EVALUATION OF TOURISM EVENTS IMPACTS ON THE RESIDENTS WELL-

BEING IN NAIROBI WEST CONSTITUENCY, KENYA.

BY

BENARD GICHUKI KURIA

T12-1777-2018

A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS,

ECONOMICS, HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR

DEGREE IN HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN MACHAKOS

UNIVERSITY.

FEBRUARY 2023
DECLARATION

DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT

This research report is my original work done following the knowledge I have acquired in my

course for the last four years and has not been submitted to any other University or institution for

examination.

BENARD GICHUKI KURIA

T12-1777-2018

Signature………………. Date………………

Approval by the supervisor

This research project report has been submitted for defense and examination with my approval as

the university supervisor.

Signature……………… Date…………………

Madam Jane Odeny.

Lecturer, (Machakos University).

Department of Hospitality and Tourism management.

i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I wish to thank the Almighty God for his hand that has enabled me to do this

piece of research proposal work, from onset to the end. I wish to acknowledge my lecturers of

hospitality department for their training and insightful pieces of advice. My special thanks are due

to my dean, Dr. Alice Nzioka for her support, advice and guidance through the times of developing

the research project. Above all I thank madam Jane Odeny, my supervisor for the technical

guidance and patience she provided to me in undertaking this research work. last but not least I

wish to acknowledge my fellow colleagues; Antony Maina, Kelvin Njoroge, Okoth Vincent and

Tabitha Ndinda with whom from time to time we consulted each other to find the best approaches

to our various research projects before the supervisors could look at the works.

ii
DEDICATION
I dedicate this piece of research to my lovely mum and my siblings who have sacrificed their

efforts in making sure that as a family I got the chance to pursue my studies. Their encouragement

and support day in have kept me going. It my wish and prayer that Almighty God blesses them. I

also dedicate this work to the ministry of tourism as well as event organizers so as to help boost

the local community well-being when tourism events are held within their locality.

iii
Table of Contents
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................. iii
OPERATIONAL DEFINATION OF TERMS. ........................................................................................ ix
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. ................................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. xi
CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. ................................................................................................. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ................................................................................................ 3
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................ 4
1.4 THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................... 4
OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Broad objective. ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.5.1 Specific objectives. ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.6 significance of the study..................................................................................................................... 5
1.7 STUDY QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. ................................................................................................................. 5
1.9 The limitations of the study. .............................................................................................................. 6
1.10 ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY. .................................................................................................. 6
1.11: Conceptual framework................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 8
2.0: INTRODUCTION. ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.1: ECONOMIC IMPACTS. ................................................................................................................. 8
2.2: SOCIAL IMPACTS. .......................................................................................................................10
2.3: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS. ..................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................15
3.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................15
3.1: Research design. .............................................................................................................................15
3.2 Study area. ........................................................................................................................................15
3.3: Target population. ..........................................................................................................................16
3.4: Sampling techniques.......................................................................................................................16

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 3.5 Sample size. ......................................................................................................................................16
3.6: Research instrument. .....................................................................................................................17
3.7: Validity and reliability. ...................................................................................................................17
3.9 Data analyses. ...................................................................................................................................18
3.10: Logistical and ethnical consideration. ........................................................................................18
CHAPTER FOUR. ....................................................................................................................................19
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRATATION. ......................................................19
4.1: INTRODUCTION. .............................................................................................................................19
4.2: Response Rate. ....................................................................................................................................19
4.3: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS. ......................................................................................19
4.3.1: Gender of the respondents. .........................................................................................................20
4.3.2: Age of the respondents. ...............................................................................................................20
4.3.4: level of education of the respondents. ........................................................................................21
4.3.5: Employment status. .....................................................................................................................22
4.3.6: Response on residency rate. ........................................................................................................23
4.3.7: Response on events that happens in Nyayo National Stadium. ...............................................23
4.4: Analysis based on Economic Impacts of Tourism Events. ..............................................................24
4.5: Analysis based on social impacts of Tourism Events. ......................................................................25
4.6: Analysis based on Environmental impacts of tourism events. .......................................................27
4.7: Analysis based on the residents’ well-being. .....................................................................................29
CHAPTER FIVE. ......................................................................................................................................31
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. ....................................31
5.0: Introduction. .......................................................................................................................................31
5.1: Summary of the findings and discussion. .........................................................................................31
5.1.1: Economic impacts of tourism events. ........................................................................................31
5.1.2: Social impacts of tourism events. ...............................................................................................32
5.1.3: Environmental impacts of tourism events. ................................................................................33
5.2: Conclusion. ..........................................................................................................................................34
5.2.1: Economic impacts of tourism events. ........................................................................................34
5.2.2: Social impacts of tourism events. ...............................................................................................34
5.2.3: Environmental impacts of tourism events. ................................................................................34
5.3: Recommendations. .............................................................................................................................35
5.4: Recommendations for further studies. .............................................................................................36

v
REFERENCES. .........................................................................................................................................37
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................40
Appendix I: Introduction Letter ..........................................................................................................40
Appendix II: Questionnaire ..................................................................................................................41
Appendix III: Work plan. .....................................................................................................................45

vi
 LIST OF TABLES.
TABLE 4.1: RESPONSE RATE. ........................................................................................................... 19

TABLE 4.2: GENDER OF THE RESPONDENTS. .................................................................................... 20

TABLE 4.3: AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS. ........................................................................................... 20

TABLE 4.4: LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF THE RESPONDENTS. ............................................................... 21

TABLE 4.5: EDUCATION STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS. ................................................................... 22

TABLE 4.6: RESIDENCY RATE........................................................................................................... 23

TABLE 4.7: RESPONSE ON EVENTS THAT HAPPENS IN NYAYO NATIONAL STADIUM. ........................... 23

TABLE 4.8: ANALYSIS BASED ON ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM EVENTS. .................................... 24

TABLE 4.9: ANALYSIS BASED ON SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM EVENTS. ......................................... 26

TABLE 4.10: ANALYSIS BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM EVENTS. ....................... 28

TABLE 4.11: ANALYSIS BASED ON THE RESIDENTS' WELL-BEING. .................................................... 29

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES.
FIGURE 1.1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK. .......................................................................................... 7

FIGURE 4.1: GENDER OF THE RESPONDENTS. ................................................................................... 20

FIGURE 4.2: AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS. ......................................................................................... 21

FIGURE 4.3: LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF THE RESPONDENTS. .............................................................. 22

FIGURE 4.4: EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS. ............................................................. 23

FIGURE 4.5: RESIDENCY RATE. ........................................................................................................ 23

viii
OPERATIONAL DEFINATION OF TERMS.
i. Tourism event- it’s a form of tourism related to events which involve taking a

marketing orientation to attract tourists.

ii. Event- these are special celebrations planned and organized in a place by

different public institution or private organizations and may obtain a number of

activities.

iii. Well-being- the state of being comfortable, healthy and happy.

iv. Economic impacts- the economic impacts of tourism can be defined as the sum

of direct, indirect and induced effects of tourism events within a given destination.

v. Social impacts- these are the changes in quality of life of local residents of

tourism destinations with interactions between tourists and local residents.

vi. Environmental impacts- these are activities that can have adverse impacts on the

environment.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.

MICE Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions.

MKTE Magical Kenya Travel Expo.

NAA National Anti-drug Agency.

KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.

MSE Mega Sports Event.

x
ABSTRACT
The frequency of tourism events has recently been the subject of concern in relation to the
resident’s well-being and their way of life. With the rise of tourism events in tourist destinations,
residents have been affected economically, socially and environmentally both positively and
negatively. Economic, social and environmental impacts were the independent variables that
guided the conduct of the research. The research was carried out in Nairobi West Constituency,
Nairobi County Kenya where the study adopted a descriptive nature of research design to
determine how tourism events affects residents’ well-being economically, socially and
environmentally in Nairobi West Constituency. The population of the study consisted of the
targeted residents of Nairobi west constituency which According to the census done by KNBS
2019, Nairobi West Constituency has a total number of 62,239 residents and this figure formed
the target population of the study. The study adopted the Yamane formula to arrive to a sample
size of 397 respondents. The research instrument for the study was the questionnaire.
Quantitative data analysis technique was used where the analyzed data was presented using
graphs, charts and tables. The study established that there are social impacts of tourism events
such as increase in employment opportunity, increase in local businesses and raised price of
commodities that affects residents’ well-being in Nairobi West constituency. The study also
found social and environmental impacts of tourism events such as congestion, increase in social
evils, social amenities, air pollution, noise pollution and increase in solid waste respectively
which affects the well-being of residents in Nairobi west constituency. The study recommends
that tourism event’s organizers to collaborate with the residents of Nairobi West Constituency by
involving them in planning for these events so that they continue benefiting from them and they
understand the impacts they bring to them. The study also recommends event organizers to come
up with a sustainable partnership with local authorities so that participants and other individuals
are encouraging to use public transportation services to reduce traffic congestion within the area
and the city which creates overcrowding that greatly affect the well-being Nairobi West
Constituency residents.

xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains the background of the study which was the genesis of the research. It also

has the statement of the problem which basically describes the issue to be addressed or the

condition that needs to be improved. This chapter also has the purpose of the study, its objectives,

limitations, justification, significance of the study, the scope of the study and conceptual frame

work.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.

The tourism concept is understood differently by different individuals, according to (united nations

world tourism organization, 2008) tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which

entails movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or

business purposes. Tourism, in general, is a strategic tool for generating regional tourism

development. For tourism policy-makers, event tourism in particular offers a workable substitute

(Murphy, 2007; Getz, 2008), with events having a significant impact on tourism and playing a key

role in the growth of tourism in various locations (Agha and Taks, 2015).

According to Getz (2007), an event is a noteworthy occurrence that occurs at a particular time and

location under special circumstances. Events are an important factor in determining tourism,

playing a significant role in the growth strategies of numerous tourist locations, and their

contribution to destination competitiveness is becoming more and more recognized (Getz, 2008).

Since events present possibilities to improve social connections and relationships, they are likely

to have a significant impact on residents' wellbeing and overall quality of life (Yolal, 2016). The

impact of tourism on the economy, the environment, and society at large may be both good and

detrimental, Ztürk, Zer, and Alkan (2015). According to Nawijn and Mitas (2012), tourism events

can increase people's happiness, i.e., the happiness of both the tourists and the local communities.

1
As much as tourism pose positive impacts on the host community especially in the last two

decades, it may also have negative effects on the resident’s well-being, resources and social

cultural structures Wang, Huang, Gong and Cao, (2020).

Tourism events has recently been the focus of concern in regard to quality of life and residents’

resources, despite the beneficial impacts on the local economy, community quality of life, and

generally positive context in which events are depicted (Yolal et al., 2016). There are a number of

unfavorable effects that could negatively influence residents socially, economically and

environmentally, pollution, congestion, and antisocial behavior like theft, crime, alcoholism, and

sexual immorality, among other unfavorable conditions that could be felt by locals or companies

(Gursay and Kendall, 2006). According to Xie and Sinwald (2016), many event organizers use

"taxpayer" money from governments to support events in the expectation of seeing a return on

their investment. Money might have been better used in the neighborhood to strengthen the

community's resources.

Kenya has hosted local and international events that have drawn attendees from all over the world.

These events range from MICE events, sporting events, cultural event, festivals among other

events that impacts the locals where these events are held. An example is the fifth edition Magical

Kenya Travel Expo (MKTE), organized by the Kenya Tourism Board in September 2015, which

hosted overseas source markets and brought together, travel agents, tour operators and hoteliers

leading to job creation, infrastructure developments and creating employment opportunities to the

residents (Magical Kenya, 2016). Among the most celebrated cultural events in Kenya are;

Mombasa Carnival Festival, Lake Turkana Festival, International Carmel Derby Festival and

Malindi Festival (https://thisisafrica.me/lifestyle/five-celebrated-cultural-festivals-kenya).

2
It is against this background that the study aimed at evaluating the impacts of tourism events in

residents’ well-being in Nairobi West Constituency in Nairobi County Kenya.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Kenya's tourism sector is one of the largest and most diverse in East and Central Africa, offering

a variety of travel options, including a number of event specializations like MICE events

(meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions), sports, cultural events, and festivals (Oxford

Business Group, 2016). However, the frequency of tourism events has neglected the economic,

social and environmental impacts it has in relation to the resident’s way of life and their well-being

(Yolal et al,2016).

Within the Kenyan tourism sector, tourism events are the country’s third major tourism product

and the fastest growing segment and a significant tourism market that affects the well-being of the

host community (Njoroge, 2014). The residents have experienced economic, social and

environmental impacts of tourism events which have affected their way of life both positively and

negatively (Gursoy and Kendall, 2016).

As event tourism continues to grow rapidly (Diedering and Kwiatkowski, 2015), it is expected

that the debate regarding the impacts of tourism events on residents’ quality of life will become

more widespread. According to Xie and Sinwald (2016), many event organizers use "taxpayer"

money from governments to support events in the expectation of seeing a return on their

investment not considering whether the residents will benefit from these events. They neglect the

fact that the money might have been better used in the neighborhood to strengthen the community's

resources (Xie and Sinwald, 2016).

Research done by Kim on the connection between tourism and well-being shows that tourism has

grown significantly in recent years as one of the most important factors determining overall quality

3
of life (Kim, 2013), the study has primarily focused on the well-being of tourists, with residents

receiving much less attention (Nawijn and Mitas, 2012). This makes the literatures highlighting

tourism events impacts on residents’ well-being remain scanty. Thus, the gaps motivated the

researcher to undertake the study on the tourism events impacts on residents’ well-being in Nairobi

West Constituency, Kenya.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Frequent increase in tourism event has greatly impacted the residents in a society economically,

socially and environmentally both positively and negatively to their well-being thus there is need

to study tourism events impacts on the residents’ well-being. In most cases the resident’s

acceptability usually depends on how much they gain from these events, knowing how tourism

events affects them economically, socially and environmentally is underrated hence this study was

of great importance.

1.4 THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The study aimed at explaining the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism events
on residents’ well-being in Nairobi West Constituency, Kenya.
OBJECTIVES
1.5 Broad objective.
The main objective was to determine the impacts of tourism events on residents’ well-being in

Nairobi West Constituency, Kenya.

1.5.1 Specific objectives.

i. To determine the Economic impacts of tourism events on residents’ well-being in

Nairobi West Constituency, Kenya.

ii. To establish the social impacts of tourism events on residents’ well-being in Nairobi

West Constituency, Kenya.

4
 iii. To investigate the Environmental impacts of tourism events on residents’ well-

being in Nairobi West Constituency, Kenya.

1.6 significance of the study.

Event organizers and public authorities will be helped by this research in establishing strategies

for preventing, controlling, or minimizing the negative consequences of events, as well as by

researchers and industry experts in fostering fresh discussions about sustainable event management

practices. To the government agencies, the findings will aid in the formulation of informed policies

to help in decision making, as well help in coming up with clear strategies towards the

development, marketing and promotion of tourism events. The stakeholders in the tourism industry

will gain insights on this sector, and be able to formulate effective strategies to enable them achieve

their business objectives in this competitive market segment.

1.7 STUDY QUESTIONS

i. How do the economic impacts of tourism events affect the resident’s well-being in Nairobi

West Constituency, Kenya?

ii. How do the social impacts of tourism events affect the resident’s well-being in Nairobi

West Constituency, Kenya?

iii. How do the environmental impacts of tourism events affect the well-being in Nairobi West

Constituency, Kenya?

1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.

The research main focus was to evaluate the tourism events impacts on the residents’ well-being

in Nairobi West Constituency, Kenya. The research surveyed the economic, social and

environmental impacts events had to the resident’s well-being in Nairobi West Constituency.

5
1.9 The limitations of the study.
The likely limitations for this study that posed a challenge were, time; the collection of data went

beyond the stipulated timeframe as permission from authority to go to the field took time. Another

limitation was variation of field expenses, which will lead to budget adjustments, lack of previous

research studies on the topic and some locals failed to participate in the research because they

thought they were disclosing confidential information.

All these limitations were mitigated by, the researcher working extra hard to finish the study within

the stipulated timeframe, acquiring information from various resources and finally assuring the

respondents of confidentiality in case they were not comfortable answering the questionnaire.

1.10 ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY.

It is assumed that the information gathered is accurate, unbiased, and suitable for the study.

Despite the restrictions, the research was conducted thoroughly and extensively enough.

6
1.11: Conceptual framework.

Independent variables. Dependent variable.

ECONOMIC IMPACTS.
➢ Employment opportunity.
➢ Increase in local businesses.
➢ Increase in prices.

RESIDENTS WELL-BEING.
SOCIAL IMPACTS.
➢ Income generation.
➢ Congestion.
➢ Health issues.
➢ Social evils.
➢ Social amenities. ➢ Safety.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.
➢ Air pollution.
➢ Noise pollution.
➢ Increase in Solid waste.

Figure 1.1: Conceptual framework.

7
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0: INTRODUCTION.
This chapter presents a review of literature in relation to the study and will cover the three specific

variables namely; economic impacts, social impacts and environmental impacts respectively.

2.1: ECONOMIC IMPACTS.

Chiu and Yeh (2017), stated that there is employment opportunity and tourism's income-

generating capacity within a resident’s area due to tourism development particularly event tourism.

Tourism is a social, economic, cultural, and environmental phenomenon seen as significant for

income generation and employment source according to Boz, (2017). Research carried out in

Kemiren Village in Indonesia shows, that there is a positive relationship between economic aspects

and the quality of life of the residents of Kemiren Village as stated by Fatimah S and Marzanah

(2020). A study conducted in British Columbia and Alberta Canada conclude that tourism events

are important to the number of jobs created in the province as 87% considered tourism events as

important contributor to employment (Ritchie, 2010). In British Columbia, Belisle and Hoy (2005)

found similar results in a study which demonstrated that more than 84% of the residents felt that

tourism had generated employment in the area. Tyrrell and Sheldon (2012) found that the creation

of jobs was one of the four most-frequently-mentioned benefits of tourism events. Tosun (2002),

in his comparative study, also noted that the residents from Urgup, Turkey; Nadi, Fiji; and Central

Florida perceived employment opportunities as the positive economic impact of tourism events.

According to Lew and Franke, (2015), tourism events can create more business opportunities to

the residents of a particular area they are being held in. Lew and Franke further states that Events

are avenues for residents to showcase their expertise, hosting potential investors and increasing

new business opportunities. In a study done by Liu and Var (2006) in Hawaii reported that 90 %

of the residents in Hawaii agreed that tourism brought the residents more investment and local

8
business. Tourism also has positive effects such as creating income and jobs as well as ensuring

infrastructure and superstructure investments in the region (Joun & Kim, 2020).

Inflation is when prices go up and when inflation go up, it can make it more stressful for one to

afford the basics like food, housing and healthcare (GoodTherapy, 2022). According to

(GoodTherapy, 2022), one’s mental health can be impacted when one has to make difficult

decisions about your budget and spending. Research done by (Dolan, Peasgood, White, 2008)

concludes that when inflation rates go up in most developing countries, people in these countries

report lower levels of life satisfaction on average. (Prof. Jospeh Sirgy,2022) in his study on

inflation and subjective well-being concludes that in the case of inflation, prices of commodities

increase which generate negative feelings which may play a significant role in a person’s

dissatisfaction with their financial life leading to financial stress which affect their overall life. A

study by (Bozkurt, Quartz, Schneider, 2022) on’ effects of inflation and cost of living’ in Turkey

concludes that inflation increased the cost of living which made poor residents extra vulnerable.

Increase in Inflation rate according to them increases the cost of factors of production and the

burden is passed to residents who are the main consumers.

From the above reviewed literature, it is also clear that most of the researches about economic

impacts of tourism events were done in other geographical areas and used different methodologies.

For example, Ritchie discussed job creation in Canada, Liu and Var discussed business opportunity

in Hawaii and (Bozkurt, Quartz, Schneider, 2022) did about inflation in Turkey. There is therefore

need to conduct this research in Nairobi West Constituency, Kenya.

9
2.2: SOCIAL IMPACTS.
People will actually grow more irritated and angrier when they are detained in traffic, according

to (Yildiz et al., 2007), as it will disturb their daily routines and lives. According to (Hortgen and

More 2009), in a study they conducted in Romania, they concluded that annoyance level would

increase to the residents of an area if they spent more time stopped in traffic, which could in return

cause increase in residents’ level of stress on road (Rahane & Saharkar, 2014). Kim (2002) in his

study conclude that overcrowding and congestion is a common problem for tourist destinations,

and such congestion often results in commuter and traffic woes to the residents. Similarly, Tyrrell

(2012) in his study in a festival event in Canada found that Rhode Island residents endure heavy

roads congestion, difficulty with finding car parking spaces, and overcrowded shopping areas as a

result of tourism events in the area which affects the resident’s well-being. Liu and Var (2006) in

a study on a festival held in Hawaii concluded that residents experienced crowdedness during the

festival that increased stress level of residents within the area. Large crowds of people at festivals

are frequently linked to antisocial conduct (Diery and Jago, 2010). In one of the largest festivals

in Romania, 81 out of 100 cases involving legal issues were related to pickpocketing, the sale of

fake tickets, and the possession, use, and consumption of illegal narcotics. Over 140 people were

penalized, according to (Media Fax, 2018, Stiri de Cluj, 2018), for a variety of offenses, including

but not limited to public disruption, dishonorable social behavior, illegal trading, unlawful driving,

and the supply of unregistered taxi and rent-a-car services.

According to (Lamail, 2018)'s research, the impact of event tourism on the residents in Langkawi,

Malaysia encouraged youths to drink as a regular activity and led to changes in residents’ behavior

and dress as locals imitated tourist social conduct and attire. Langkawi is one of the 178 national

high-risk regions for drug misuse in Malaysia, and this anti-social conduct has an impact on and

poses a threat to the residents’ wellbeing in Langkawi which is according to NAA, (National Anti-

10
drug Agency, 2018). In a study conducted by Smith’s (2015) of Pattaya, he concludes that Thailand

supported the view that tourism events brought prostitution, drug abuse linked to many tourist

deaths, sex-related disease and injuries, and police corruption. A Florida study also revealed that

residents perceived tourism events as a causal factor in increasing crime and alcoholism (King,

Pizam, & Milman, 2010).

Research done by (Chen Ling,2009) on the Beijing Olympics 2008 concluded that there was

development of social amenities such as roads, recreational facilities and stadiums due to the

Olympics event which favored physical activities such as local sports which improved physical

health of the residents. According to his study, traffic, housing, and stadium conditions are essential

in portraying a good image of residents to the foreign inhabitants during the Olympics events. He

confirms that transportation systems would also be developed and made reliable and efficient to

ferry the athletes and the tourists to the Olympic venues. (Gouher, 2013) conducted a study with

155 participants to establish the impacts of mega-sporting events on residents’ well-being and in

his study, he concludes that MSEs have positive impacts on the resident’s cities through the

increase in development of infrastructure mainly on roads, entertainment facilities and stadiums.

This review has mainly focused on sporting events neglecting other tourism events hence creates

a gap that favor the study.

A study conducted by (Jumal Alam Bina,2008) concludes that development of infrastructure such

as recreational facilities, entertainment facilities and stadium allow relaxation that reduces mental

fatigue. Jumal also states that such facilities encourage physical activities such as sports and

athletics, thus, affording better health reduction of mental fatigue. He further states that facilities

developed during events such as Green Garden spaces allows variety of experimental activities

that afford feelings of enjoyment, being relaxed, comfortable and calm.

11
From the above reviewed literature, it is clear that most of the researches on social impacts of

tourism events have been done in different geographical areas and used different methodologies.

For example, Tyrrel (2012) did about effect of congestion to residents in Canada, Liu and Var

(2006) did about crowdedness in Hawaii and finally Lamail (2018) did about anti-social conducts

in Langkawi Malaysia. Therefore, there is need to conduct this research in Nairobi west

Constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya.

2.3: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.

Tourism is a multifaceted phenomenon that affects the destination where tourism develops as well

as the residents living in that destination environmentally (Ramkissoon & Nunkoo, 2011). This

phenomenon can bring about very important environmental changes and lead residents to positive

and negative changes (Gursoy & Rutherford, 2004). Oiamo et al. (2015) found that noise and odour

annoyances from noise and air pollution have a combined effect on environmental and health-

related quality of life. According to (Scutaru 2017, Ghalis 2018, Lungu 2018, and Dragora 2018)

in a music festival that took place in, Romania, noise pollution was arguably the most significant

environmental impact, which affected nearby residents and hospital patients from resting during

the four days of the festival and their health become even worse due to the loud noise. According

to a study conducted at the South African tourist destination "Umlazi Town," children are not the

only ones who are impacted by the noise pollution caused by the attraction's music; the working

class is also affected.

(Levy, Buonocore, & Stackelberg, 2010) in a study conclude that over three of Particulate Matter

(PM 2.5) emitted by transportation vehicles was considered as air pollutants and could be harmful

to human’s health. Event tourism leads many tourists travelling to a destination to attend these

events by use of vehicles that produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and contribute to air pollution which

12
can lead to severe local air pollution. In a study conducted by (Rahane and Saharkar, 2014) in

Romania, it was discovered that one in three of the particulate matter emitted by vehicles was

classified as an air pollutant and may be harmful to human health.

According to (Roberts,2015) study on air pollution from a mining industry conclude that the

disturbance of air quality would give indirect impact on human’s health. Robert, 2015 affirms that

Higher morbidity is reported to fetuses and children when exposed to the air pollutants from

emitted gases from mining industries, Impairment in fetal growth, low birth weight, and autism

have been reported. According to a study done in the transportation industry by (Nasrudin, Rostam,

& Che Rose, 2014), they conclude that affected air quality from emitted gases will bring to another

disturbance to the residents such as obesity that can affect the productivity of their lives.

The tourism industry produces large quantities of waste products particularly due to event tourism

at a particular destination (Andereck, 2016). Given the large numbers of participants, festivals and

other events are commonly associated with significant quantities of litter and waste (Fartusnic,

2015). According to Lankford and Howard’s (2014) in their study conclude that the majority of

respondents in a sporting event in Russia felt that the event brought more littering and waste

problems. In a study by (Ghilas, 2015) of the UNTOLD festival in Europe conclude that Locals

raised environmental concerns at the end of each event, raised concerns in huge amounts of litter

that need to be picked up, sorted and dealt with. The growing popularity of UNTOLD has

contributed directly to the significant increase of litter and waste, i.e., from around 120 tons in

2015 (Fartusnic, 2015), to approximately 200 tons in 2017 and over 700tons in 2018. According

to one of the main local waste management companies, only about a third of this amount of waste

is in fact recyclable (Ghilas, 2018; Libertatea, 2015).

13
From the above reviewed literature, it is clear that researches on environmental impacts on

residents’ well-being have been done other industries using different methodologies. For example,

Roberts did about air pollution in a mining industry, Nasrudin, Rostam, & Che Rose also did about

air pollution in transportation industry. It is also clear from the above literature that researches

have been done in different geographical areas, for example Dragora did on noise pollution in

Romania, Howard’s did on littering and solid waste in Russia. There is therefore a need to conduct

this research in Nairobi West Constituency, Kenya.

14
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter covers the methodology that was adopted by the study towards meeting the stated

objectives. It discusses research design, study area, target population, sampling techniques and

sample size, the research instruments, pre-testing, validity and reliability, data collection

technique, data analysis and finally the logistical and ethical consideration of the research.

3.1: Research design.

This study adopted a descriptive research design. A descriptive research design is one in which the

main objective is to access a sample at a certain moment in time without attempting to draw

conclusions or make generalization (cooper 2011). This methodology also focuses more on the

‘what’ of the research subject than ‘why’ of the research subject (Siedlecki,2020). The descriptive

research design was most suitable for this study because it is effective in obtaining information

concerning phenomena of a particular situation. The purpose of this descriptive method is to

describe the characteristics of a particular situation, event or a particular case. Descriptive research

is useful for identifying trends and factors that are overlooked.

3.2 Study area.

The study was carried out in Nairobi West in Nairobi County Kenya. Nairobi West is located 2.7

kilometers Southwest of Nairobi’s central business district. It straddles the Lang’ata Road,

Mombasa Road and Uhuru Highway junction. Nairobi west is a home to many events and

entertainments mainly held in the famous Nyayo National Stadium which is a multipurpose

stadium built in 1983 with a capacity of 30,000 seats an Olympic size pool, indoor gymnasium

mostly used for basketball matches, a running track as well as a volleyball and handball training

court. It is home to the popular AFC Leopards, of the Kenya premier league whose games are held

every Saturday and Sunday. It also serves as the headquarters of the Kenya Football Federation

and has been used for many important events including the 2010 African Championship in

15
Athletics. In addition to sports event, the main field is frequently used on an ongoing basis for

other important and large-scale public events such as outdoor conferences, national holiday

cerebrations, concerts, religious crusades and political events (www.sportskenya.org/.../63-nyayo-

national-stadium). The above-mentioned events held in Nyayo national Stadium regularly in

Nairobi West Constituency favored the study to be conducted in the area. There is also scanty

research done on impacts of tourism events on resident’s well-being in Nairobi West Constituency

which creates a gap that favored the research to be done in this area.

3.3: Target population.

Population refers to the group, institution, object or element about which one wishes to research

on (N Krieger,2012). The research study targeted residents of Nairobi west constituency who

helped the researcher achieve the objectives of the study. According to the census done by Kenya

National Bureau of Statistics 2019, Nairobi West Constituency has a total number of 62,239

residents. This figure formed the target population of the study.

3.4: Sampling techniques.

The study employed simple random sampling technique. Simple random sampling technique was

used because it allowed every sample element to be randomly chosen from the entire population

of interest and helped minimize biases.

3.5 Sample size.

Sampling involves the selection of a certain number of subjects derived from a demarcated

population therefore acting as representation of the entire population being studied (Cooper and

Schindler, 2008). Therefore, a sample can be said to be a subset of a particular population selected

so as to reflect the features of a population. The research sample size was determined by the

formula as per Yamane (1967).

16
 N
𝑛 = 1+N(𝑒)2

Where n= Sample size

N= Population size

e=level of precision which is 0.05%

62,239
n = 1+62,239(0.05)2 = 397 respondents.

3.6: Research instrument.

The research employed the use of direct questionnaire to obtain data. This research instrument was

suitable because it allowed the researcher to gather a lot of information from a large number of

people in a short time period and in a cost- effective way. The items in the questionnaire were

close-ended questions. The research instrument construction ensured that questions were relevant

to the research objective and that they yielded significant information for answering the research

objective.

3.7: Validity and reliability.

Validity is used to determine whether the content of the research instrument measure what it’s

supposed to measure. Validity in this study was determined by discussing the research instrument

with the researcher’s supervisor to help validate the appropriateness and to match it with the

research questions. Reliability measures consistency, precision, reputability and trustworthiness

of a research (Chakrabarty, 2013). The pre-testing of the research technique enabled the researcher

know how reliable the data collection technique is.

17
3.8: Data collection technique.

The study applied use of both the primary and secondary data collection technique. Primary data

was collected from the field by use of questionnaires while secondary data was gathered from

published and unpublished literature on tourism events from the internet and the university library.

3.9 Data analyses.

The questionnaires were edited for the purpose of checking on completeness, clarity and

consistency in answering research question. The researcher analyzed the data using descriptive

statistics to integrate quantitative data. It involves assigning numeric values to responses. To

further facilitate interpretation of the information and reflect the actual situation, the analyzed data

was presented using graphs, pie chart and tables.

3.10: Logistical and ethnical consideration.

For this study to be caried out, the researcher required permission for authority to conduct research

from Machakos University and the researcher considered ethical issues such as ‘confidentiality’

by ensuring that the respondent’s information was not disclosed to anyone and this ensured that

they are secure and ‘integrity’ by ensuring that the researcher gave the original data from the field

without distorting it.

18
CHAPTER FOUR.

DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRATATION.

4.1: INTRODUCTION.
This chapter presents and discusses the research findings based on the specific objectives guiding

the general study. Apart from the bio-data of the respondents, the rest of this chapter presents

data analysis of the four variables namely; economic impacts of tourism events, social impacts of

tourism events and environmental impacts of tourism events which were the independent

variables and the residents’ well-being which was the dependent variable. The data was analyzed

quantitatively and has been presented in form of tables showing both their frequencies and

percentages. The analyzed data has also been presented in terms of pie-chart and graphs.

4.2: Response Rate.

The data collection tool for this study was the questionnaire. The response rate of the

respondents is shown in table 4.1 below.

Response Rate. Frequency. Percentage.

Returned. 365 92%
Not returned. 32 8%
TOTAL 397 100%
Table 4.1: Response rate.

The findings from table 4.1 indicate that there was 92% questionnaire return rate which is above

the 60% Kathori (2005) considers good enough for this kind of study.

4.3: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS.

This section presents the demographic characteristics of the respondents on Gender, Age, Level

of education and Employment status.

19
4.3.1: Gender of the respondents.

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 190 52%
Female 175 48%
TOTAL 365 100%
Table 4.2: Gender of the respondents.

As table 4.2 indicates, both genders were well represented among the respondents with the Male

gender generating the highest percentage 52%.

GENDER

Female
48%
Male
52%

Figure 4.1: Gender of the respondents.

4.3.2: Age of the respondents.

AGE Frequency Percentage

Below 25 years. 55 15%
26-35 years. 146 40%
36-45 years. 128 35%
Above 45 years. 36 10%
TOTAL 365 100%
Table 14.3: Age of the respondents.

According to the information on table 4.3 above, majority of the respondents were at their prime

of their lives between 26 and 45 years which generated 75%.

20
 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS.
45%

40%
40%
35%
35%
30%
percentages

25%

20%

15%
15%
10%
10%
5%

0%
Below 25 yrs 26-35 yrs 36-45 yrs Above 45 yrs
age in years.

Figure 4.2: Age of the respondents.

4.3.4: level of education of the respondents.

Level of education Frequency Percentage

Primary. 99 27%
Secondary. 193 53%
University/collage. 73 20%
TOTAL 365 100%
Table 4.4: Level of education of the respondents.

From the information on table 4.4 above, most of the respondents had acquired secondary

education level which constituted of 53% which was suitable enough to give the relevant

information.

21
 level of education.

20% 27%
Primary
Secondary
53% University/collage

Figure 4.3: Level of education of the respondents.

4.3.5: Employment status.

Employment status Frequency Percentage
Employed. 150 41%
Unemployed 87 24%
Self-employed. 128 35%
TOTAL 365 100%
Table 4.5: Education status of the respondents.

Table 4.5 above indicates that majority of the respondents were employed with a representation

of 65%.

EMPLOYMENT STATUS.
45%
40%
41%
35%
35%
30%
percentage

25%
20% 24%

15%
10%
5%
0%
employed unemployed self-employed
level of employment.

22
 Figure 4.4: employment status of the respondents.

4.3.6: Response on residency rate.

RESIDENT. Frequency Percentage.

YES 343 94%
NO 22 6%
TOTAL 365 100%
Table 4.6: Residency rate.

Table 4.6 above indicates that 94% were residents of Nairobi West Constituency while 6% were

not.

Residency rate.

6%
residents

94% non residents

Figure 4.5: Residency rate.

4.3.7: Response on events that happens in Nyayo National Stadium.

AWARE Frequency Percentage

YES 347 95%
NO 18 5%
TOTAL 365 100%
Table 4.7: Response on events that happens in Nyayo National Stadium.

From the above information on table 4.7, it’s clear that most of the respondents were aware of

the events that happens in Nyayo National stadium as this was represented by 95%.

23
 4.4: Analysis based on Economic Impacts of Tourism Events.
Statement Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree

Mean.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(5)
F % F % F % F % F %

Tourism events 0 0 0 0 15 4 150 41 200 55 4.51

has created
employment
opportunity.
Tourism events 10 3 15 4 20 5 140 39 180 49 4.27
has promoted
local businesses.
Tourism events 15 4 10 3 12 3 145 40 183 50 4.29
has led to raised
price of
commodities.
Tourism events 12 3 18 5 20 5 130 36 185 51 4.25
has led to
increased
standard of
living.
Average. 4.33
Table 4.8: Analysis based on economic impacts of tourism events.

According to the findings in table 4.8 above, when the respondents were asked whether tourism

events has created employment opportunities to the residents of Nairobi West Constituency, a

mean of 4.51 was generated which lies between Agree and strongly agree on a five Likert scale

implying that tourism events has created employment opportunities.

On the statement whether tourism has promoted local businesses in Nairobi West Constituency, a

mean of 4.27 was generated which lies on the point agree on a five Likert scale implying that

tourism events promoted local businesses.

24
 With regards to the statement on whether tourism has led to raised price of commodities, a mean

of 4.29 was generated which lies slightly above point agree (4) in a Likert scale implying that

tourism events indeed led raised price of commodities.

Finally considering the point on whether tourism events has led to increased standard of living, a

mean of 4.25 was generated which lies on point agree in a Likert scale implying that tourism

event increased standard of living.

An average mean of 4.33 was generated in assessment of tourism events economic impacts on

residents’ well-being which implies that tourism events indeed have an impact on residents’ well-

being.

4.5: Analysis based on social impacts of Tourism Events.

Statement Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

Mean.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

F % F % F % F % F %

Tourism events 0 0 10 3 5 1 160 44 190 52 4.45

has led to traffic
congestion.
Tourism events 10 3 15 4 20 5 135 37 185 51 4.29
has led to
overcrowding.
Tourism events 12 3 10 3 15 4 140 39 188 51 4.32
has led to
increased crime
such as theft.
Tourism event 10 3 12 3 10 3 120 33 213 58 4.41
has led to drugs
and substance
abuse.

25
Tourism events 5 1 10 3 20 5 130 36 200 55 4.40
has led to
recreational
facilities such as
swimming pool.
Tourism events 10 3 18 5 12 3 138 38 187 51 4.30
has led to
construction of
social amenities
such as schools
and dispensaries.
Average. 4.36
Table 4.9: Analysis based on social impacts of tourism events.

Table 4.9 above indicates the responses on social impacts of tourism events on residents’ well-

being and, on the question, whether tourism events led to traffic congestion, a mean of 4.45 was

generated which lies on the point agree in a five Likert scale implying that tourism events lead to

traffic congestion.

Pertaining the statement on whether tourism events has led to overcrowding, the study generated

a mean of 4.29 which lies on the point agree in a five Likert scale implying that indeed tourism

events led to overcrowding.

With reference to the statement on whether tourism events have led to increased crime such as

theft, a mean of 4.32 was generated which lies on point agree on a five-point Likert scale

implying that tourism events led to increased crime such as theft.

In regards to the statement on whether tourism events have led to drugs and substance abuse, a

mean of 4.41 was generated which lies on the point agree in a Likert scale implying that indeed

tourism events led to drugs and substance abuse.

26
 Considering statement on whether tourism events has led to recreational facilities such as

swimming pool, a mean of 4.40 was generated implying that tourism events led to creation of

recreational facilities such as swimming pool.

Finally, pertaining to the statement on whether tourism events has led to construction of social

amenities such as schools and dispensaries, the study generated a mean of 4.30 which lies on

point agree in a Likert scale implying that tourism events led to construction of social amenities

such as school and dispensaries.

The mean of 4.36 implies that on average, the respondents agreed with the statements on social

impacts of tourism events on residents’ well-being.

4.6: Analysis based on Environmental impacts of tourism events.

Statement Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

Mean.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
F % F % F % F % F %
Tourism 15 4 20 5 12 3 118 33 200 55 4.28
events has
led to
increased
littering.
Tourism 8 2 12 3 18 5 195 53 132 37 4.18
events often
results to
excessive
Noise.

27
There is air 12 3 24 7 25 7 194 53 110 30 4.0
pollution
when
tourism
events are
conducted.
Average. 4.15

Table 4.10: Analysis based on environmental impacts of tourism events.

According to table 4.10 above, the respondents were asked to indicate their extent of agreement

on the statement whether tourism events has led to increased littering, the study generated a

mean of 4.28 which lies on the point agree (4) on a Five-Likert scale implying that tourism

events led to increased littering.

On the statement on whether tourism events often result to excessive noise, the study generated a

mean of 4.18 which lies on agree point on a Likert scale implying that tourism events often result

to excessive noise.

Pertaining the statement on whether there was air pollution when tourism events are conducted, a

mean of 4.0 was generated which lies on point agree (4) on a five-point Likert scale implying

that there was air pollution when tourism events are conducted.

The study generated an average mean of 4.15 on the statements under the environmental impacts

of tourism events on residents’ well-being implying that tourism events have great environmental

impacts on the residents of Nairobi west constituency.

28
4.7: Analysis based on the residents’ well-being.

Statement Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

Mean.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
F % F % F % F % F %

Tourism events 15 4 25 7 20 5 200 55 105 29 3.97

increases my income
generation.
Tourism events reduces 10 3 20 5 50 14 165 45 120 33 4.93
my health issues such
as diseases.
Tourism events 14 4 35 10 18 5 110 30 188 51 4.16
interferes with my
safety.
Average. 4.35

Table 4.11: Analysis based on the residents' well-being.

Table 4.11 above indicates the responses on residents’ well-being as a result of tourism events.

On the statement on whether tourism events increase my income generation, a mean of 3.97 was

generated which lies above point Neutral on a Likert scale implying that tourism events

increased income generation.

Pertaining the statement on whether tourism events reduce my health issues such as diseases, the

study generated a mean of 4.93 which lies on the point a agree (4) on a five-point Likert scale

implying that indeed tourism events reduces health issues such as diseases.

29
Finally, on the statement whether tourism events interfere with my safety, the study generated a

mean of 4.16 which lies on the point agree in a Likert scale implying that tourism events

interfere with residents’ safety.

On average, the study generated a mean of 4.35 on the statements on residents’ well-being as a

result of tourism events and this implies that tourism events impact residents well- being in

Nairobi West Constituency.

30
CHAPTER FIVE.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.

5.0: Introduction.
This chapter discusses the findings of the study under the following sections; summary of the

findings, conclusion and recommendation.

5.1: Summary of the findings and discussion.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the tourism events impacts on residents’ well-being in

Nairobi West Constituency, Kenya. The findings are summarized on the three objectives of the

study conducted.

5.1.1: Economic impacts of tourism events.

The study established the economic impacts of tourism events and how they affect residents’

well-being which included; creation of employment opportunity, increase in local businesses and

increase in price of commodities. From the findings, 96% of the respondents agreed that tourism

events created employment opportunity to them which in returned improved their standard of

living. The findings are similar to that of ( Bellsie and Hoy, 2005) who stated that 84% of the

respondents in their study felt that tourism event had generated employment in Columbia. The

findings also reveal that tourism event promoted local businesses in Nairobi West Constituency

which created job opportunities to majority of the residents in that area whenever these events

occur. The finding is similar to (Lew and Franke, 2015) who stated that tourism events can create

business opportunities and improve local businesses in a particular region. The findings also

revealed that tourism events held in Nyayo National Stadium in Nairobi West Constituency led

to increased price of commodity as 90% of the respondents were in agreement with the statement

which affected them financially as it become hard to budget the little that they have. The average

mean of 4.33 generated by the study implied that the respondents were in agreement that tourism

31
events affected their well-being economically through factors such as creation of employment

opportunities, job creation, rise of price commodities and increased standard of living.

5.1.2: Social impacts of tourism events.

This objective purpose was to identify the anti-social conducts that happen as a result of tourism

events and their impacts on residents’ well-being. From the findings, 96% of the respondents

agreed that tourism events that takes place in Nyayo National Stadium affects their well-being

through traffic congestion and overcrowding which increased their stress levels when stuck in

traffic. The findings are in line with (Hortgen and More, 2009) who carried a study in Romania

stated that annoyance level would increase to the residents of an area if they spent more time

stopped in traffic which would in return cause an increase in residents’ level of stress on road

(Rohanne and Sarharkal, 2014). The findings also reveal that events that happens in Nairobi West

Constituency leads to overcrowding which usually as a result of high number of people attending

these events. The residents cannot manage this crowd hence end up becoming stressed up in

return. The findings are in line with (Liu and Var, 200) in their study on a festival that takes place

Hawaii states that residents experienced crowdedness during the festival that increased their

stress level. From the findings, it’s also clear that there is increased social problems in Nairobi

West Constituency such as crime, theft, drugs and substance abuse and prostitution as a result of

tourism events mainly because 90% of the agreed with the statements. The findings are similar to

(Diery and Jago, 2010) who in their study conclude that the UNTOLD festival held annually in

Romania results to evils such as pickpocketing and consumption of illegal narcotics. The

findings are also in line with that of (Smith, 2015) who stated that Thailand supported the view

that tourism event brought prostitution, drug abuse, theft and crime. From the findings it’s also

clear that Nairobi West Constituency has gained from tourism events through construction of

social amenities such as schools, recreational facilities, stadium and dispensaries. This is so

32
because 89% of the respondents were in agreement with the statement. The findings are in line

with (Chen Ling, 2009) who in their study in Beijing stated that the Olympics that were held in

the region led to development of social amenities such as recreational facilities, roads which

encouraged physical activities such as sports and Olympics which leads to better health reduction

and reduces mental fatigue.

5.1.3: Environmental impacts of tourism events.

The majority of the respondents 88% were in agreement that tourism events had environmental

impacts on their well-being such as increased noise pollution, air pollution and increased solid

waste in Nairobi West Constituency. These impacts interfered with their daily activities and even

ruined their health status. From the findings, 83% of the respondents agreed and confirmed that

tourism events that takes place in Nyayo National Stadium leads to littering with the region. The

findings are in line with (Andereak, 2016) who stated that the tourism industry produces large

quantities of waste product particularly due to events at a given destination. The findings are also

similar to (Fartunic, 2015) who in his study on the UNTOLD event that takes place in Romania

annually found that locals raised environmental concerns at the end of each event mainly

concerns in huge amount of litter that needed to be picked up, sorted and delt with. The findings

also reveal that the events also lead to excessive noise which makes it hard for the residents to

conduct their businesses, patients in hospitals cannot also rest due to loud music and noise that

come from these events. The findings are in line with that of (Ghalis, Lungs and Dragora, 2018)

who in their study states that noise pollution due to events held in Romania affected nearby

residents and hospital patients from resting during the four days of the festival and their health

become even more worse due to the excessive loud noise. The findings reveal that tourism events

that takes place in Nyayo National Stadium leads to air pollution as 78% of the respondents

agreed with the statement. The air was mainly polluted from excessive dust that come from these

33
events and majorly affects residents with breathing problems raising their health issues. The

findings are in line with (Roberts, 2015) who in his study on air pollution stated that disturbance

of air quality through pollution would give indirect impact on human’s health such as impairment

in fetal growth, low birth weight and autism.

5.2: Conclusion.
The following are the conclusions of the study:

5.2.1: Economic impacts of tourism events.

The study on economic impacts of tourism events on residents’ well-being concludes that

Nairobi West Constituency residents are affected by both positive and negative impacts such as

creation of job opportunities, their local businesses are increased and promoted and they are

affected by increase in price of commodities that increase their living standards which brings

financial stress and strain on their daily budget.

5.2.2: Social impacts of tourism events.

The study concludes that social problems such as crimes, theft, prostitution, drugs and substance

abuse are the major social impacts of tourism events that affects the residents of Nairobi West

Constituency negatively in their day-to-day life which portrays a bad image to them. Despite the

negative impacts the residents face, the study concludes that tourism events that takes place in

Nairobi West Constituency benefits the residents as well through construction of social amenities

in their area such as recreational facilities such as swimming pool, schools which boast their

education and dispensaries which enhances improved health care to the residents.

5.2.3: Environmental impacts of tourism events.

The study concludes that residents of Nairobi West constituency are affected by environmental

impacts of tourism events such as noise pollution, air pollution and increased solid waste as a

result of events that happen in that region. The excessive noise comes from participants of these

34
events, air is mainly polluted excessive dust that come as a result of these events and the solid

waste such as litter is generated by the high number of participants in these events.

5.3: Recommendations.
The study makes the following recommendations;

a) The study recommends that tourism event’s organizers to collaborate with the residents of

Nairobi West Constituency by involving them in planning for these events so that they

continue benefiting from them and they understand the impacts they bring to them.

b) The study recommends event organizers to come up with a sustainable partnership with

local authorities so that participants and other individuals are encouraging to use public

transportation services to reduce traffic congestion within the area and the city which

creates overcrowding that greatly affect the well-being Nairobi West Constituency

residents.

c) The study recommends that event organizers should take a more responsible role in waste

management both in terms of volume reduction especially for litter and waste collection.

They can provide more waste bins within the locality and hire more personnel to carry

out the task. They can achieve this by collaborating with local authorities, food and

beverage sellers as well as stimulating and imposing responsible littering behavior

amongst participants.

d) The study recommends the local authority together with the organizers to work together

to manage and outdo underage drinking and illegal drug abuse which represent a

significant issue that manifest during the events by imposing strict rules and regulations

on the abuse of drugs.

35
 e) As one of the main causes of discomfort for the residents in Nairobi West Constituency

are the noise levels and air pollution from the events, the study recommends that event

organizers should place a greater importance and create awareness on the effects of noise

and air pollution and come up with practical solutions to remedy these impacts.

5.4: Recommendations for further studies.

The study makes the following recommendations for further studies:

i. Influence of cultural factors on Event Tourism in Kenya.

ii. A research study on legislative and policy measures for sustainable Event tourism.

36
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APPENDICES
Appendix I: Introduction Letter

Dear Sir/Madam

RE: ACADEMIC RESEARCH PROJECT

I’ am an undergraduate student at Machakos University. I wish to conduct research entitled

“Evaluation of tourism events negative impacts on the host community well- being in

Naivasha, Nakuru county, Kenya” This questionnaire has been structured so as to assist the

researcher in gathering information that is relevant in addressing the objectives under study. The

reason for writing to you is to make a king request for you to give me the consent to gather the

required information on the study theme. Kindly provide answers to the questions as presented in

the attached questionnaire. The information gathered will be precisely and only used for

educational purposes and treated with utmost confidentiality. At that time when a request is made,

the researcher will furnish you with a copy of the final report.

Your support will be greatly acknowledged.

Yours Faithfully,

KURIA BENARD GICHUKI.

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Appendix II: Questionnaire

Kindly answer all questions honestly and as objectively as possible.

Section A: Demographic Information

1. Gender a. Male ( ) b. Female ( )

2. Age

a. Below 25 years ( ) b. 26-35 years ( ) c. 36-45 years ( ) d. Above 45 years ( )

3. What is your education level?

a) Primary level ( )

b) Secondary level ( )

c) University/collage level ( )

4. What is your employment status?

a) Employed ( )

b) Unemployed ( )

c) Self-employed ( )

5. Are you a resident of Nairobi West Constituency?

YES ( ) NO ( )

6. Are you aware of the following events that happens in Nyayo National Stadium; sporting

events, political rallies, Concerts and National holiday cerebrations?

YES ( ) NO ( )

41
 SECTION B: ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM EVENTS.

Kindly indicate the extent of agreement with the following statements pertaining to Economic

impacts of tourism events on residents’ well-being on a scale of 1-5 where, (1=Strongly

Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3=Neutral, 4= Agree, 5= Strongly Agree.)

Statement Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Tourism events has created
employment opportunity.

Tourism events has

promoted local businesses.

Tourism events has led to

raised price of
commodities.

Tourism events has led to

increased standard of
living.

SECTION C: SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM EVENTS.

Kindly indicate the extent of agreement with the following statements pertaining to social

impacts of tourism events on residents’ well-being on a scale of 1-5 where, (1=Strongly

Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3=Neutral, 4= Agree, 5= Strongly Agree.)

Statement Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree

Disagree (5)
(1) (2) (3) (4)

42
Tourism events has led to
traffic congestion.
Tourism events has led to
overcrowding.
Tourism events has led to
increased crime such as theft.

Tourism event has led to drugs

and substance abuse.

Tourism events has led to

recreational facilities such as
swimming pool.
Tourism events has led to
construction of social
amenities such as schools and
dispensaries.

SECTION D: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM EVENTS.

Kindly indicate the extent of agreement with the following statements pertaining to

Environmental impacts of tourism events on residents’ well-being on a scale of 1-5 where,

(1=Strongly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3=Neutral, 4= Agree, 5= Strongly Agree.)

Statement Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Tourism events has led to
increased littering.

43
 Tourism events often results
to excessive Noise.

There is air pollution when

tourism events are conducted.

SECTION E: RESIDENTS’ WELL-BEING.

Kindly indicate the extent of agreement with the following statements pertaining residents’ well-

being on a scale of 1-5 where, (1=Strongly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3=Neutral, 4= Agree, 5=

Strongly Agree.)

Statement Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Tourism events increases my
income generation.
Tourism events reduces my
health issues such as diseases.

Tourism events interferes with

my safety.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION.

44
Appendix III: Work plan.
Table 1: Time Schedule for The Intended Study

Time (Months) Year: 2022/2023

Research Activity may June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March
Proposal writing.
Proposal
submission (1st
draft) and
correction.
Proposal
submission (2nd
draft) and
correction
Proposal
presentation
Proposal
acceptance
Instrument pre-
testing and analysis
Instrument
administration
Data analysis
Thesis writing and
submission

45