punishable. According to Pakistan's Cybercrime Law, any offender
who interrupts the privacy of a person or organization and harms
their repute may be sent to jail for three to five years including a
heavy fine.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[66]

Q4. What do you know about hacker and crackers?

HOMELANDER
HACKERS
Hacker can be a person who has in-depth knowledge of computer
systems, networks, and programs. Hacker maybe someone who

GROUP
uses his or her extensive skills to identify and overcome a network
loophole. Hackers constantly seek further knowledge and freely
share what they have discovered. Hackers are generally considered
as bad people however, hackers can also help us to improve the
data and network security

CRACKERS
Crackers are persons who gain unauthorized access to another
system. They bypass passwords or licenses of computer
programs, change source code or intentionally breach computer
security. They do it with negative intentions.
Crackers can also make targeted system unavailable or non-
functional. They commit these activities generally for money but
they may do it for fame or just for challenge or fun.

Q5. List some computer crimes (cyber crime) in real life.

There are many genres of computer crime or now called cyber-crimes.
Some examples are
1. Hacking
2. Credit and Debit Card Scam
3. Phishing
4. Clickjacking
5. Cyber Bullying or Harassment

Hacking
Hacking is perhaps the most common crime in the computer world.
Hackers can steal our WiFi, email or social media accounts'
passwords. Hackers also attack a website and take it down.
However, the scope of hacking is much wider. The
2023 – 2024 Pg #[67]
hackers can also steal sensitive information from government and
business organizations, make fraudulent transactions and erase data
on the cloud or network computers.

HOMELANDER
Credit and Debit Card Scam
Keeping debit or credit cards is a common practice but insecure use
of these cards can be dangerous. If a person has information about

GROUP
our debit or credit card he or she can make fraudulent transactions.
There are various ways to get this information. One way is through
scamming. Scammers set small machines inside an ATM or credit
card machine. These machines copy the data which is then misused
by the scammers. Debit and credit cards are also secured with PIN
codes. User has to keep this code secret otherwise any person can
use the card for online shopping and other purposes.

Phishing
Phishing is a method of trying to gather personal information using
false e- mails and websites. In Phishing, perpetrators contact the
target person through email, telephone or text message and pose as
a legitimate
and trusted individual. He or she asks the target to provide sensitive
data such as personally identifiable information, banking and credit
card details and passwords for different reasons. The information is
then used to access different accounts and can result in identity
theft and financial loss.
Clickjacking
Have you ever seen any video tagged as “OMG? You won't believe
what this boy has done!” or did yound a button on a website that
asked to click to claim a reward you had never applied for? This is a
kind of fraud which is called Clickjacking. Usually, culprits target
children or novice internet users to click on a link containing
malware or trick them into sharing private information via social
media sites.

Cyber Bullying or Harassment

Electronic means like a computer, mobile phone or internet are also
2023 – 2024 Pg #[68]
used for online bullying or harassment. Harmful bullying behavior
can include posting rumors, threats, passing inappropriate remarks,
leaking personal information,

2023 – 2024 Pg #[69]

blackmailing and committing hate speech. The perpetrator does it
with the intent to cause harm to the victim. Victims may experience
lower self-esteem, intent to commit suicide and a variety of

HOMELANDER
negative emotional responses, including being scared, frustrated,
angry and depressed.
Q6. What is malware? Name and discus different

GROUP
malware. MALWARE
The term malware is the contraction of malicious software. Malware
is a broad term that encompasses computer viruses, worms,
spyware, adware and others. Malware is a program that is written
generally to cause a mess. They can be so dangerous that they can
also damage devices.
(i)Computer Virus
(ii)Worm
(iii)Adware
(v) Spyware

(i)Computer Virus
A computer virus is a computer program that can spread across
computers and networks by making copies of itself, usually without
the user's knowledge. It can also modify other computer programs,
insert its own code and change computer settings. Viruses are
harmful. Viruses generally latch on a host file and when they
execute they infect other files or programs.
Example
Boot Sector, Resident, Macro Viruses and File Infector

(ii)Worm
A computer worm spreads copies of itself from computer to
computer. A worm can replicate itself without any human
interaction. It does not need to attach itself to a file or program to
cause damage. It can do several malicious tasks, such as dropping
other malware, copying itself onto devices physically attached to the
affected system, deleting files, and consuming internal storage and
2023 – 2024 Pg #[70]
memory resources.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[71]

(iii)Adware
Adware is advertising-supported software. They present endless ads
and pop- up windows that could potentially consume memory and

HOMELANDER
processing resources.
Adware can also change the different settings of
internet browsers like homepage and default search engine.

GROUP
Normally, these are not as dangerous as other malware.

(iv) Spyware
Spyware is a malware that monitors a device and steals important
information about a person or organization without their consent
and sends such information to another person or organization.
Spyware takes control over a mobile phone or computer without the
user's knowledge. They capture information like web browsing
history, e-mail messages, usernames and passwords and online
payment information.

Q7. What is antivirus? Name Some antivirus software

1. Avast
2. Norton
3. McAfee

Q8. What are the types of Security Mechanism?

(i) Username and Password:
A username and password are the pair of keywords known by the
user. They are presented to the computer to authenticate the user.
Usernames and passwords are the default authentication
mechanism on the web today. However, recent large scale computer
attacks have made usernames and passwords an unacceptable
authentication mechanism.
Personal Identification Number
PIN stands for Personal Identification Number. It is a security code
for verifying your identity. Similar to a password, your PIN should be
kept secret because it allows access to important services such as
2023 – 2024 Pg #[72]
financial transactions and

2023 – 2024 Pg #[73]

confidential emails. The PIN provides security when a credit/debit
card is lost or stolen because the PIN must be known before making
money withdrawal or transfer.

HOMELANDER
Biometric Verification

GROUP
Unlike authentication processes, biometrics verification makes sure
that the real person gets access to the data or device. Biometric
authentication relies on the unique biological characteristics of a
person. Biometric authentication systems captures data in real-time
and compare it with existing data in database. If both samples of
the biometric data match, authentication is confirmed. Scanning
fingerprints are the most common way of biometric.
Q9. What is Intellectual Property
Right? Intellectual Property Right
When any person develops software, writes a book or research
paper or invents any method or the machine, it becomes the
intellectual property of that person. Intellectual property is
intangible creations of the human intellect. Just like other property
the intellectual property can be stolen. To prevent theft or illegal use
or spread of intellectual property, Intellectual Property Right is
exercised.
Through these rights, intellectual property is protected with the help
of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.

Q10. What do you know about patent, copyright and trademark?

(i)Patent
A patent is a grant of exclusive rights for an invention to make, use
and sell the invention for a limited period, in Pakistan 20 years.
Owning a patent gives the patent holder the right to stop someone
else from making, using or selling his or her invention without
permission.

(ii)Copyright
Copyright is a legal instrument that provides legal rights to the
creator of artwork, literature, or a work that conveys information or
2023 – 2024 Pg #[74]
ideas. In simple words, copyright is the right of copying. Copyright
gives control over how the

2023 – 2024 Pg #[75]

work is used. The © sign is also often displayed on copyrighted
objects.

HOMELANDER
(iii)Trademark
Trademark identifies a product or service and distinguishes it from
other products and services. Trademarks are protected by

GROUP
intellectual property rights which identifies that the product or
service belongs to a specific organization. It can be an easily
recognizable word, phrase, logo, or symbol and often mentioned as
TM (Trade Mark).

Q11. Write short note on software

piracy. Software Piracy
Software piracy is referred to the illegal use, copying or distribution
of copyrighted software. Software piracy is a huge threat to the
software industry. It causes a significant loss of revenue for
developers and vendors. Since they earn less profit, they are forced
to pass these costs on to their customers.
Software companies have tried various techniques to stop software
piracy but most of them have remained unsuccessful. They applied
for copy- protection which demands the user to enter certain keys or
credentials. Today, most software require registration which is
mainly online. However, these measures could not stop software
piracy.
Using pirated software is also risky for users. Aside from the legal
consequences of using pirated software, users of pirated software
lose some practical benefits as well. Pirated software may not work
properly or
stop working at any time.

Q12. What is plagiarism?

Plagiarism
Plagiarism is presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own
without full acknowledgment to the author or conceiver. Academic
honesty demands that the users of any ideas, words and data should
2023 – 2024 Pg #[76]
acknowledge the originators. Plagiarism is unethical and can have
serious consequences. Colleges and universities encourage students
to submit their

2023 – 2024 Pg #[77]

original work and cite the ideas and words borrowed from any other
sources. Failing to this may cause serious penalties. There are
online services to check and FIx the plagiarism issues. Academic

HOMELANDER
organizations hire the plagiarism detection service. One of the most
used services is Turnitin.

GROUP

2023 – 2024 Pg #[78]

 Chap 6: Web
Development Q1. Define the following terms

HOMELANDER
(i)World Wide Web (WWW)
The word world wide web (www) is commonly known as the web.
The Web is a collection of computers connected through a network
to provide publicly accessible information.

GROUP
(ii)Web Page
A webpage is a document commonly written in HTML that is
accessible through internet by using internet browser.

(iii)Website
A website is a collection of web pages containing text, images,
and all types of multimedia related to a specific set of information.
A website can be accessed through a Uniform Resource Locator
(URL).

(iv) Web Browser

A web browser is a software application for accessing websites on
the world wide web. Most common web browsers include Microsoft
Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari.

v) Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

It is the address of a resource on the internet (e.g.
https://www.google.com). It includes the following two
components.
·The protocol used to access the resource (https://)
·The location of the server. (www.google.com)

(vi) Search Engine

A Search Engine is a web-based tool that enables a user to locate
information on the web. Most popular search engines are Google,
2023 – 2024 Pg #[79]
Yahoo, and Bing.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[80]

(vii) Home Page
A home page (also known as landing page) is a web page that
serves as the starting point of the website.

HOMELANDER
(vii) Web Hosting

GROUP
Web Hosting is a service that allows a web developer to make a website
publicly accessible through the internet.

(viii) Web Server

A web server is the computer that is responsible for serving a
website and all of its content including text and media to a user.

Q2. What are the different types of

websites? Portal:
A web portal is a website that provides a single access point of
information for all of its users. It collects information from different
sources like emails, forums, search engines and presents it to the
user in a uniform way. Yahoo and MSN are common examples of
web portal.

News:
A news website is the modern-day alternative for newspapers. Such
websites contain everyday information related to current affairs,
sports, politics, weather, health, technology, entertainment, etc.
Informational: Informational websites provide detailed information
of any field. There are many dedicated informational websites for
science, arts, sports, online trainings, research, etc.

Educational:
Educational websites are purely designed to deliver educational
material for both, teachers and students such as sabaq.pk, khan
academy.org, etc.
2023 – 2024 Pg #[81]
Personal:

HOMELANDER
A person can share about his or her biography or achievements in a
custom developed website.

GROUP
Business:
A business website is the best way for any organization to market
their products and services. It also tells about the teams, policies
and procedures of that business. For instance, www.psx.com.pk is
the website of Pakistan Stock Exchange.

Blogs:
A blog is a special type of website that is composed of articles and
posts. These articles are organized into categories and sorted by the
time when they were published. WordPress is a popular blog site.
Forums: A forum is an online place where different users can discuss
about any topic. These topics can be categorized so that users can
easily locate topics of their interest.

Entertainment:
An entertainment website serves content like videos or games
purely for the purpose of entertainment. YouTube is widely used for
entertainment.

Social:
Social website is a platform where different people get together and
socialize with each other. They can also share their ideas, opinions
and media. Facebook and Twitter are instances of social networking
websites.

Q3. What is HTML? Write Steps Involved In Creating Web Page

In HTML HTML
2023 – 2024 Pg #[82]
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML is used to
create web pages that are displayed by web browsers mainly on
internet.

HOMELANDER
It is standard markup language for text documents. It allows the
user to create structured content by adding headings, paragraphs,
links, blockquotes and other media. It takes advantage of simple

GROUP
code structures called tags and attributes to achieve formatting,
graphic and navigation effects on web pages.

Step 1:
Text Editor Start by simply creating a new blank file in a text editor
of your choice. A simple text editor like notepad can be used to start
coding HTML for a web page.

Step 2:
Write HTML code in Text Editor
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>My Website</title>
</head>
<body>
Welcome to my first web page.
</body>
</html>

Step 3:
Save HTML Page Go to File menu and click on Save. Make sure to provide
.htm or
.html extension for the file being saved. This will save the
document as a web page instead of a plain text file. Step 4: View
HTML Page in Browser Open the saved HTML le in your default
web browser. The web browser will automatically translate HTML
codes to correctly display the web page.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[83]

Q4. Briefly describe the html tags
<!DOCTYPE html>

HOMELANDER
It specifies the HTML version used so the web browsers can show the
web page according to HTML standards. All HTML documents must
start with this tag.

GROUP
<html>
All HTML documents start with <html> tag and end with </html>
tag.

<head>
It is used to define additional information about the web page. It
contains a set of tags such as <title>, <meta> , <style>,<script>,
etc.

<body>
The main content of the web page is contained between <body>
and </body>

<title>
It defines the title of a web page. Titles are very important as they
appear on top of the browser window and displayed on search
engine result pages.

<footer>
It defines the footer for a web page. e.g. “Copyright 2020. All rights
reserved.”
<p>
It defines a paragraph of text in a webpage. It always starts from a
new line and adds space before and after its text.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[84]

<br>

2023 – 2024 Pg #[85]

It defines a line break and starts the following content from a new line.
Unlike
<p> tag, it does not add space before or after the break.

HOMELANDER
<hr>

GROUP
It draws a horizontal line where it is defined. It is used to
differentiate between sections of the page.

<h1> - <h6>
It is used to define six levels of HTML headings (h1, h2, h3, h4, h5
and h6) with <h1> being heaviest heading and <h6> being the
lightest heading.

<b>, <i>, <u>

These tags are used to bold, italicize and underline text respectively.

<pre>
It is used to define a preformatted text. The web browser displays such
text with spaces and line breaks as defined in HTML codes.

<font>
It is used to define the font, size and color of its text. This tag can be
composed with three attributes: size, color and face. This tag is
supported till version 4.1 of HTML.

<center>
It is used to align its text to the horizontal center of the web page.
This tag is supported till version 4.1 of HTML.

<sub>

2023 – 2024 Pg #[86]

It defines subscript text which is under the baseline of other text and
has a smaller size. e.g. H2O

HOMELANDER
<sup>
It defines superscript text which is slightly above the normal line of

GROUP
other text and has a smaller size.

Q5. Name some web designing

tools WEB DESIGNING TOOLS
Following is the list of some of the tools that help in designing and
developing a website:
1. Microsoft FrontPage
2. Coral Draw
3. Adobe Dreamweaver
4. WordPress
5. Microsoft Visual Studio
6. Wix
7. Figma
8. Coffee Cup HTML Editor
9. Adobe XD

2023 – 2024 Pg #[87]

 Chapter 7
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE

HOMELANDER
SYSTEM
1. What is database? Give its some
uses. Database

GROUP
A database stores data in organized form. A database is composed of
tables which contain rows and columns. These rows and columns
are called records and fields respectively.
Uses Of Database
1) These days, database can be seen in every field of life, for
example in industries, health, agriculture, schooling,
business and banking.
2) The databases can be developed according to the size of its
records for a particular organization.
3) A database is playing a leading role to enhance the
efficiency and performance of any organization.
2. What do you know about Database Management System
(DBMS). Also give its examples
Database Management System (DBMS)
Databases are usually developed, maintained and controlled by the
Database Management System (DBMS). The DBMS essentially
serves as an interface between databases and end users or
application programs, ensuring that data is consistently organized
and remains easily accessible.
Examples
a) MySql
b) Oracle
c) Microsoft SQL Server
d) MongoDB
3. What are the Advantages of Database Management System
over the Flat File System?
DBMS Flat file system
Multiple users can access data only users can access data at a
simultaneously time

2023 – 2024 Pg #[88]

Capable of handling huge sets of Capable of handling smaller sets
data of data

2023 – 2024 Pg #[89]

Allows non-duplication and Increase duplication and
integrity redundant
Supports online access Does not Supports online access

HOMELANDER
4. Mention Characteristics of Database Management
System Characteristics of Database Management

GROUP
System
a) Multiple users can access DBMS and can view, add, edit
and delete records.
b) A DBMS offers tools like Queries, Views and Forms which
help users to manipulate data easily and more effciently.
c) A DBMS is more secure and reliable.
d) DBMS allows distribution of data in multiple tables by
making use of features like keys and relationships
between elds of those
tables.
e) This allows lesser duplication of data and results in lesser
redundancy.
f) Preparing backups and providing limited permissions to the
users are features of DBMS.
g) DBMS can handle large and complex data more conveniently.
Therefore, it is preferred by the medium and large
organizations.
5. What are the basic Components of
DBMS? Table
It is a collection of data elements organized in shape of rows and
columns. A contact list may be one of the simplest examples of a
table. The marks record prepared by a class teacher is also an
example of a table.
Field
It is the smallest component in a database. It is where the actual
data is stored during data entry. All data fields in the same table,
have unique names. Fields are also called attributes or columns.
Record
A single entry in a table is called a record. Records are also referred
as tuples or rows. A record is made up of two or several data items
2023 – 2024 Pg #[90]
which are also called tuples in a table representing a set of related
data

2023 – 2024 Pg #[91]

HOMELANDER
GROUP
Views
In a database the data is stored in tables. However, we can see that
data through views. Views do not store data and just show the
information virtually. They have the ability to fetch data from
different tables.
6. Describe the steps for creating a table using a Design View
1) To create tables in Access using “Design View,” click on the
Create tab and click on the Table icon. Then pull down the
View menu and choose Design View.

2) A new table then appears in the Table Design View. Note that
the default name assigned to the table is Table1.
3) Type the name of a field into the “Field Name” column.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[92]

 4) Then use the drop-down menu in the “Data Type” column to
assign the
field a data type.

HOMELANDER
5) If desired, type a description of the data stored in this field

GROUP

6)
Repeat steps 4 and 5 until you have created all of the
necessary table
fields. An example of a Table may be customer Table that
has following entries.

7)
8) Click the “Save” button in the Quick Access
toolbar.
Then type a name for the newly created table and

2023 – 2024 Pg #[93]

 HOMELANDER
GROUP
7. Write the Steps for creating a query or view using
Design View. Steps for creating a query or view using
Design View
1. To make a query in design view, click on the “Create” tab in the
Ribbon and pull
down the “Queries” group and click on “Query Design” button.
2. In the “Show Table” dialog box, add the table or tables that you want
to add to
query design view.
3. Next, add the fields from these tables that you want to view
in your query results or view. If you want to add all of the fields of
a table into your result set, you can click and drag the first field in
the table, shown as an asterisk.
4.Once you have added all the necessary tables and elds to the
query or view, click the “Close” button in the “Show Table” dialog
box to close it and display the query design view.
5. To run a query and view the result set, you can click the
“Run” button in the “Results” group of the “Design” tab in the
“Query Tools” contextual tab on the office Ribbon.
6. The result set looks like a table. This result set is a
refection of data from the selected elds of the tables. It is also
known as a view.
7. Click the “Save” button in the Quick Access toolbar. Type a
name for your view and click “OK” to save the query.
8. What is data modeling? What are its important
components? Data Modeling
Data modeling is a process of developing conceptual representation of
data objects and their relations. Data models are used to express
2023 – 2024 Pg #[94]
how the information will be stored in database. This helps to identify
the most important fields and remove the irrelevant data.

2023 – 2024 Pg #[95]

(i)Entity
(ii)Relationship

HOMELANDER
(iii) Referential Keys
9. Describe the components of Data
modeling. Entity

GROUP
In literal sense, an entity is any individual object which has its own
qualities and properties. In database terms, an entity is an
independent table and its fields are known as attributes. As an
example, a Payroll database will contain an entity named
Employees. The Employees entity will contain various attributes like
Employee ID, Name, Designation, Salary, etc.
Relationship
When the database structures grew and became more complex, a
lot of data started to become redundant which means that data was
being unnecessarily duplicated. This created a need to connect data
entities instead of repeating same data in multiple tables. This
resulted in the creation of relationships and Relational Database
Management Systems (RDBMS).
Referential Keys
The relationships are configured by using referential keys on
entities. The keys determine a certain set of rules that must be
followed by the data stored in a field of an entity. In larger
databases, keys are very important to uniquely identify a specific
record.
10. Describe the types of relationship.
Three types of relationships can be defined between entities.
(i)One to One Relationship
This type of relationship defines that a record in one entity can be
connected to only one record in another entity. This is not a very
common type of relationship because the data from related entities
can directly be placed in a single entity.
(ii)One to Many Relationship

2023 – 2024 Pg #[96]

This type of relationship defines that a record in one entity can be
connected to many records in another entity. This is the most
common type of relationship used in relational databases

2023 – 2024 Pg #[97]

(iii)Many to Many Relationship
In this type of relationship, one or more records of one entity are
connected to one or more records of another entity.

HOMELANDER
11. What are the types of referential Keys
Two types of keys are most commonly used in RDBMSs:

GROUP
(i)Primary Key
A primary key is used to uniquely identify a record in an entity.
When a primary key is applied to any attribute in an entity, it forces
the rules of Primary Key onto that attribute.
(ii)Foreign Key
A foreign key is used to define the connection or relation between
two entities. The foreign key of one entity is configured to be
connected to the primary key of another entity. When a foreign key
is applied on an attribute, it enforces that the value for that
attribute should match any record in the related entity having a
primary key.
12. What are the steps to
design ER model Steps to design ER
Model
1. Identify and design the entities based on the requirements of its
users.
2. Identify and design the attributes within the required entities.
3. Identify the relationships required between entities.
4.Define Primary Keys in interrelated entities.
5. Design Foreign Key relationships based on requirements and
bind them to previously created Primary Keys.
6. Generate an automated Entity Relationship Diagram

2023 – 2024 Pg #[98]