Periodic Table Page No.

[1]

In Chapter Exercise – 1 (Development of PT)

Subjective :
1. The basic theme of organisation of elements in the periodic table is to simplify and systematize the study of the
properties of all the elements and millions of their compounds. On the basis of similarities in of the properties
in chemical properties, the various elements have now been divided into different groups. This has made the
study simple because the properties of elements are now studied in form of groups rather than individually.
2. Dobereiner triad rule
(i) He made groups of three elements having similar chemical properties called TRIAD.
(ii) In Dobereiner triad, atomic weight of middle element is nearly equal to the average atomic weight of first
and third element.Ex.
  
 Cl Br I  Ca Sr Br  Li Na K
  
 35.5 80.0 127  40 87.5 137  7 23 39
 35.5  127  40  137  7  39
 x  81.2  x  88.5  x  23
 2  2  2
3. NEWLAND OCTAVE RULE [1865]
(i) He arranged the elements in the increasing order of their atomic mass and observe that properties of
every 8th element was similar to the 1stone. like in the case of musical vowels notation
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ne Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(ii) At that time inert gases were not known.
H
Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
K Ca
(iii) The properties of Li are similar to 8th element i.e. Na, Be are similar to Mg and so on.
4. LOTHER MEYER'S CURVE [1869] :
(i) He plotted a curve between atomic weight and atomic volume of different elements.
(ii) The following observation can be made from the curve –
(a) Most electropositive elements i.e. alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs etc.) occupy the peak
positions on the curve.
(b) Less electropositive i.e. alkali earth metal (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) occupy the descending
position on the curve.
(c) Metalloids (B, Si, As, Te, At etc.) and transition metals occupy bottom part of the curve.
(d) Most electronegative i.e. halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) occupy the ascending position on the curve.
Note : Elements having similar properties occupy similar position on the curve.
Conclusion : On the basis of this curve Lother Meyer proposed that the physical properties of the
elements are periodic function of their atomic wt. and this become the base of Mendeleef's
periodic table.

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Periodic Table Page No.[2]

Cs
40
Rb
I
Ba
30 K

Atomic volume
Br
Na
20 Cl
Sr
Li Ca
10 F Mg
Be
0
20 40 60 80
A t o mic w eig h t
5. Merits or advantages of Mendeleef's periodic table :
(a) Study of elements : First time all known elements were classified in groups according to
their similar properties.
(b) Prediction of new elements :
Ex. Blank space at atomic weight 72 in silicon group was called Eka silicon (means properties like silicon)
and element discovered later was named Germanium .
Eka aluminium – Galium(Ga) Eka Boron – Scandium (Sc)
Eka Silicon – Germanium (Ge) Eka Mangense – Technetium (Tc)

Demerits of Mendeleef's periodic table :

(a) Position of hydrogen : Hydrogen resembles both, the alkali metals (IA) and the
halogens (VIIA) in properties so Mendeleev could not decide where to place it.
(b) Position of isotopes : As atomic wt. of isotopes differs, they should have placed in different
position in Mendeleef's periodic table. But there were no such places for isotopes in
Mendeleev's table.
(c) Anomalous pairs of elements : There were some pair of elements which didnot follow the
increasing order of atomic weights.
Ex. Ar and Co were placed before K and Ni respectively in the periodic table, but having higher atomic
weights.
 Ar K   Te I   Co Ni 
     
 39.9 39.1 127.5 127   58.9 58.6 
(d) Like elements were placed in different groups :
There were some elements like Platinum (Pt) and Gold (Au) which have similar properties but were
placed in different groups in Mendeleev's table.
Pt Au
VIII IB
(e) Unlike elements were placed in same group
Objective :
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Periodic Table Page No.[3]
Ans. c a c a d c d d d b

In Chapter Exercise – 2 (Modern PT)

Subjective :
1. Modern periodic law:– State that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are a periodic function
of their atomic number.
2. In the 4th period, the filling up of only 4s, 3d and 4p orbitals occurs since 4th period starts with z = 19 and ends
at z = 36, therefore elements with z = 19 and z = 20 are s-block elements. The next ten elements with z = 21 to
30 are d-block elements and belong to group 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12
 Therefore the element which lie in 8th group will have z = 20 + 6 = 26
3. The 1st inert gas which contains d-electrons is krypton.
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6
Its atomic number is 36 and its electronic configuration is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p .
Total number of d-electrons = 10
Total number of p-electrons = 6  6  6  18
Total number of s-electrons  2  2  2  2  8
Difference in total number of p and s-electrons  18  8  10
thus, the inert gas is krypton.
4.
Z (atomic number) Period
Ne[13]  3s 2 sp1  3  10 3, n = maximum shell no.

Ar[35]  3d10 4s 2 4p5 4

Xe[56]  6s 2 6

5. A/C to Aufbau 7th period contain 7s 5f 6d 7p and period 8s 5g

at no 118, out most conf = 7s2 7p6
at no 119, out most conf = 8s1
at no 120, out most conf = 8s2
 that means undiscovered alkaline earth metal element of period 8 = 120. (at no.)
6. In 3rd period, the filling up only 3s and 3p orbitals. Since 3rd period starts with z = 11 to end at z = 18, therefore,
z = 11 and z = 12 are s-block elements, the element which will lie in the 3rd period and seventh group will have
z = 12 + 5 = 17

7. z  14  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6   p  1  N metalloid.

z  31 (Ga)  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 4s 2 3d10 4p1  N  2  1  3   p  1  4  1  5   P  1  N  metal

z  35  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 4s 2 3d10 4p5  N  2  5  7   P  1  5, so  P  1  N  non  metal

z  54  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 4s 2 3d10 4p6 5s 2 4d10 5p6  N  2  6  8  P  1  5  1  6   P  1  N  Non metal

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Periodic Table Page No.[4]
1 2
8. s – block elements : ns
2 1 6
p – block elements : ns np

d – block elements :  n  1 d ns
110 0 2

9. When n = 4  l = 0, 1, 2, 3.
A/C to Aufbau, electrons can be filled in only 4s 3d 4p. Whose energies increasing order is 4s < 3d < 4p. So
total number of orbital available are 9 the maximum number of electron that can be accommodated 18
therefore 18 elements are in the 4th period.
Cr 3   Ar  3d 3
18
10.
Cu    Ar  3d10
18

Pm 3   Xe 4f 4
54

Mn 2   Ar  4s0 3d 5
18

Co 2   Ar  4s0 3d8
18

Objective :
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C C D D D C C D A C
Ques. 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B B A B C

In Chapter Exercise – 3 (Periodicity and Atomic Radius)

Subjective :
K  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 4s1
1. (n 3) (n  2) (n 1) n th
  0  1  8  0.85  8  1  2  1  15.8
Z*  19  15.8  2.2
2. Atomic radius – The distance between the nucleus and valence shell electron of an atom is known as atomic
radius
Atomic size/radius

(i) Co-valent radius Metallic radius Vanderwaal radius

d d d
d d d
C.R M.R V.R
2 2 2

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Periodic Table Page No.[5]
 Ionic radius means size of ion. An ion can be cation and anion.

3. Within a group, the atomic radius increases down the group because a new energy shell (i.e., Principal q.n.
increases) is added at each succeeding element while the no. of valence electron remains to be the same.
In contract, the atomic size decrease as we move from left to right in a Period. This is because nuclear charge
increases by one unit at each succeeding element. So effective nuclear charge increases and hence the atomic
size decreases.
4. Matallic radius (M.R.) is larger than covalent radius (C. R.) as explained in diagram:
Co-valent radius Metallic radius

d d
d d
C.R M.R
2 2
5. The ionic radius of a cation is always smaller than the parent atom because the loss of one or more electrons
increase the effective nuclear charge. As a result, the force of attraction of nucleus for the electrons increases
and hence the ionic radii decrease. In contrast, the ionic radius of an anion is always larger than its parent atom
because the addition of one or more electrons decrease the effective nuclear charge. As a result, the force of
attraction of the nucleus for the electrons decreases and hence the ionic radii increases.
6. Atomic radius of K is larger than F. because the size of cation is smaller than its parent atom (means K > K+)
while size of anion is bigger than its parent atom. This, at radii of K will be greater than 1.34 Å while atomic
radii of F will be less than 1.34 Å.
Objective:
1. (C) In group effective nuclear charge remains constant according to slater rule.
2. (C)
Na __ 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s1
(n  2) (n 1) n th
  1  0  8  0.85  2  1

–– So only 10e participate in screening.
3. (D) The screening effect of d electron is less than P – electron. –– because size of d orbital is larger than p-orbital.
4. (A) Ni < Pd  Pt. due to Lanthanoid contraction.
5. (C)
K   18e 
Ar  18e 
Ca 2  18e 
S2  18e 
6. (D) Species having same number of electron is known as isoelectronic.
7. (D) F: small anion.
Cs : Large cation.
8. (C) 1.71, 1.40, 1.36
9. (C) F–

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Periodic Table Page No.[6]
  2
10. (B) Correct order is F  Na  Mg
11. (C) Because CsI has greater cation and Anion size.
12. (A)
P 3  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2

Number of e  12
Number of P = 15
P 5  1s 2 2s 2 2p6

Number of e  10
Number of P = 15
3 5 3  5
So P  P , in P number of e is more than P .
13. (D) radius is larger than neutral atom
14. (C) Minimum Zeff
15. (C) Cs+ : Due to more number of shell and proton increases
16. (D) 3s2 3p5 : Number of electrons increases but shell constant. So, Z* increases.
Atomic radii decreases from left to right.
1 2 2 3 2 2 2 1
So, order of size is 3s  3s  3s 3p  3s 3p x 3p y p z
17. (A)
Br   1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 4s 2 3d10 4p6
S2  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6
Cl  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6
N 3  1s 2 2s 2 2p6
We know number of shell  size  and anionic charge is always greater than parent atom.
18. (D)
Al  Ga  due to d-block contraction.
Pd  Pt  due to lanthanide contraction.
Fe  Co  due to effective nuclear charge constant.
19. (D)
Anion is always greater than parent atom. So order is
O 2  F  O  F


   
Number of e  10e 10e 8e 9e electron
Number of P  8P 8P 8P 9P proton.
20. (A) Z – 

In Chapter Exercise – 4 (Ionization Energy)

Subjective :
1. The term isolated gaseous atom means without any bonding with other atom.
The term ground state means that the atom must be present in the most stable state in term of electronic
configuration

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Periodic Table Page No.[7]
2. (i) The ionization enthalpy, among other things, depends upon the type of electron to be removed from the same
principal shell. In case of Be (1s2 2s2) the outermost electron is present in 2s-orbital while in B(1s2 2s2 2p1) it
is present in 2p-orbital. Since 2s-electrons are more strongly attracted by the nucleus than 2p-electrons,
therefore, lesser amount of energy is required to knock out a 2p-electron than a 2s electron. Consequently, i
H of Be is higher than that iH of B.
(ii)The electronic configuration of N in which 2p-orbitals are exactly half filled is more stable than the electronic
configuration of in which the 2p orbitals are neither exactly half-filled nor completely filled. Therefore, it is
difficult to remove an electron from N than from O. As a result, iH of N is higher than that of O. Further, the
electronic configuration of F is Because of higher nuclear charge (+9), the first ionization enthalpy of F is
higher than that of O. Further, the effect of increased nuclear charge outweights the effect of stability due to
exactly half -filled orbitals, therefore, the iH of N and O are lower than that of F.
i H1 i H 2
Na(1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s1 )   Na  (1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 )   Na 2  (1s 2 2s 2 2p5 )
Neon gas configuration
3. (More stable)

i H1 i H 2
Mg(1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 )   Mg  (1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s1 )   Mg 2  (1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 )
Neon gas configuration
(More stable)

After the removal of the first electron, Na+ acquires the more stable neon gas configuration. Thus, the second
electron from Na is to be removed from the more stable noble (i.e., neon) gas configuration but the loss of second
electron from Mg gives the more stable neon gas configuration. Thus iH2 of Na is more than iH2 of Mg.
4. On moving down the group 13 from B to Al, the ionization enthalpy decreases as expected due to an increase in
atomic size and screening effect (of s-and p-electrons of the 2nd shell) which outweigh the effect of increased
nuclear charge.
Thus, as we move from Al to Ga, due to ineffective shielding of the valence electrons by 3d-electrons, the
effective nuclear charge on Ga is slightly more than that on Al. As a result, iH1 of Ga is slightly higher than that
of Al.
Further, on moving down the group from Ga to In, the nuclear charge increases by 18 units (49–31=18). Here, the
shielding effect of all the inner electrons outweighs the effect of the increased nuclear charge and hence iH1 of
In is lower than that of Ga.
5. Carbon.
6. In all the 3 cases an S – electron in the unpaired state is to be removed. In the Case of Cu, a 4S electron is to be
removed which is closer to the nucleus than the 5s electron of Ag. So ionisation energy decreases from Cu to Ag.
However from Ag to Au, the 14f electrons are added which provide very poor shielding effect. The effective
nuclear charge is thus enhanced. Therefore the outer 6s electron of Au is more tightly held and so the ionisation
energy is high.
7. It will be more close to 899 KJ mol–1. The value of B should be lower than that of Be. This is expected because of
fully filled S – orbital configuration of Be.
Objective :
1. (D) 1st I.P. Order :– Li  B  Be  C  O  N  F  Ne
2. (A) Ionisation potential of isotopes of an element is approximately same due same electronic configuration.
3. (C) The 2nd ionisation potential of O and F is
O  1s 2 2s 2 2p 4  1st IP

O   1s 2 2s 2 2p3  IInd IP

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Periodic Table Page No.[8]

F  1s 2 2s 2 2p5  1st IP

F  1s 2 2s 2 2p 4  II nd I.P

O  electronic configuration is more stable than F electronic configuration.

 
So O  F energy required is more in oxygen.
4. (D)
E.C  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2  Ist I.P

 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s1  2nd I.P

 1s 2 2s 2 2p6  3rd I.P

Because in 3rd Ip we have to remove electron from a stable configuration.
5. (B)
IP1 of Mg  178 K Cal/mol
IP2 of Mg  348 Kcal/mol

 Mg   e   H1
Mg  …….(I)
Mg 
 Mg 2  e   H 2 .  II 
_________________________________________
Mg   Mg 2  2e   H1  H 2  178  348  526 Kcal / mol
6. (C)
7. (B) Due to half filled configuration of phosphorous.
25. (D)
 
1 mole Be  1 mol Be  1mol e
2 2
E.C of Be  1s 2s
More energy required due to stable electronic configuration
9. (B)
10. (B) In a period I.P is highest in Noble gases.
11.(C)
12. (A)

(1)  Li   e   1st IP  E.C  1s 2 2s1

Li 

Li  
 Li 2  e   2nd IP  E.C  1s 2

(2)  O   e   1st IP  1s 2 2s 2 2p 4
O 

O  
 O 2  e   2nd IP  1s 2 2s 2 2p3

(4)  N   e   1st IP  1s 2 2s 2 2p3

N 

N  
 N   e   2nd IP  1s 2 2s 2 2p 2

(5)  F  e   Ist IP  1s 2 2s 2 2p5

F 

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Periodic Table Page No.[9]

F 
 F2  e   2nd IP  1s 2 2s 2 2p 4
 I.E.  stable electronic configuration.
So, 2nd I.E. of Li is maximum.
13. (C)
14. (C)
15. (D)
1
IP 
size of atom
IP  effective nuclear charge.
Electron is difficult to remove if Electronic configuration is stable.
16. (C) Ionisation energy decreases in down the group.
17. (B)
I.E  Stable electronic configuration.
18. (A) I.E.  stable electronic configuration.
19. (C)
Na  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s1

Li  1s 2 2s1
1
I.P 
size of atom
So I.E of Li higher than Na.
20. (B)
 Si   e   1st IP  E.C  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p 2
Si 

 Mg   e   1st IP  E.C  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2

Mg 

 Al  e   1st IP  E.C  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p1

Al 

 Na   e   1st IP  E.C  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s1

Na 

So order - Si  Mg  Al  Na.
In Chapter Exercise – 5 (Electron Gain Enthalpy)
Subjective :
1. In He and Ne, it is to be added to a noble gas configuration. Since full – filled orbitals and noble gas
configuration are more stable, reluctancy in acceptancy the electron is found. So, they have positive values of
electron gain enthalpy.
2 5
2. The valence shell electronic configuration of halogens is ns np and thus they require one electron to acquire
2 6
the stable noble gas configuration ns np because of this they have strong tendency to accept an additional
electron. And hence have high electron gain enthalpies.

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Periodic Table Page No.[10]
3. (i) As we move from oxygen to fluorine, the atomic size decreases and Z* increases both these factors tend to
increase the attraction of the nucleus for the incoming electron, hence F has more electron gain enthalpy
than O.
(ii) In general, the electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative on moving down the group. But the electron
gain enthalpy of chlorine (–349 kJ mol–1) is more negative than that of fluorine (–328 kJ mol–1). The
reason for this deviation is the small size of F atom. Due to its small size, the electron-electron repulsions
in the relatively compact 2p subshell are comparatively large and hence the incoming electron is not
accepted with the same case as is the case with larger Cl atom. Consequently, electron gain enthalpy of Cl
is more negative than that of F.
4. The second electron gain enthalpy of O is positive as explained below:
When an electron is added to O atom to form O¯ ion, energy is released. Thus, first electron gain enthalpy of O
is negative
O(g)  e  (g)  O  (g);  eg H  141kJ mol1
But when another electron is added to O¯ to form O2– ion, energy is absorbed to overcome the strong
electrostatic repulsion between the negative charged O¯ ion and the second electron being added. Thus, the
second electron gain enthalpy of oxygen is positive.
O  (g)  e  (g)  O 2  (g);  eg H  780 kJ mol1

Objective :
1. (C) Due to half filled stable configuration of N.
2. (C)
3. (B)
4. (D)
5. (B) O  g   e  O (g)
 
egH   ve
O  (g)  e   O 2 (g) egH   ve
6. (D)
7. (B)
8. (C)
Electron gain enthalpy of F is less than Cl. This is due to the fact that when an electron is added to F, the added

electron goes to the smaller n = 2 energy level and experiences significant repulsion from the other e present in
this level. In Cl, the electron goes to the larger n = 3 energy level and consequently occupies a larger region of
 
space leading to much less e  e repulsion.
9. (A)
10. (C)

In Chapter Exercise – 6 (Electronegativity and chemical properties)

Subjective :
1. Difference between electronegativity and Electron Affinity :
Electronegativity Electron Affinity
Tendency of an atom in a Energy released when an electron is added to
molecule neutral isolated gaseous atom
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Periodic Table Page No.[11]
to attract the bonded electrons
It regularly changed in a period It does not changes regularly
It has no unit It is measured in eV/atom or KJ mol–1 or K cal
mole–1

2. Elements which have a strong tendency to lose electrons to form cations are called metals while those which have a strong
tendency to accept electrons to form anions are called non-metals.
3. Reactivity of group 1 metals is directly related to the tendency to lose electrons or ionization enthalpy. Since
the ionization enthalpy decreases down the group, therefore, the reactivity of group 1 elements increases in the
same order: Li<Na<K<Rb<Cs.
In contrast, the elements of group 17, have seven electrons in their respective valence shells and thus their
reactivity is directly related to tendency to accept one more electron. The tendency to accept electrons can be
linked to electron gain enthalpy and electro negativity. Combined effect of these two factors results in
reactivity : F > Cl > Br > I
4. Some elements of certain group of 2nd period resemble much in properties with the elements of 3rd period of
next group. i.e., elements of 2nd and 3rd period are diagonally related in properties this phenomenon is k/n a
diagonal relationship.
Reason for the anomalous behaviour  (i) small size (ii) high Ionisation energy (iii) electronegativity

Objective :
1. (B)
2. (C)
Decreasing order E.N
1
E.N 
H > Li > Na because size
3. (C) Electron affinity and ionisation potential
4. (D) N > C > P > Si
5. (D)
6. (B)
E.N  down the group
E.N  L – R. in a period.
7. ( C) Generally EN decreases down the group.
8. (B)
9. (D)
10. (A)
11. (B) Reactivity decreases from top to bottom in these groups
12. (D) Atomic radii
13. (B) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 electronic configuration has maximum tendency to form uni positive, it is because, after loss of
one electron it gets stable noble gas configuration.
14. (C)
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Periodic Table Page No.[12]
nd
2 Period Li Be B C
rd
3 Period Na Mg Al Si
Li is similar in behaviour to Mg due to same ionic potential (charge/radius ratio)
15. (B)
 ch arg e 
 ratio 
‘B’ shows a diagonal relationship with Si due to same ionic potential  radius 

NEET & AIIMS Previous Year Asked Questions Solutions

1.[A] Metallic character decreases in Period and increases in a group.
14 10 2 nd
2.[C] (A) [Xe] 4f 5d 6s  II group element
10 2 nd
(B) [Kr ] 4d 5s  II group element
10 2 nd
(C) [Ar ] 3d 4s  II group element
2 5 th
(D) [Ne] 3s 3p  17 group element
3.[A] Pauling introduced the electronegativity concept. He introduced the idea that the ionic character of a bond
varies with the difference in Electronegativity. A large difference in Electronegativity leads to a bond with
high degree of polar character, i.e., the bond is predominantly ionic or vice versa.
4.[D]
5.[D] Abnormally high difference between 2nd and 3rd ionisation energy means that the element has two valence
electrons, which is a case in configuration (D).
6.[D] Atomic volume is the volume occupied by one gram of an element. Within a period from left to right, atomic
volume first decreases and then increases.
2 2 6 2 10 2 3
7.[C] Electronic configuration of an element is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3d 4s 4p
Hence, it lies in fifth or 15th group.
8.[C] In isoelectronic ions, the size of the cation decreases as the magnitude of the positive charge increases.
9.[C] Proton (H+) being very small in size would have very large hydration energy.
10.[D] Electronic configuration – 287
It is a non metal because it gain 1e– to complete stable electronic configuration.
Nonmetallic oxides are acidic oxide.

11.[B] Electronegativity  The tendency of an atom to draw the bonded pair electrons towards its nucleus in
combined state this is known as Electronegativity.

12.[A] X 3  [Ar ]3d 4

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Periodic Table Page No.[13]
Its atomic number will be 25.
13.[D] Amongst isoelectronic ions, ionic radii of anions is more than that of cations. Further size of the anion
increases with increase in –ve charge and size of cation decreases with increase in +ve charge. Hence, correct
order is

O 2  F  Na   Mg 2  Al3

14.[B] Ionic radius in the nth orbit is given by

n 2a 0 1
rn  * or, rn  *
Z Z

Where n is principal quantum number, a 0 the Bohr’s radius H-atom and Z*, the effective nuclear charge.
15.[D] Lanthanoids :– (58–71) – these 14 elements are called lanthanoids because their properties to similar to
lanthanum.
16.[C] The molar enthalpy change accompanying the addition of an electron to an atom (or ion) is known as
electron gain enthalpy.
Generally it increases on moving from left to right in a period and in a group it decreases as the size
increases.
Exception: Because of the small size of F, electron-electron repulsion present in its relatively compart 2p-
subshell, do not easily allow the addition of an extra electron. On the other hand, Cl because of its
comparatively bigger size than F, allows the addition of an extra electron more easily.
O  S  F  Cl
1.48  2.0  3.6  3.8

2 2 6 2 6 2 3
17.[B] Vanadium (z = 23)  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

V  V   e  I  E1

V   V 2  e  I  E 2

V 2  V 3  e  I  E 3

V 2  1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 3 4s 0

 Mn(25)  1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 5

Mn  Mn   e  I  E1

Mn   Mn 2  e  I  E 2

Mn 2  Mn 3  e  I  E 3

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Periodic Table Page No.[14]

Mn 2  1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 5 4s 0

2 2 6 2 6 1 5
 Chromium (z = 24):– 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Cr  Cr   e   I  E1

Cr   Cr 2  e   I  E 2

Cr 2  Cr 3  e   I  E 2

Cr 2  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 3d 4 4s0

2 2 6 2 6 2 6
 Iron (z = 26) : – 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Fe  Fe   e   I  E1

Fe   Fe 2  e   I  E 2

Fe 2  Fe 3  e   I  E 3

Fe 2  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 3d 6 4s0

2
 Due to half filled configuration of Mn . It has highest 3rd ionisation enthalpy.

18.[D] Metallic oxides are basic oxide.

19.[C] Electronegativity  S-character.

20.[A] X – X bond : F  F Cl  Cl Br  Br 1  1

Bond dissociation
Energy (kcal/mol) 38 57 45.5 35.6
The lower value of bond dissociation energy of fluorine is due to the high inter-electronic repulsion between
non-bonding electrons in the 2p-orbitals of fluorine. As a result F–F bond is weaker in comparison to Cl – Cl
and Br – Br bonds.

21.[D] Order of electron – affinity in halogen  Cl > F > Br> I

22.[A] Ga is liquid metal at room temperature.

23.[D] Both Be(OH) 2 and Zn(OH) 2 are amphoteric in nature.

24.[A] Amone isoelectronic ions, ionic radii of anions is more than that of cations. Further size of the anion
increases with increase in negative charge and size of the cation decreases with increase in positive charge.
25.[B] The larger the atomic size, smaller is the value of the ionisation enthalpy. Again higher the screening effect,
lesser is the value of ionisation potential. Hence option (B) has lowest ionisation enthalpy.
26.[A] In case of diatomic molecules (X2) of halogens the bond dissociation energy decreases in the order :
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Periodic Table Page No.[15]
Cl2  Br2  F2  I 2

The oxidising power, Electronegativity and reactivity decrease in the order :

F2  Cl2  Br2  I 2

Electron gain enthalpy of halogens follows the given order :

Cl2  F2  Br2  I 2

The low value of electron gain enthalpy (electron enthalpy) of fluorine is probably due to small size of
fluorine atom.
27.[C]
28.[B] Since all the halogens have a strong tendency to accept electrons. Therefore halogens act as strong oxidising
agents and their oxidising power decreases from fluorine to iodine.

29.[C] Because CaO is metallic oxide and BeO, B2 O3 ,SiO 2 are amphoteric.
30.[B] Among options (A), (C) and (D), option (D) has the highest ionisation energy because of extra stability
10
associated with half – filled 3p-orbital. In option (B), the presence of 3d electrons offers shielding effect,
3
as a result the 4p electrons do not experience much nuclear charge and hence the electrons can be removed
easily.
31.[A] The atomic radii decrease on moving from left to right in a period, thus order of sizes for Cl, P and Mg is Cl
< P < Mg. Down the group size increases. Thus overall order is : Cl < P < Mg < Ca.

32.[D] S2  Cl  K   Ca 2

Among isoelectronic species, ionic radii increases with increase in negative charge. This happens because
effective nuclear charge (Zeff) decreases.
Similarly, ionic radii decreases with increase in positive charge as Zeff increases.
33.[C] Cl atom has the highest electron affinity in the periodic table. F being a member of group 17 has higher
electron gain enthalpy than S which belongs to group 16. This in turn is higher than the electron affinity of O
atom. Thus,
Cl  F  S  O

It is worth nothing that the electron gain enthalpy of oxygen and fluorine, the members of the second period,
have less negative values than the elements sulphur and chlorine of the third periodl.
This is due to small size of the atoms of oxygen and fluorine. As a result, there is a strong inter-electronic
repulsion when extra electron is added to these atoms, i.e., electron density is high and the addition of an
extra electron is not easy.
34.[B] 35.[B] 36.[C] 37.[A]

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Periodic Table Page No.[16]
38.[D] Electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative from top to bottom in a group while it becomes more negative
from left to right within a period.
39.[none] Cations lose electrons and are smaller in size than the parent atom, whereas anions add electrons and are
larger in size than that the parent atom.
 
Hence, the order is H  H  H .
For isoelectronic species, the ionic radii decreases with increase in atomic number i.e., nuclear charge.
2   3 2 3
Hence, the correct orders are O  F  Na and N  Mg  Al .
40.[A]

41.[A,D] The correct order of increasing negative electron gain enthalpy is : I  Br  F  Cl and the correct order of
increasing first ionisation enthalpy is B  C  O  N.
14 10 2 2
42.[A] The electronic configuration of the element with Z = 114 (flerovium) is [Rn]5f 6d 7s 7p .
Hence, it belongs to carbon family which has the same outer electronic configuration.
43.[D]
44.[B] In metals, on moving down the group, metallic character increases, so basic nature increases hence most
acidic will be BeO.
1
45.[B] The ionisation enthalpy of Al is lower than that of Mg as 3p electron of Al is easier to remove than to
remove an electron from fully-filled 3s-orbital of Mg.
46.[B] The atomic radii of noble gases are the largest in their respective periods. This is due to the reason that noble
gases have only van der Waals radii.
47.[C] The electronic configuration of (X) can be written as

X  1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 4s 2 3d10 4p3

So, element (X) has completely filled s and d orbitals and half-filled p orbitals.

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Periodic Table Page No.[17]

JEE MAINS Previous Year Asked Questions Solutions

1.[A] The summary of variation of periodic properties is given in table below:
Variation
S. No. Periodic property Along a period Along a group
1. Atomic radius Decreases Increases
2. Electron gain enthalpy Increases Decreases
3. Electronegativity Increases Decreases
Thus, electronegativity decreases and atomic radius increases down a group in the periodic table.
2.[C] Second electron gain enthalpy is always positive for every element.

O(g)  e   O(g)
2
; H  positive

3.[A] In the lanthanoid series, atomic number of fourteen 4f-block elements ranges from 58 (Ce) to 71 (Lu).
14 2
Ytterbium, Yb(Z=70) has electronic configuration: [Xe]4f 6s , So, the 71nth electron of lutetium, Lu(Z=71)
14 1 2
should enter into 5d orbital and its (here, Lu is X) electronic configuration will be: [Xe]4f 5d 6s . It happens
114
so, because f-block elements have general electronic configuration, (n  2) (n  1)d110 ns 2 . Therefore option
(a) is correct.
4.[D] Atomic radii order: C < S < Al < Cs
Atomic radii of C = 170 pm, Atomic radii of S= 180 pm,
Atomic radii of Al = 184 pm, Atomic radii of Cs = 300 pm.
5.[B] Be(OH) 2 is amphoteric in anture while rest all alkaline earth metal hydroxide are basic in nature.
6.[A] Along the period electronegativity increases.
B C
Al Si
Ga < Ge
7.[C] Z=120,
2
Its general electronic configuration may be represented as [Noble gas] ns , like other alkaline earth metals.
8.[A]
9.[A]
10.[B] Transition elements have higher I.E than alkali metals. Sc is transition element, whereas K, Rb and Na are
alkali metals

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Periodic Table Page No.[18]
Na K Rb Sc
I.E/kJ mol–1 520 419 403 631
3 2 
11.[C] N , O , F are isoelectronic species, as negative charge increases, ionic radius increases.

N3– O2– F–
No. of Electrons 10 10 10
np=z 7 8 9
12.[B] For isoelectronic species as effective nuclear charge increases, ionic radii decreases. Nuclear charge is
maximum of the species with maximum protons. Order of nuclear charge.
Ca2+ > K+ > Cl¯ > S2–
Protons: 20 19 17 16
Electrons: 18 18 18 18
Thus increasing order of ionic radii is
Ca2+ < K+ < Cl¯ < S2–
13.[A] All the given species are isoelectronic. Among isoelectronic species, anions generally have treater size than
cations. Also greater, the nuclear charge (Z) of the ion, smaller the size. Thus the order is:
O 2   F  Na   Mg 2   Al3

14.[A] In group size increases with increase of orbit number and in period size decreases with increase of Zeff (i.e.
effective nuclear charge)
G ro u p
L i + B e 2+
+ 2+ P e rio d
Na Mg

15.[A] Species Total number of electrons

NO+ 7+8–1 = 14
2
C 2 6×2+2 = 14
CN¯ 6+7+1 = 14
N2 7×2 = 14
16.[D] Elements: B S P F
I.E. (eV): 8.3 10.4 11.0 17.4
In general as we move from left to right in a period, the ionisation enthalpy increases with increasing atomic
number. P(1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3) has a stable half filled electron configuration than S(1s2 2s2 3p6 3s2 3p4).
For this reason ionisation enthalpy of P is higher than S.
17.[A] K+ = 19–1 = 18 electrons, Cl¯ = 17+1 = 18 electrons
Ca2+ =20–2 =18 electrons, Sc3+ =21–3 = 18 electrons.
18.[D] Al2O3 < SiO2 < P2O3 < SO2
Increasing order of acidic strength because of increasing electronegativity of central atom.
19.[D] CaO basic, CO2 - Acidic, SiO2 -Acidic, SnO2-Amphoteric
20.[B] As we move from left to right across a period, ionization enthalpy increases with increasing atomic number.
So the order of increasing ionisation enthalpy should be B<C<N<O. But N(1s2 2s2 2p3) has a stable half
filled electron configuration. So, ionization enthalpy of nitrogen is greater than oxygen. So, the correct order
of increasing the first ionization enthalpy is B < C < O < N.

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Periodic Table Page No.[19]
21.[C] Species Total number of Electrons
SO32  16 + 8×3 + 2 = 42
2
CO 3 6 + 8×3 + 2 =32

NO 3 5 + 8 × 3 + 1 =30
Not isoelectronic
22.[C] Species Number of electrons
K+ 19–1 = 18
Ca2+ 20–2 = 18
Sc3+ 21–3 = 18
Cl¯ 17+1 = 18
Isoelectronic species.
 nuclear charge 
 ,
23.[C] This can be explained on the basis of z/e  number of electrons  whereas z/e ratio increases, the size
decreases and when z/e ratio decreases the size increases.
24.[C] According to the modern periodic law of elements the variation in properties of elements is related to their
atomic number.
25.[A] ZnO Amphoteric
Na2O Basic
SO2 Acidic
B2O3 Acidic
26.[B] Isoelectronic species are the neutral atoms, cations or anion of different elements which have the same
number of electrons but different nuclear charge.
Number of electrons in N3– = 7+3 =10.
Number of electrons in F¯ = 9 + 1 10
Number of electrons in Na+ = 11–1 = 10
27.[B] Least stable ion is Be–, because Be moves from more stable (1s2 2s2) configuration to less stable (1s2 2s2
2p1) configuration.
28.[A] For isoelectronics – as atomic number increases, size decreases.
29.[B]
30.[C]

JEE ADVANCED Previous Year Questions Solutions

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Periodic Table Page No.[20]
1.[B] On moving down the group, for each successive member one extra shell of electrons is added and, therefore,
atomic radius is expected to increase. However, a deviation can be seen. Atomic radius of Ga is less than that
of Al. This can be understood from the variation in the inner core of the electronic configuration. The
presence of additional 10 d-electrons offer only poor screening effect for the outer electrons from the
increased nuclear charge in gallium. Consequently, the atomic radius of gallium (135 pm) is less than that of
aluminium (143 pm).
2.[B] All are isoelectronic species having 10 electrons in each species but different nuclear charge and thus ionic
radius
1
radius 
Nuclear ch arg e
So, correct order is F¯ < O2– < N3–.
3.[B] Down the group the effective nuclear charge remains almost constant. But down the group with increasing
atomic number, the number of shells increase and thereby atomic size increases. As a result, the distance of
valence shell electron from nucleus increases, attraction between them decreases and therefore ionization
energy decreases.
Be > Mg > Ca
4.[B] Be¯ is the least stable ion, Be (1s2 2s2) has stable electronic configuration, addition of electron decreases
stability.
5.[C] Statement I is true: Be has higher first ionization energy than B which is against periodic trend. Statement II
is false: 2s orbital is lower in energy than 2p, Aufbau’s principle.
6.[D] (a) Ti4+ > Mn7+ is the correct order of size due to lower positive charge on Ti4+
(b) 36Cl¯ , 37Cl¯ isotopes with same charge have same size because isotopes differ in compositions of
nuclei which do not affect the atomic/ionic radius.
(c) K+ < Cl¯ is the correct order. Among isoelectronic species, anion has greater size than cation.
(d) P3+ > P5+ is the correct order. For the same elements, lower the positive charge, larger the ions.
7.[B] (a) Correct statement: In a period, element of 2nd group has higher first ionization potential than element
of group 13.
(b) Incorrect statement: Mg+ require less energy for further ionization than Na+ because of noble gas
configuration of Na+.
(c) Correct statement: Ionization energy increases from left to right in a period.
(d) Correct statement: Mg2+ has noble gas configuration, require greater energy for further ionization than
Na2+.
8. Zn : 3d10 4s2 and Cu: 3d10 4s1.
The first ionization energy is greater for Zn due to more stable configuration 4s2 but 2nd ionization energy of
Cu is more due to stable configuration 3d10
9.[D] (a) Correct statement : According to Mosley’s law -
“The properties of elements are the periodic functions of themic number”
(b) Correct statement: The whole s-block, d-block, f-block and heavier p-block elements are metal.
(c) Correct statement: Trend is not regular, Be has higher first ionization energy than, B nitrogen has
higher first ionization energy than oxygen.
(d) Wrong statement: d-subshells are not filled monotonically with regularity break at chromium and
copper.
10.[B] (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 has highest ionization energy, periodic trend and half filled configuration.

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Periodic Table Page No.[21]
11.[A] N has slightly greater ionization energy than oxygen which is against periodic trend. This exception in due
to completely half-filled (2p3) orbital in nitrogen that makes ionization slightly difficult than oxygen.
12.[D] Among isoelectronic species, the relation in size is
cation < neutral < anion
Hence Na+ has smallest size.
13.[A] Ionization energy increases from left to right in a period. However, exception occur between group-2 and
group-13 elements on account of stability of electronic configuration of valence shell.
IE
G ro u p -2 : > G ro u p -1 3 :
2 2 1
ns ns np

The desired order is Na < Mg > Al < Si

14.[C] Statement I is true; Statement II is false.
F atom has slightly lower affinity for the electron than chlorine. It is due to the reason that additional
electrons are repelled more effectively by 2p electrons in F than by 3p electrons in Cl atom due to smaller
size.
15.[A] First ionization energy of oxygen is less than that of nitrogen on the ground of stability of valence shell
configuration.
16.[A] Atomic radius of noble gases are greater than halogens of same period. Due to vander waal radii.
17.[C] Electronegativity increases from left to right in a period and decreases from top to bottom in a group.
Variation is more rapid in group than in a period, hence, the desired order is: Electronegativity : Si < P < C <
N.
18. [C]
19. [C]
*****

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