PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE
Political Ideologies Week 2
LESSO TOPICS LEARNING OBJECTIVES REFERENCES
N
COURSE OUTLINE: PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
identify the basic tenets of
major political ideologies
(i.e., liberalism, socialism,
conservatism, etc.)
differentiate the political https://
www.studocu.com/en-us/
ideologies document/lakeville-north-
Political Ideologies high-school/statistics-and-
2.1 The basic tenets of the examine the relationship probability/philippines-
2. major political ideologies (i.e., between political ideologies politics-and-governance-
module-2/25926049
liberalism, socialism, and configurations of political
conservatism, etc.) communities
critique ideas that have a
direct impact on how we try
to manage ourselves as a
political community
analyze how political
ideologies impact on the
social and political life of
Filipino
Discover
An ideology is more or less a coherent set of ideas that direct or organize a
specific political action. It consists of belief and value systems, a discussion
of existing power relationships, an exploration of how political change is
achieved in line with these power relations and an illustration of a desired
future (Heywood 2013).
MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AND THEIR KEY TENETS (Heywood
2013)
1. ANARCHISM
Political authority in all its form, and especially in the form of the state,
is both evil and unnecessary (anarchy literally means ‘without rule’).
The sovereign, compulsory, and coercive authority of the state is seen
as a nothing less than legalized oppression operating in the interests
of the powerful, propertied, and privileged.
Anarchist prefers a stateless society. Individuals can best manage
their own affairs through voluntary agreement and cooperation.
2. CONSERVATISM
Tradition must be conserve. These traditions include established
customs, institutions, and ways of doing things that have endured
through time.
The belief in pragmatism highlights the limits of human reason. As a
belief, pragmatism emphasizes that the action should be shaped by
practical circumstances and goals.
Human imperfection presents the pessimistic view of conservatives on
the individual. Accordingly, individuals are morally corrupt and are
therefore the sources of crime and disorder. Order could thus be
achieved through a strong state.
Conservatives believe that society is an organic whole and is a living
entity, more than being an artifact of human ingenuity. This belief is
known as organicism.
Conservatives also believe that social position and status are only
natural. With this, hierarchy is thought to be inevitable.
Authority must be exercised from above. Leadership is provided to
guide and support those who lack knowledge and education and those
who have little capacity to act for their own interest.
Conservatives look at property as significant because it is the
individual’s source of security and independence from the
government.
3. FASCISM
Ultranationalist ideology. As such, it subscribes to the idea of a
supreme race, whose members should enjoy the natural resources. It
is by nature exclusive as it excludes nonmembers of the race.
Manifested during Mussolini’s fascist dictatorship in Italy and Hitler’s
dictatorship in Germany.
Common values upheld are struggle, leadership, power, heroism, and
war.
The “new man” or a hero who is motivated by duty, honor, and self-
sacrifice; and gives unrelenting obedience to the supreme leader is a
fascist ideal.
Fascists believe in a unified national community of strength through
unity. As such, individual identity is not as important as that of the
social group or community.
4. FEMINISM
A diverse but its unifying theme is the desire to enhance the social
role of women.
Society is characterized by sexual or gender equality.
The structure of male power must be overturned, hence the belief in
gender equality.
Its strands include liberal feminism, socialist feminism and radical
feminism.
5. LIBERALISM
Belief in individualism underscores the importance of the human
individual compared to any other group.
Liberty of the individual must be protected. An individual has freedom
when he or she is able to act as he or she pleases.
Reason can lead individuals to make wise judgments, which could
solve issues or differences.
Equality implies that individuals are born equal, at least in moral
terms. Equal rights and entitlements are at its core. It must be noted,
however, that liberals do not endorse social equality or equality of
outcome,
Tolerance is willingness of individuals to allow others to think and
behave in ways they do not approve. It is a guarantee of individual
liberty.
Authority and social relationships must also be based on agreement
and consent.
6. SOCIALISM
Belief in the community highlights the degree to which the individual is
connected with theirs. Identify is therefore a product of social
interaction more than innate qualities.
Brotherhood or fraternity speaks of a shared common humanity
Socialist thus prefer cooperation rather than competition and
collectivity rather than individualism.
Socialists look at society in terms of differences in the distribution of
income or wealth. Social class is believed to be an important social
cleavage, which divides societies. The interests of the working class
and the oppressed should be upheld. With this, eradicating economic
and social inequalities is deemed as the primary goal of socialism.
Common ownership is also central to socialist thought. Unlike private
property, common ownership is a means to harness material resources
for the common good.
Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and
strengthen
the basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.
Activity 1: The weight of thinking
Direction: Complete the chart below to compare and contrast the different
major political ideologies.
Political Ideologies Similarities Differences
Conservatism and
Liberalism
Fascism and
Socialism
Anarchism and
Feminism
