1 Objective
• Manage traffic flow using real-time sensor data and machine learning models.
• The objective is to reduce traffic congestion, optimize signal timings, minimize
waiting times, and create emergency corridors automatically.
2 Motivation
• Traditional traffic systems operate on fixed timing regardless of real-time road con-
ditions, leading to inefficiencies.
• Rapid urbanization demands smarter solutions for better mobility.
• Importance:
– Reduce travel time and fuel consumption.
– Increase emergency response efficiency.
– Decrease carbon emissions.
• Uniqueness:
– Real-time traffic density monitoring.
– Adaptive signal control using predictive algorithms.
– Emergency vehicle prioritization and public transport preference.
3 Target Specifications
• Dynamic traffic signal control system capable of adjusting signal timings based on
live traffic density.
• 90% accuracy in vehicle detection using ML models.
• Reduction of average vehicle waiting time by at least 25% compared to fixed-timer
systems.
• Modular, scalable design suitable for small intersections as well as large metro areas.
• Fault tolerance and fail-safe mechanisms for hardware/software failures.
• Compatibility with existing traffic infrastructure and ease of retrofitting.
4 Functional Partitioning of Project
• Data Collection Module: Sensors (IR, ultrasonic, LiDAR) and cameras at in-
tersections.
• Processing Unit: Microcontrollers (Arduino/Raspberry Pi) with edge processing
capabilities and connection to central cloud servers.
• Traffic Prediction Engine: Ensemble ML models trained on historical and real-
time data to predict traffic density.
• Signal Control System: Adaptive algorithm that optimizes light durations using
predicted data.
• Monitoring Dashboard: Visualization interface for authorities to oversee system
performance and intervene if necessary.
• Communication Protocol: LoRa/Wi-Fi modules enabling secure, low-latency
communication between nodes and control center.
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5 Methodology
5.1 Literature Review
A comprehensive analysis of intelligent traffic systems such as SCATS and SCOOT is
carried out. Reinforcement learning and deep learning-based signal control models are
also explored.
5.2 System Design
Selection and arrangement of components based on constraints like cost, power consump-
tion, and availability. Design involves sensor placement, microcontroller programming,
and integration of communication modules.
5.3 Model Development
Dataset preprocessing includes augmentation techniques, handling class imbalance, and
outlier removal. Random Forest and CNN-based classifiers are compared using metrics
like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.
5.4 Simulation
SUMO is used to simulate traffic under different scenarios, including peak hour conges-
tion, emergency passage, and signal failure. Output logs are used to fine-tune ML models
and algorithms.
5.5 Implementation
Prototype setup on a small scale using LEDs, traffic lanes on a model board, and inte-
grated sensors. Real-time decision-making is demonstrated.
5.6 Testing
Compare response time, vehicle throughput, and waiting times against baseline (fixed-
time signal). Analyze robustness under sensor failure or noise.
6 Extended Applications and Benefits
• Emergency Vehicle Detection: Use of siren recognition or RFID to prioritize
passage.
• Environmental Impact Reduction: Real-time traffic optimization directly re-
duces idling emissions.
• Public Transport Prioritization: Identify and prioritize buses/trams for better
scheduling.
• Event and Disaster Management: Re-route traffic automatically during sports
events, rallies, or natural disasters.
• Data-Driven Urban Planning: Traffic data can help city planners with infras-
tructure development.
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7 Tools Required
Hardware
• Arduino UNO / Raspberry Pi
• IR Sensors / Ultrasonic Sensors / LiDAR modules
• Cameras with computer vision support
• Wi-Fi / LoRa / Zigbee modules for communication
• Power supplies and relay modules for traffic light emulation
Software
• SUMO Simulator
• Python (TensorFlow, Keras, Scikit-learn)
• Arduino IDE and Thonny IDE
• OpenCV for vehicle detection
• MATLAB / Simulink (optional for signal design simulations)
Other Requirements
• Open-source traffic datasets
• Sensor calibration and datasheets
• Breadboards, jumper wires, PCB (for custom circuits)
• GitHub for version control
8 Work Schedule (Month-wise)
Month Status Activity Description
January 2025 Completed Literature Review and Topic Finalization
February 2025 In Progress System Design and Procurement of Components
March 2025 Planned Model Training, Preliminary Hardware Setup,
Dataset Preparation
April 2025 Planned Integration of Hardware and Software, Initial Test-
ing, SUMO-based simulation validation
May 2025 Planned Final Implementation, Comparison Studies, and
Performance Benchmarking
June 2025 Planned Final Report, Poster Creation, Project Comple-
tion, and Viva Preparation
9 Risk Analysis and Mitigation
• Sensor Failure: Use redundancy and periodic self-check routines.
• Overfitting in ML Models: Regular updates using new data.
• Hardware Limitations: Opt for modular expansion and offloading to cloud when
necessary.
• Network Failures: Use local edge-processing fallback strategies.
3
10 References
1. P. Varaiya, “The Max-Pressure Controller for Arbitrary Networks of Signalized
Intersections,” IFAC Proceedings Volumes, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 240–246, 2014.
2. K. Abdulhai, R. Pringle, and G. J. Karakoulas, “Reinforcement Learning for True
Adaptive Traffic Signal Control,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, vol. 129,
no. 3, pp. 278–285, May 2003.
3. S. C. Wong, “Traffic Control and Intelligent Transportation Systems,” Handbook of
Transportation Science, Springer, 2003, pp. 385–418.
4. SUMO - Simulation of Urban Mobility, https://www.eclipse.org/sumo/
5. “Smart Traffic Management Solutions,” https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/
us/en/traffic_management/
6. D. Krajzewicz, J. Erdmann, M. Behrisch, and L. Bieker, “Recent Development and
Applications of SUMO - Simulation of Urban Mobility,” International Journal On
Advances in Systems and Measurements, 2012.
7. X. Li et al., “Traffic Signal Timing via Deep Reinforcement Learning,” IEEE Trans-
actions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2021.
