Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &

Utility Systems
Chapter -1 - Boiler

Heat in Steam Output (Kcal) Quantity of Steam generation

1. Boiler Efficiency = = Quantity of fuel consumption
Heat in fuel Input (Kcal)

2. Boiler Efficiency =
kg Kcal Kcal
{Steam flow rate ( )×(Steam enthalpy( )−feed water enthalpy( ))}
hr kg kg

kg 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙
Fuel firing rate ( )×Grosscalorific Value ( )
hr 𝑘𝑔

Q (H−h)
3. ηb =
q×GCV

kg
Q = Steam flow rate ( )
hr
Kcal
H = Steam enthalpy ( )
kg

Kcal
h = Feed water enthalpy ( )
kg

kg
q = Fuel firing rate ( )
hr
𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙
GCV = Grosscalorific Value ( )
𝑘𝑔

Kcal
Quantity of steam ( ) Q ηb ×GCV
kg
4. Evaporation Ratio = Kcal =q =
Quantity of Fuel ( ) (H−h)
Kg

5. Efficiency of Boiler α Evaporation Ratio

 O2
{ (11.6×C)+34.8 ( H2−( ))+(4.35×S)}
8
6. Theoretical air required for combustion =
100
= kg/kg of fuel

C, H2, O2, S = Percentage of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Sulphur present in the fuel

{ O2%}
7. Percentage Excess Air supplied % = ×100
21−O2%

➢ O2 measurement is recommended if O2 measurement is not available use CO2

measurement

8. Actual mass of Air Supplied /kg of fuel AAS = 1+(EA/100) ×Theoretical air

Indirect Method of Determination of Boiler Efficiency

The various losses in the boiler are

1. Heat Loss due to flue gas (L1)

2. Heat Loss due to Hydrogen in fuel (L2)
3. Heat Loss due to Moisture in fuel (L3)
4. Heat Loss due to Moisture in air (L4)
5. Loss due to Partial combustion of C to CO (L5)
6. Loss due to surface radiation (L6)
7. Unburnt Loss in fly ash (L7)
8. Unburnt Loss in bottom ash (L8)

Boiler Efficiency by Indirect Method= 100 - (L1+L2+L3+L4+L5+L6+L7+L8)

m ×Cp×(Tf−Ta)
1. Heat Loss due to dry flue gas L1 = ×100
GCV of Fuel
m = Mass of dry flue gas in (kg/kg of fuel)

Cp = Specific heat of flue gas in (kcal/kg)

Tf = Flue gas temperature in (oC)

Ta = Ambient temperature in (oC)

Mass of Dry flue gas = CO2 in fuel + SO2 in fuel + N2 in fuel + N2 in Actual mass of air
supplied + O2 in flue gas

9H2 ×(584+{Cp×(Tf−Ta)})
2. Heat Loss due to hydrogen in fuel L2 = ×100
GCV of Fuel
H2 = hydrogen present in fuel (kg/kg of fuel)

Cp = specific heat of super-heated steam in (Kcal/kg)

Tf = Flue gas temperature in (oC)

Ta = Ambient temperature in (oC)

584 = Latent heat of vaporization in (Kcal/kg)

M ×(584+{Cp×(Tf−Ta)})
3. Heat Loss due to Moisture present in fuel L3 = ×100
GCV of Fuel
M = Moisture in fuel (kg/kg of fuel)
Cp = specific heat of super-heated steam in (Kcal/kg)

Tf = Flue gas temperature in (oC)

Ta = Ambient temperature in (oC)

4. Heat Loss due to Moisture present in air L4 =

AAS ×Humidity factor ×{Cp×(Tf−Ta)}
×100
GCV of Fuel
AAS = Actual mass of air supplied per kg of fuel

Humidity factor = Kg of water /kg of dry air

Cp = specific heat of super-heated steam in (Kcal/kg)

Tf = Flue gas temperature in (oC)

Ta = Ambient temperature in (oC)

%CO ×C 5654
5. Heat Loss due to incomplete combustion L5 = × ×100
%CO×%CO2 GCV of fuel
CO = Volume of CO in flue gas (%) (1% = 10000ppm)

CO2 = Actual volume of CO2 in flue gas (%)

C = Carbon content (kg/kg of fuel)

5654 = Heat loss due partial combustion of carbon (kcal/kg of carbon)

6. Heat Loss due to Radiation & Convection =

For Industrial Fire tube /Packaged boiler = 1.5% to 2.5%
For industrial Water tube boiler = 2 to 3%
For Power station boiler = 0.4% to 1%
Can be calculated using the equation also.
➢ Note: For Solid Fuels only L7 & L8 applicable
7. Heat Loss due to unburnt in fly ash L7 =
(Total ashcollected /kg of fuelburnt) × GCV of flyash
×100
GCV of fuel

8. Heat Loss due to unburnt in bottom ash =

(Total ashcollected /kg of fuelburnt) × GCV of bottom ash
×100
GCV of fuel

9H2%+M%
9. GCV =NCV + { }×584
100
 Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &
Utility Systems
Chapter -2 - Furnaces

Heat Output (Kcal) Heat in stock material (Kcal)

1. Furnace Efficiency = = Heat in Fuel/electricity (Kcal)
Heat Input (Kcal)

Amount of Energy Consumed (Kcal/hr)

2. Specific Energy Consumption =
Quantity of material processed (T/hr)

3. The Quantity of stock imparted to the material Q = m×Cp ×(t2-t1)

Q = Quantity of heat in (Kcal)
m = Weight of material in (kg)
Cp = mean specific heat (kcal/kg 0C)
t2 = Final desired temperature (0C)
t1 = Initial temp before it enters the furnace (0C)

4. Input heat = Weight of material in (Kg) × GCV (Kcal/kg) × η of Furnace

m×Cp × (t2−t1)
5. Oil consumption = (t2 − t1) = Δt
GCV of Fuel ×Furnace efficiency

m = Weight of material in (kg)

Cp = mean specific heat (kcal/kg 0C)
t2 = Final desired temperature (0C)
t1 = temp before it enters the furnace (0C)
 Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &
Utility Systems
Chapter -3 - Cogeneration Systems

kg sm3
Fuel Consumption in ( )or( )
hr hr
1. Plant Fuel Rate (kg/Kwh or Sm3/Kwh) =
Power output (Kw)

Electrical Output (Qe)+Thermal Output (Qth)

2. Energy Utilization factor EUF =
Fuel heat Input (Qf)

Plant Fuel Consumption ×Gross Calorific Value

3. Overall Heat Rate (Kcal/Kwh) =
Power output

4. Overall Heat Rate (Kcal/Kwh) = Plant Fuel Rate (Kg/Kwh) ×Gross Calorific Value (Kcal/kg)

Gas turbine & Heat Recovery Steam Generator

5. Overall Heat Rate (Kcal/Kwh) = Plant Fuel Rate (Sm3/Kwh) ×Net Calorific Value of Gas
(Kcal/Sm3)

Steam flow rate ×{Enthalpy of steam−Enthalpy of Feed Water}

6. Efficiency HRSG = I
(Exhaust gas Flow rate × Enthalpy)+(Aux Fuel ×GCV)
L
Kg
×Kcal/Kg
hr
= kg
×Kcal/kg
hr

kcal
Actual enthalpy drop across the Turbine ( )
kg
7. Turbine Isentropic efficiency = kcal
Isentropic Enthalpy drop across the Turbine ( )
kg
8. Turbine Power Output (MW)=
Steam flow rate (kg/hr)×( Enthapy of Steam Inlet−Enthalpy of Steam Output (kcal/kg))
860×1000

9. Turbine Power Output (MW) =

Steam flow rate (kg/hr)×( Enthapy of Steam Inlet−Enthalpy of Steam Output (KJ/kg))
3600×1000
 Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &
Utility Systems
Chapter -4 – Heat Exchangers

1. Heat Transferred (Kcal/hr) Q = U ×A×LMTD

Q = Heat Transferred (Kcal/hr)
A = Heat Surface Area (m2)
LMTD = Log mean temp difference (0c)
U = Heat Transfer Coefficient (Kcal/hr/m20C)

Kcal
Actual Heat Transfer Rate ( )
hr
2. Heat Exchanger Effectiveness = Kcal
Maximum Possible Heat Transfer Rate ( )
hr

Q Q
3. Heat Exchanger Effectiveness = Qmax =
(Cmin×∆Tmax)

C = Heat capacity (Kcal/hoC) = Mass flow rate (kg/hr) × Sp. heat Capacity of fluid
(kcal/kgOC)
Cmin = lower of the two fluid heat capacities (Kcal/hoC)
ΔTmax = Maximum temp difference from the terminal stream temperatures (OC)

4. Heat Duty for Hot Fluid Qh = mh× Cph ×(Thi-Tho)

5. Heat Duty for Cold Fluid Qc = mc× Cpc ×(Tco-Tci)
mh = Mass flow rate of Hot fluid (kg/hr)
mc = Mass flow rate of Cold fluid (kg/hr)
Cph = Specific Heat of Hot fluid (Kcal/kg/0C)
Cpc = Specific Heat of Cold fluid (Kcal/kg/0C)
Thi, Tho = Hot fluid inlet & Outlet temperature respectively (0C)
Tco, Tci = Cold fluid Outlet & inlet temperature respectively (0C)
6. Heat Duty = qs +ql qs = Sensible heat ql = Latent heat

mh ×Cph×(Thi−Tho)
7. Sensible Heat Hot fluid (qs) = (KW)
3600

mc ×Cpc×(Tco−Tci)
8. Sensible Heat Cold fluid (qs) = (KW)
3600

mh ×λh
9. Latent Heat Hot Fluid ql= (KW)
3600

mc ×λc
10. Latent Heat Cold Fluid ql= (KW)
3600
λh = Latent Heat of Condensation of Hot condensing vapor (KJ/kg)
λc = Latent Heat of Vaporization of Cold condensing vapor (KJ/kg)
Counter Flow
(Thi−Tco)−(Tho−Tci)
11. LMTD = (Thi−Tco) = (Δt1- Δt2)/ {ln (Δt1/Δt2)}
Ln
(Tho−Tci)

Parallel flow
(Thi−Tci)−(Tho−Tco)
12. LMTD = (Thi−Tci)
Ln
(Tho−Tco)

Thi = Hot fluid inlet temperature (0C)

Tci = Cold fluid inlet temperature (0C)
Tho = Hot fluid Outlet temperature (0C)
Tco = Cold fluid Outlet temperature (0C)
Corrected LMTD = LMTD × Correction Factor (F)
Thi−Tho
13. Capacity Ratio of Heat Exchanger =
Tco−Tci

Tco−Tci
14. Heat Exchanger Effectiveness =ε = Thi−Tci
 Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &
Utility Systems
Chapter -5 – Motors & Variable Speed Drives

Output Power (KW) Input Power−Loss (KW)

1. Motor efficiency = =
Input Power (KW) Input Power (KW)

Loss(KW)
2. Motor efficiency = 1- { }
Input Power (KW)

Ns−N
3. Slip (S) = Ns = (120f/P)
Ns
Ns = synchronous Speed (rpm)
N= Rotor or Actual Motor Speed (rpm)
S = Slip
Actual Operaing Load of the Motor
4. Motor Loading % = ×100
Rated Capacity of the Motor

R2 235+t2
5. Temp Correction Factor for Resistance = = 235+t1
R1
t1 = Ambient Temperature (oC)
t2 = Operating Temperature (oC)
Pi Ns−N IL 𝑉𝑟
6. Motor Loading % = = Ss−Sr = Ir × ( 𝑉 ) 2
Pir

Slip
7. Load= ×100%
(Ss−Sr)×(Vr/V)2

Load = Output power as a % of rated power

Slip = Synchronous speed – Motor speed
 Ss = Synchronous speed (rpm)
Sr = Name plate full load speed (rpm)
V = RMS voltage mean line to line 3 phase voltage
Vr = Name plate rated voltage

8. Rotor Input Rotor Cu Loss Motor Output

1 S 1-S
Rotor Cu Loss = S× Rotor Input
Motor Output = (1-S) × Rotor Input
Rotor Copper Loss × (1-S) = Motor Output ×S
9. KVAR2 = KVA2 – KW2
KVAR = Reactive Power
KW = Active power
KVA = Apparent Power
10. Power Factor = Cosø = KW / KVA

100 100
11. Energy Cost Saving in Rs/Year = Kw × % Loading {( ηstd − η Premium
)} × hrs/year × Rs/Kwh

η Std = Standard Efficiency of old motor

η premium = Premium Motor efficiency after replacement
 Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &
Utility Systems
Chapter -6 – Fans & Blowers

Air Power
1. Fan Efficiency:
Fan Shaft Power

m3
Volume ( )×ΔPStatic pressure (mmWc)
2. Static Fan Efficiency (%) =
s
×100
102 ×Fan shaft Power (kW)

ΔPStatic Pressure = Absolute Pressure – Ref Atmospheric Pressure

ΔPStatic Pressure = Discharge Static Pressure – Suction Static Pressure
Dynamic Pressure = Velocity Pressure
Velocity Pressure = Total Pressure – Static Pressure

3. Velocity (m/s) = Cp × √(2 × 9.81 × ΔP)/r

Cp = Pilot Tube Coefficient

ΔP = Average Velocity Pressure (mmWc)
r = Gas density at flow conditions (kg/m2) corrected to Normal temp

P×M
4. Density (kg/m3) =
R×T
P = Absolute Gas Pressure (mmWc)
kg
M = Molecular weight of Gas ( )
kgmol

T = Gas temp (K)

R = Gas Constant (847.84mmWc m3/kg mole K)
Difference between Fan, Blower & Compressor

Equipment Specific ratio Pressure Rise

Fan Up to 1.11 1136
Blower 1.11 to 1.20 1136 - 2066
Compressor More than 1.20

QαN Q = Flow Rate (m3/Sec)

SP α N2 SP = Static pressure (mmWc)
KW α N3 KW = Power
N = Rotating Speed (RPM)
 Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &
Utility Systems
Chapter -7 - Pumps

Hydraulic Power
1. Pump Efficiency (%) = ×100
Power Input to the pump Shaft

Q×(hd−hs)×ρ×g
2. Hydraulic Power (KW) = 1 kg/cm2 = 10m
1000
Q = Volume Flow Rate (m3/s)
hd-hs = Total head (m)
ρ = Density of fluid (kg/m3)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
3. Pump Shaft Power (KW) = Motor Power × Efficiency of Motor

Hydraulic Power (KW)

4. Operating Efficiency of Pump =
Power Input to the Shaft(KW)

4flv2
5. Friction Head (m) (pressure drop) =
2gd
f = Friction factor
l = Length (m)
v = Velocity of fluid (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
d = Diameter of discharge pipe (m)
Flow Rate (m3/s)
6. Velocity(m/s) =
Area (m2)
QαN Q = Flow Rate
H α N2 H = Head
P α N3 P = Power Absorbed
N = Rotating Speed

QαD
H α D2
P α D3 D = Impeller diameter
 Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &
Utility Systems
Chapter -8 - Compressors

Absolute Discharge pressure of last stage

1. Compression Ratio =
Absolute Intake Pressure

The Ratio of Free Air Delivered (m3/min)

2. Volumetric Efficiency =
Compressor Swept (displacement)Volume (m3/min )

3. Isothermal Power = The least power required to compress the air assuming
Isothermal conditions

P1×Qf×(loge)r
4. Isothermal Power (KW) =
36.7
P1 = Absolute intake pressure (kg/cm2)
Qf = free air delivered (m3/hr)
r = Pressure Ratio (P2/P1)

Isothermal Power (KW)

5. Isothermal Efficiency (%) = ×100
Compressor input power/Shaft power(KW)

Power Consumption of Compressor(KW)

6. Specific Power Consumption (kw/m3/hr) =
Measured free air delivery (m3/hr)

Nozzle Method
T1 {2(P3−P4)(P3×Ra)} 1/2
7. Free Air delivered Qf (m3/sec) = k×(Π/4) ×d2× ( ) ×{ }
P1 𝑇3
k = Flow coefficient
d = Nozzle diameter (m)
T1 = Absolute inlet temperature (0K)
 P1 = Absolute inlet pressure (kg/cm2)
P3 = Absolute pressure before Nozzle (kg/cm2)
T3 = Absolute temperature before Nozzle (0K)
Ra = Gas constant for Air (287.1J/kg K)
P3 – P4 = Differential pressure across the Nozzle (kg/cm2)
Pump up method
P2−P1 V
8. Free Air delivered Qf (m3/sec) = ( ) ×( ) Nm3/minute
P0 T
P2 = Final pressure after filling (kg/cm2 a)
P1 = Initial pressure after bleeding (kg/cm2 a)
P0 = Atmospheric pressure (kg/cm2 a)
V = Storage volume in (m3) which includes receiver, after cooler, and delivery piping
T = Time to build up pressure to P2 (minutes)

9. Compressor displacement (m3/min) = (Π/4) × D2 × L × S × λ × n

D = Cycle bore diameter (m)
L = Cylinder stroke (m)
S = Compressor speed (rpm)
λ = 1 for single acting 2 for double acting cylinders
n = No of cylinders
 Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &
Utility Systems
Chapter -9 - HVAC Systems

Me×Cp×( Tin−Tout)
1. Net refrigeration Capacity (TR):
3024
Me = Mass flow rate of chilled Water (kg/hr)
Cp = Specific heat of Water (Kcal/kg0C)
Tin = Chilled water temperature at evaporator inlet (0C)
Tout = Chilled water temperature at evaporator outlet (0C)
Water Cooled Compressor
Mc×Cp×(Two−Twi)
2. Heat Rejected (TR) =
3024

Mc = Mass flow rate of cooling water (kg/hr)

Air Cooled Compressor
3. Heat Rejected (TR) = Ma × Cp × (Tao − Tai)
Ma = Mass flow rate of air (kg/hr)
Airconditioning Unit
m×(hin−hout)
4. Heat Load (TR) =
4.18×3024
M = Mass flow rate of air (kg/hr)
hin = Enthalpy of inlet air at AHU (KJ/kg)
hout = Enthalpy of outlet air at AHU (KJ/kg)
Performance Calculations
Refrigeraion effect (KW)
5. Coefficient of Performance COP =
Input (KW)

Refrigeraion effect (W)

6. Energy Efficiency Ratio EER =
Power Input (W)
 Power Input (KW)
7. KW/Ton =
Refrigeration effect (Ton)

Power Input (KW)

8. KW/TR =
Refrigeration effect (TR)

Conversions

3.516
9. COP =
(KW/TR)

(12)
10. EER =
(KW/TR)

1 TR = 3024 Kcal/hr = 12000Btu = 3.516KW

 Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &
Utility Systems
Chapter -10 – Financial Analysis

1. Breakeven point for proposed project = UC util × Wav × n = FC+ (UC Prod × Wav × n)
UC util = Unit cost per kwh of energy bought from utility (Rs/kwh)
Wav = Average power output or Consumption (kW)
n = number of hours of operation (hr)
FC = Fixed Cost (Rs)
UC Prod = Unit cost per kwh of produced energy (Rs/kwh)

Total Repayment Value (TRV)– Simple Interest

2. Total Repayment Value (TRV) = LV + (IR/100+ LV×P)
LV = value of initial loan (Rs)
IR = interest Rate (%)
P = Repayment period (Years)
Total Repayment Value (TRV)– Compound Interest
3. Total Repayment Value (TRV) = LV × (1+ IR/100) n

Capital Cost of the Project (Rs)

4. Simple Payback period (Years) = ( PB = CC/AS)
Net annual savings (Rs)

Net Present Value

5. FV = D× (1+ IR/100) n

S
6. PV =
(1+ IR/100) n

7. PV = S× DF
 1
= Discount Factor DF
(1+ IR/100) n

FV = Future value of Investment in (Rs)

D = Value of Initial deposit (Rs)
IR = Interest rate (%)
N = Number of years
PV = Present value of S in n years of time (Rs)
S = Value of cash flow in n years of time (Rs)

Sum of Discounted net savings

8. Profitability Index = (PI higher More attractive)
Capital Cost

9. The Discounted rate which achieves a net present value of Zero is known as the
Internal rate of return
 Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &
Utility Systems
Chapter -11 – Thermal Power Station

Energy generated in a given period (MWh)

1. Plant Load Factor = ×100
Total capacity (MW)×Total hrs in the same period (hr)

Fuel Consumption (kg)×GCV of fuel (kcal/kg)

2. Gross Heat rate (kcal/Kwh) =
Generator output (Kwh)

Gross Heat Rate

3. Net Heat rate (kcal/Kwh) =
1−(% Aux power consumption/100)

Generator output (KW)

4. Overall Efficiency (%) = kg KJ ×100
Mass flow rate of fuel ( )×Gross calorific value ( )
s kg

860
5. Overall Efficiency (%) = kcal ×100
Gross Heat Rate ( )
Kwh

Total Fuel Consumption(kg)

6. Specific Fuel consumption = ×100
Gross generation (Kwh)

Feed water temp at Ecout−Feed water temp at Ecin

7. Economizer effectiveness =
Flue gas temp at Ecout−Flue gas temp at Ecin

Tcwo−Tcwi
8. Condenser effectiveness = ×100
Tsat −Tcwi
 Q1 (H1−h2)+ Q2 (H3−H2)
9. Turbine Heat Rate (kcal/Kwh) =
Gross Generator output (Kwh)

Q1 = Main steam flow (kg/hr)

H1 = Main steam enthalpy (kcal/kg)
h2 = Feedwater enthalpy (kcal/kg)
Q2 = Reheat steam flow (kg/hr)
H3 = Hot reheat steam enthalpy (kcal/kg)
H2 = Cold reheat steam enthalpy (kcal/kg)
kcal
Turbine Heat rate ( )
Kwh
10. Unit Heat Rate (kcal/Kwh) =
Boiler Efficiency

860
11. Turbine Cycle Efficiency = ×100
Turbine Heat rate

Actual enthalpy drop across the turbine

12. Turbine Stage Isentropic efficiency =
lsentropic enthalpy drop across the turbine

13. Enthalpy of steam turbine exhaust = Enthalpy of feedwater + Dryness fraction×

(Enthalpy of saturated steam – Enthalpy of feedwater)

14. Condenser heat load = Steam flow rate × Latent heat of vaporization ×Dryness
fraction

Enthalpy of exhaust steam−Enthalpy of feedwater

15. Dryness fraction =
Enthalpy of dry saturated steam−Enthalpy of feedwater

O2 % gas leaking APH −O2 % gas entering APH

16. APH Leakage (%) = ×100
21− O2 % gas leaking APH
 Gross heat rate
17. Specific Coal consumption =
Gross calorific value
 Paper -4 Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment &
Utility Systems
Chapter -14 –Buildings and Commercial Establishments
Kwh
EB Energy+DG Energy ( )
annum
1. Energy Perfomance Index (kwh/annum/m2) =
Total builtup area (m2)

2. Average Annual hourly Energy Performance Index (wh/h/m2) =

Kwh
Energy perfomance Index ( )
annum/m2
× 1000
Operating hrs/annum

External Heat Gain

1. Conduction of heat gain through the wall / Roof /windows Q = U×A×CLTD
U = U Factor (W/m2/oK)
A = Net area of wall
CLTD = Cooling Load Temperature Difference
2. Solar radiation through glass Q = A×SC×SCL
Q = Heat gain through solar radiation through glass (W)
A = Total Surface area of glass (m2)
SC = Shading coefficient of the window
SCL = Solar cooling load factor (W/m2)
Internal Heat Gain
1. Heat gain from People Qs = No of people ×Sensible heat gain/person× CLF

2. Heat gain from People QL = No of people ×Latent heat gain/person

Qs = Sensible heat gain from people (W)
QL = Latent heat gain from people (W)
CLF = Cooling Load factor
3. Heat gain from lighting Q = Watts × Ballast factor× CLF
 Q = Sensible heat gain from lighting (W)
Watts = Total energy input in to lights (W)
CLF = Cooling Load factor
Ballast factor = 1 for incandescent 1.2 for fluorescent lights
4. Heat generated by equipment Q = Sensible heat + Latent heat

5. Heat gain through Air infiltration

Air flow = (Volume of space × air change rate)/3600

Qs (m3/s) = 1210 × Airflow ×ΔT
QL (m3/s) = 3010× Airflow ×Δh
Qs = sensible heat gain from infiltration (W)
QL = Latent heat gain from infiltration (W)
1210 = Product of density and specific heat (J/m3 0K)
Air flow = Quantity of air infiltrating the space (m3/s)
ΔT=Design outdoor dry bulb temperature–desired indoor dry bulb temperature (0C)
Δh = Design outdoor humidity ratio –desired indoor humidity ratio (gm of water/kg
of dry air)
Sensible heat
1. Sensible heat ratio (SHR) =
Sensible heat+Latent heat

Sensible heat gain

2. Supply air flow (m3/s) =
1210 ( Room dry bulb temp−Supply dry bulb temp)

Actual lux/W/m2
3. Installed Load Efficacy ratio (ILER) =
Target lux/W/m2
L×W
4. Room Index =
Hm×(L+W)

5. Average Energy wastage = (1 − ILER) × (Watts/1000) ×Operating hours /annum