1 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Static Indeterminacy, Ds = Dse + Dsi

External Static Indeterminacy, Dse = R – r Link 2 –
Where,
R = Total number of support reaction
r = Number of static equilibrium available Shear
2 –
Internal Static Indeterminacy [Dsi]- Roller
It refers to the geometric stability of the
Note-
structure
● Pin Joint plane frame structure (2D) – Ds =
It deals with internal force only (i.e. Axial
m – (2J – r)
force, shear force and Bending moment)
● Pin Jointed space frame structure (3D) – Ds
Type of Internal Static = m – (3J – r)
structure Indeterminacy
● Rigid Joint plane structure (2D) – Ds = 3m
Dsi = 0 Because there is no – (3J – r) – rr
internal indeterminacy for ● Rigid Joint space structure (3D) – Ds = 6 m
beam – (6 J – r) – rr
Beam
● If we know the support ● Kinematic indeterminacy for (2D) truss
reaction, we can find all joint – Dk = 2J – r
internal force. ● Kinematic indeterminacy for (2D) Frame or
Truss Dsi = m – (2J – 3) for 2D (3D) truss joint Dk = (3J – r)
Dsi = 3C – Rr for 2D ● Kinematic indeterminacy for (3D) Frame
Frame joint – Dk = 6J – r
Dsi = 6C – Rr for 3D
Where m = No of members connect at the joint
Where, m = Number of member
Note-
J = Number of joint
C = Number of cut Ds < 0, m < 2J – r Deficient or unstable
truss
Unknown internal force for-
Ds = 0, m = 2J – r Perfect stable truss,
2D structure or rigid 3(Fx, Fy, Mz) Determinate truss
joint plane frame
Ds > 0, m > 2J – r Redundant or over
3-D structure space M x , M y , M z stiff truss
frame 6 indeterminate truss
 Fx , Fy , Fz
Super position theorem:-
2D-Truss 2(Fx, Fy) ● Principal of super position theorem -
3D-Truss 3(Fx, Fy, Fz) dy 4
EI   w(x)
Hybrid Joint and released reaction- dx 4
Hybrid (i) Load is linearly related to deflection.
Diagram 2D 3D
Joint (ii) Load is assumed not to change significantly
Internal (m- 3(m- (iii) It is valid for beams, frames for both
hinge 1) 1) determinate and indeterminate structure.

1 Civil Engineering
Moment Distribution method- Distribution factor (D.F.)-
It is a structural analysis method for statically It is the ratio in which the applied moment
indeterminate continuous beams and plane (M) is distributed to various member
frame developed by Hardy cross (relaxation meeting at rigid joint.
method).
Member stiffness K
Carry over Moment (COM)- D.F.=
Joint Stiffness ΣK
It is moment developed at one end due to
applied moment at other ends. K = Sum of member stiffness
Carry Over Factor Castigliano's theorem:-
It is the ratio of COM and applied moment.  First theorems: For linearly elastic
structure, where external force cause
M/2
i.e. for fixed end  1/ 2 deformation
M
u u
Far end COM COF  P,  M
Condition  
Far end is M/2 1/2  Second Theorems: Applicable to
fixed linearly elastic structure with constant
Far end is 0 0 temperature and unyielding support.
hinged u u
 , 
For –M –1 p M
cantilever
beam ● Slope deflection method- In this method, if
For guided –M –1 the slopes at the ends and the relative
roller displacement of the ends are known, then
support the end moment found in terms of slope
Stiffness Factors (K)- defection stiffness and length of members.
It is the moment or force required to produce ● Moment Area method- The moment area
M P method is one of the most effective methods
unit rotation or deflection K  OR for obtaining the bending displacement in
 
beam and frames.
Relative Stiffness
M
It is the relative value of stiffness factor (k) and d  dx
EI
defined to simplify calculation
Maxwell reciprocal theorem-
Condition Stiffness Relative
factor stiffness It follows hooks law and based on principal
of superposition and energy conservation.
Far end is 4EI I
fixed ● This theorem valid for structures having
L L
linear force displacement relation.
Far end is 3EI 3 I 
  ● Eddy's theorem: The bending moment at
hinged L 4 L any section of an arch is equal to the vertical
Cantilever EI 0 intercept between the linear arch and the
beam L centre line of actual arch.
Guided roller EI 1 I  M xx Arch   M xx Beam  H  y
support L 4L
Far end is 0  M xx Arch  y
free

2 Civil Engineering
Horizontal thrust on different type of arch-
Sr. Type of Horizontal
structure thrust
Three hinged arch
(A) Parabolic arch-
With point load at crown W
2
w 2
With U.D.L 8h
(B) Semicircular Arch
With point load W
2
wR
With U.D.L 2
2-Hined Arch
(A) Parabolic Arch
With Point load 25Wl
128h
With UDL w 2
8h
(B) Semi circular arch
With Point load W sin 2 
(At crown  = 90°) 
With UDL 4 wR
3 

3 Civil Engineering