COM 126 PC UPGRADE BY MR LA’AH

FEDERAL SCHOOL OF STATISTICS

1
MANCHOK

NATIONALDIPLOMA IN
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

PCUPGRADE&MAINTENANCE
COURSECODE:COM 126

YEAR1: SEMESTER 2
 COM 126 PC UPGRADE BY MR LA’AH

Understanding the Concept of PC Upgrade and Maintenance

Keeping your PC running smoothly involves two main things: upgrades and maintenance. Let's 2
break down these concepts:
PC Upgrades
 Involves adding new hardware components to improve your computer's performance or
functionality.
 Common upgrades include:
 RAM (Random Access Memory): Increases the number of programs you can run
simultaneously.
 Storage (Hard Disk Drive or Solid State Drive):Adds more space to store files, games,
and applications.
 Graphics Card (GPU): Enhances visual performance for gaming, video editing, and
other demanding tasks.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, upgrading it leads to faster
overall performance.
PC Maintenance
 Keeping your existing hardware in good shape to prevent problems and ensure smooth
operation.
 Includes practices like:
o Hardware cleaning: Removing dust buildup from fans and vents to prevent overheating.
o Software Updates: Updating your operating system and applications to fix bugs and
improve security.
o Disk Cleanup: Removing unnecessary files and programs to free up storage space.
o Defragmentation (HDDs only): Optimizes the physical layout of data on a hard disk
drive for faster access.
o Virus Protection: Running antivirus software to protect your system from malware.
Upgrading vs. Maintenance
 Upgrades are for adding new features or improving performance, while maintenance is
about keeping things running smoothly.
 You don't need to upgrade all the time, but regular maintenance is essential for any PC.
Here's an analogy: Upgrading your PC is like adding new tools or expanding your workshop.
Maintenance is like keeping your tools sharp and organized for efficient work.
Here's when you might consider an upgrade:
 Your computer feels slow or sluggish.
 Programs take a long time to load.
 You hear your fans running loud all the time (could be a sign of overheating due to dust or
insufficient cooling).
 You want to play newer games that require more powerful hardware.
Upgrading isn't always necessary. Regular maintenance can extend the lifespan of your PC.
Upgrading can get expensive, so it's important to weigh the cost against the benefits.
Need for computer maintenance
Regular computer maintenance is crucial for several reasons:
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 Smooth Performance: Over time, computers accumulate clutter like temporary files and
unused programs. This can slow down your system. Maintenance helps clean up this clutter 3
and keeps your PC running efficiently.
 Protects Your Data: Regular updates to your operating system and applications patch
security holes that hackers might exploit. Antivirus scans also help keep your system safe
from malware that can steal or damage your data.
 Extends Lifespan: Proper care, like cleaning dust from internal components, prevents
overheating and other hardware issues. This can significantly extend the lifespan of your
computer and save you money in the long run.
 Reduces Frustration: A well-maintained computer is less likely to crash, freeze, or
encounter errors. This translates to a less frustrating and more productive computing
experience.
 Saves Money: Regular maintenance can help prevent costly repairs down the road. By
catching problems early, you can avoid the need for expensive data recovery or hardware
replacements.
In short, regular computer maintenance is an investment that pays off in the long run. It keeps
your computer healthy, running smoothly, securely, and for a longer lifespan, saving you time,
money, and frustration.
Hazards threatening Computer systems and its remedy/procedures
Computer systems face a variety of hazards, both physical and digital. Here's a breakdown of
some common threats and how to address them:
Physical Hazards:
 Dust Buildup: Dust can accumulate inside your computer, blocking airflow and causing
overheating. This can damage components and lead to crashes.
o Remedy: Regularly clean the inside of your computer with compressed air.
o Procedure: Open the case (consult a manual if needed) and carefully blow out dust with
short bursts of compressed air. Avoid spinning fans.
 Power Surges: Spikes in voltage can damage sensitive electronic components.
o Remedy: Use a surge protector, which absorbs excess voltage during surges.
 Liquid Spills: Spilled liquids can damage or destroy components.
o Remedy: Immediately power down the computer and remove the power cord. If possible,
remove the battery. Do not turn it back on until a professional can assess the damage.
Digital Hazards:
 Malware (Malicious Software): This includes viruses, worms, ransom ware, and spyware.
Malware can steal data, corrupt files, or lock you out of your system.
o Remedy: Use a reputable antivirus and anti-malware program with real-time protection.
Keep it updated with the latest definitions.
o Procedure: Schedule regular scans and follow software prompts for updates and actions.
 Phishing Attacks: Deceptive emails or websites designed to trick you into revealing
personal information or clicking malicious links.
o Remedy: Be cautious of suspicious emails or messages. Don't click on unknown links or
attachments. Verify website legitimacy before entering information.
 Ransom ware: This type of malware encrypts your files, making them inaccessible. Hackers
then demand a ransom payment to decrypt them.
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o Remedy: Back up your data regularly to an external drive. This allows you to restore files
even if ransom ware encrypts them. 4
o Procedure: Implement a backup schedule and ensure backups are stored securely, separate
from your main system.
 Software Vulnerabilities: Unmatched software can have security holes that hackers can
exploit.
o Remedy: Keep your operating system and applications updated with the latest security
patches.
o Procedure: Enable automatic updates whenever possible or check for updates regularly
through software settings.
Additional tips:
 Theft: Losing your computer can mean losing valuable data and hardware.
Physical Security: Lock your computer when not in use and consider data encryption for
sensitive information. Implement physical security measures like locking doors or using a
Kensington lock for laptops in public spaces.
 Hacking: Malicious actors attempt to gain unauthorized access to your system or data.
Strong Passwords & Multi-Factor Authentication: Use strong, unique passwords for all
your accounts and enable two-factor authentication where available.
 Software Bugs: Unforeseen errors in software can cause crashes, data loss, or security
vulnerabilities.
Software Updates: Regularly update your operating system and applications to patch
security vulnerabilities
 Back up Your Data: Regularly back up your important files to an external drive or cloud
storage service. This ensures you can recover data in case of a system failure.
 Be Mindful of Downloads: Only download software and files from trusted sources.
By following these practices, you can significantly reduce the risk of these hazards affecting
your computer system. Remember, prevention is always better than cure!
Troubleshooting a Hardware Problem
1. Gather as much information from the customer as you can, including symptoms, error
messages, computer history, and action at the time of the failure.
2. Try to reproduce the problem, taking note of any error messages or unusual system
activity.
3. Determine whether the problem is hardware or software related. Do this by watching
error messages, using the Device Manager, and accessing the hardware using a variety of
applications. The remainder of this exercise assumes that the problem is hardware
related.
4. Start with the most accessible component in the affected subsystem, making sure that it
has power and is properly connected.
5. Check the resources of the device and ensure that a device driver has been loaded for it.
6. Test the device by using it in another computer or by using a known working device in its
 COM 126 PC UPGRADE BY MR LA’AH

place.
5
7. Continue testing and checking all components in the subsystem, working your way into
the computer.
8. Finally, test the computer’s most basic components, such as the BIOS, system board,
memory, and processor.
Recent development in Hardware and Corresponding software development in PC
Upgrade and Maintenance
Here's a look at some recent developments in PC hardware and the corresponding software
advancements that impact PC upgrades and maintenance:
Hardware:
 12th and 13th Gen Intel Core Processors (Alder Lake and Raptor Lake): These
CPUs offer increased core counts and performance gains, especially for multithreaded
workloads.
 AMD Ryzen 7000 Series Processors: AMD's latest processors compete with Intel's
offerings, with a focus on power efficiency and strong gaming performance.
 DDR5 Memory: The new standard for RAM, DDR5 offers faster data transfer speeds,
potentially improving overall system responsiveness. (Note: Requires compatible
motherboard)
 PCIe Gen 5.0 Support: The latest motherboard revisions support the faster PCIe Gen
5.0 standard, which benefits high-performance graphics cards and storage devices.
 NVMe Solid State Drives (SSDs): These high-speed storage devices continue to get
faster and more affordable, offering significant speed improvements over traditional hard
disk drives (HDDs).
Corresponding Software Developments:
 Operating System Updates: Windows 11 and the upcoming Windows 12 (expected
later in 2024) are optimized to take advantage of the new hardware features like DDR5
and PCIe Gen 5.0.
 Memory Management Improvements: Software updates can improve how the
operating system utilizes the faster DDR5 memory, potentially leading to smoother
multitasking.
 Direct Storage for Gaming: This new feature in Windows 11 leverages the speed of
NVMe SSDs to reduce loading times and improve texture streaming in games
specifically optimized for it.
 Over clocking Utilities: Software for over clocking compatible CPUs and GPUs is
constantly being updated to ensure stability and performance with the latest hardware.
 Monitoring and Tuning Software: Advanced software tools allow for detailed
monitoring of system performance, temperatures, and power consumption. This helps
with fine-tuning your system for optimal performance or quiet operation.
Impact on PC Upgrade and Maintenance:
These advancements create exciting upgrade options for improved performance, but also add
considerations during the decision-making process:
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 Compatibility: When upgrading, ensure your chosen components (CPU, RAM, etc.) are
compatible with your motherboard and existing system. Check manufacturer websites for 6
compatibility information.
 Software Updates: After a hardware upgrade, update your operating system, drivers, and
any relevant software to ensure they recognize and work optimally with the new
components.
 Monitoring and Maintenance: With more powerful hardware, proper thermal
management becomes even more crucial. Regularly monitor temperatures and consider
adjusting fan curves or upgrading cooling solutions if necessary.
By understanding these hardware and software developments, you can make informed decisions
when upgrading your PC and ensure your system is properly maintained for continued smooth
operation.
Limitations of PC Upgrade and Performance
Upgrading your PC can breathe new life into it, but there are limitations to consider. Here's a
breakdown of some key limitations:
Hardware Limitations:
 Motherboard Compatibility: New CPUs RAM and sometimes even storage drives
might not be compatible with your existing motherboard. The motherboard dictates what
type of CPU, RAM, and other components it can support. Upgrading the motherboard
often means replacing other components as well.
 Power Supply Capacity: Upgrading to power-hungry components like high-end
graphics cards or CPUs might require a more powerful power supply unit (PSU) to
deliver enough electricity. Not having enough wattage can lead to system instability or
crashes.
 Physical Space Constraints: Some computer cases, particularly pre-built ones, might
have limited space for larger components like graphics cards or CPU coolers. Upgrading
to bulkier components might require a larger case.
Software Limitations:
 Software Compatibility: Newer hardware might not always have compatible drivers for
older operating systems. You might need to upgrade your OS to take full advantage of
new hardware features.
 Software Optimization: Software may not be optimized to utilize the full potential of
new hardware right away. It can take time for developers to update their applications to
leverage the latest advancements.
Performance Bottlenecks:
 Upgrading one component might not solve all performance issues. For instance,
upgrading your graphics card won't significantly improve performance if your CPU is
already outdated. Identifying the bottleneck component that's limiting performance is
crucial for targeted upgrades.
Cost vs. Benefit:
 Upgrading can be expensive. Weigh the cost of upgrades against the performance gains
you expect. Sometimes, a complete system replacement might be more cost-effective
than piecemeal upgrades, especially if your existing hardware is very outdated.
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7
Diminishing Returns:
 There's a point where further upgrades offer minimal performance improvements.
Upgrading from a good to a great CPU might not yield a huge difference in everyday
tasks. Consider your specific needs and target the upgrades that will have the most
significant impact on your workflow.
Additional Limitations:
 Technical Expertise: Upgrading some components, especially delicate ones like the
CPU, requires technical knowledge. If you're not comfortable doing it yourself, consider
professional help.
 Warranty Concerns: Upgrading might void your warranty, so check with the
manufacturer before modifying your system.
By understanding these limitations, you can make informed decisions about upgrading your PC,
avoid compatibility issues, and get the most out of your investment. Remember, upgrading is not
always the answer. Sometimes, a good cleaning, software optimization, or minor tweaks can
significantly improve your PC's performance.
What are the technical specification for PC Upgrade
The technical specifications you need to consider for a PC upgrade depend on several factors:
 Current System Bottleneck: Identifying the component limiting your desired
performance is crucial. Is it slow boot times and general lag? This might point towards a
storage upgrade. Are you struggling with high frame rates in games? A graphics card
upgrade might be in order.
 Upgradability of Your Existing System: Check your motherboard's manual or
manufacturer's website to see what CPUs, RAM, and storage types it supports. Upgrading
the motherboard often means replacing other components as well.
 Budget: Upgrading can be expensive, so prioritize components that will give you the
most significant performance boost for your needs.
Here are the key technical specifications to consider for common upgrade scenarios:
CPU Upgrade:
 Socket compatibility: Ensure the new CPU is compatible with your motherboard's
socket type (e.g., LGA 1700 for Intel 12th Gen CPUs).
 Cores and Threads: More cores and threads generally improve multitasking and
demanding workloads.
 Clock Speed: Higher clock speeds result in faster processing per core. However,
consider core count as well.
RAM Upgrade:
 RAM type: Look for DDR4 or the latest DDR5 RAM, depending on your motherboard's
compatibility.
 RAM speed: Higher MHz (megahertz) speeds offer faster data transfer.
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 RAM capacity: Consider your needs. Gamers and professionals might benefit from
16GB or more, while basic tasks might run fine with 8GB. 8

Storage Upgrade:
 Storage type: Solid State Drives (SSDs) offer significantly faster boot times and
application loading compared to Hard Disk Drives (HDDs). Consider an SSD for your
operating system and frequently used programs. HDDs can be used for mass storage.
 Storage capacity: Choose the capacity based on your storage needs. Consider additional
storage solutions like external drives if needed.
Graphics Card Upgrade (GPU):
 Interface: Ensure compatibility between the graphics card's interface (e.g., PCIe) and
your motherboard's slot.
 VRAM (Video RAM): More VRAM is crucial for high-resolution gaming and tasks that
rely heavily on graphics processing.
 Power requirements: Upgrading to a powerful GPU might necessitate a PSU upgrade to
ensure sufficient power delivery.
Additional Considerations:
 Cooling: Upgrading to power-hungry components might require a more robust cooling
solution for your CPU and case.
 Operating System: Upgrading some hardware might require a newer operating system
for full compatibility and to leverage the latest features.
Remember, research is key! Look up your existing components' specifications and ensure
compatibility with the upgrade parts you choose. Several online resources and PC builder tools
can help you check compatibility and configure your upgrade.
How to replace the Computer case or enclosure
Replacing your computer case, also known as the enclosure, is a fairly straightforward process
but requires some care to prevent damage to your components. Here's a general guide:
Before you Begin:
1. Back up your data: This is crucial in case of any unforeseen issues during the transfer
process.
2. Gather your tools: You'll need a screwdriver (usually Phillips head), possibly a box
cutter, and anti-static wristband (optional but recommended) to prevent electrostatic
discharge (ESD) damage.
3. Power down and unplug everything: Turn off your computer, unplug it from the power
source, and disconnect all peripherals.
4. Prepare your workspace: Find a clean, well-lit, and flat work surface.
Disassembly:
1. Move the side panel: Most cases have a side panel that screws on or pops off with clips.
Locate the screws or release mechanisms and remove the panel.
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2. Take out components carefully: One by one, carefully remove all the components from
the old case. Here's the general order (consult your motherboard manual if needed): 9
o Graphics card: Unscrew the retaining screws holding the graphics card to the case and
gently remove it from its slot on the motherboard.
o RAM modules: Locate the release levers on the RAM slots and gently pry them open.
The RAM modules should pop up slightly, allowing you to remove them.
o Storage drives: These are usually secured with screws. Unscrew them and carefully
remove the drives from their bays.
o CPU cooler: Depending on the cooler type, you might need to unscrew it from the
motherboard or detach mounting brackets. Refer to your cooler's manual for specific
instructions.
o Power supply unit (PSU): Disconnect all the power cables from your components and
unscrew the PSU mounting screws from the back of the case. Then, slide it out of the
case.
o Motherboard: Most motherboards are secured by screws to the case's standoffs.
Unscrew them carefully and gently lift the motherboard out of the case, being mindful of
any wires or connections still attached.
Assembly in the New Case:
1. Prepare the new case: Install any necessary standoffs for the motherboard if your case
doesn't have them pre-installed. These threaded metal posts provide support for the
motherboard.
2. Install the motherboard: Carefully place the motherboard on the standoffs in the new
case, ensuring all ports align with the corresponding cutouts on the back panel. Secure the
motherboard with screws. Don't over tighten!
3. Install the CPU cooler: Apply thermal paste to your CPU if needed (consult your
cooler's instructions), and then mount the cooler onto the CPU socket according to the
manufacturer's instructions.
4. Install the RAM: Insert the RAM modules into the designated slots on the motherboard,
pressing down firmly until they click into place.
5. Install storage drives: Secure the storage drives (HDDs or SSDs) in the designated drive
bays of the new case. Most cases use screws or trays for easy installation.
6. Install the graphics card (if applicable): Carefully insert the graphics card into its PCI-
Express slot on the motherboard. Secure it with screws to the case.
7. Install the PSU: Slide the PSU back into its designated spot in the new case and secure it
with screws.
8. Connect the power cables: Reconnect all the power cables from the PSU to your
components, following the pin configuration and ensuring everything is securely plugged
in. Refer to your motherboard manual or PSU labeling if needed.
9. Organize cables: Use zip ties or Velcro straps to manage and organize the cables within
the case for better airflow and a cleaner look.
10. Close the case: Once everything is securely in place and cables are managed, carefully
put the side panel back on and secure it with screws or clips.
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Double-check and Power on:

1. Final check: Double-check that all components are properly seated, cables are securely 10
connected, and nothing is loose inside the case.
2. Power on: Reconnect your peripherals, plug your computer back into the power source,
and turn it on.
Additional Tips:
 If you're not comfortable with any step, consider seeking help from a technician.
 Take pictures during disassembly to aid in reassembly if needed.
 When handling components, touch the metal casing whenever possible to avoid ESD.
 Ensure proper airflow in the new case by not blocking fans or vents with cables.
 Install any necessary drivers for the new case (e.g., front panel connectors) if required.
By following these steps carefully and with a little patience, you can successfully replace your
computer case and breathe new life into your system!
Difference ATX and AT motherboard
ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) motherboards are the current standard for desktop PCs,
while AT (Advanced Technology) motherboards are a much older design phased out in the late
1990s. Here's a breakdown of the key differences:
Size and Form Factor:
 ATX: ATX motherboards are larger, measuring 305 mm x 244 mm. They offer more space
for components and expansion slots.
 AT: AT motherboards are bigger, measuring 305 mm x 280 mm. Their larger size is due to a
less efficient layout.
Power Supply:
 ATX: ATX motherboards use a 20-pin or 24-pin main power connector and have additional
power connectors for components like the CPU. ATX power supplies offer better power
management features.
 AT: AT motherboards use a 12-pin main power connector and lack dedicated power
connectors for other components. They have limited power management capabilities.
Mounting:
 ATX: ATX motherboards mount perpendicular to the back of the case, with ports and
connections easily accessible.
 AT: AT motherboards mount parallel to the front of the case, with ports and connections less
accessible.
Features and Functionality:
 ATX: ATX motherboards offer more features like integrated graphics, multiple fan headers,
and support for modern processors and memory standards.
 AT: AT motherboards have limited features and are not compatible with modern
components.
Availability:
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 ATX: ATX motherboards are the dominant standard and readily available from various
manufacturers. 11
 AT: AT motherboards are obsolete and extremely difficult to find new. You might only
encounter them in very old pre-built PCs.
Here's a table summarizing the key points:
Feature ATX Motherboard AT Motherboard
Size (mm) 305 x 244 305 x 280
Power Connector 20-pin or 24-pin 12-pin
Mounting Perpendicular to back of case Parallel to front of case
Features More features, modern compatible Limited features, outdated
Availability Widely available Obsolete, difficult to find

In conclusion, ATX motherboards are the clear choice for building or upgrading a PC. They
offer superior features, functionality, and compatibility with modern components. AT
motherboards are relics of the past and not recommended for any new system builds.
What is PC Power Supply and How to replace it
A PC power supply unit (PSU), also sometimes called a power supply or just PSU, is the heart of
your computer's electrical system. It takes the alternating current (AC) power from your wall
outlet and converts it into different direct current (DC) voltages that your various computer
components need to function.
Here's a breakdown of its functions and the replacement process:
Functions of a PSU:
 Input: The PSU receives AC power from the wall outlet, typically at 110v or 220v
depending on your region.
 Voltage Regulation: It converts the incoming AC voltage to stable DC voltages. Different
components require different voltages, and the PSU provides these voltages (e.g., 3.3v, 5v,
12v) through its output cables.
 Power Filtering: The PSU filters out electrical noise and spikes on the incoming power line
to protect your delicate computer components.
 Cooling: PSUs generate heat during operation and have a built-in fan to expel this heat and
maintain proper temperature.
Signs a PSU Might Need Replacing:
 Random reboots or shutdowns: This could indicate the PSU failing to deliver consistent
power.
 Unusual noises: If your PSU's fan is making loud noises, it could be failing or clogged with
dust.
 Burning smell: A burning smell coming from your computer could be a sign of an electrical
malfunction, potentially in the PSU.
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 Computer not turning on at all: If your computer gives no signs of life when you try to
turn it on, the PSU could be the culprit. 12

Before Replacing a PSU:

 Identify the problem: Not all power issues are PSU related. Check other components like
RAM or connections before assuming it's the PSU.
 Research compatibility: Ensure the new PSU is compatible with your existing system. This
includes considering factors like wattage (enough power for your components) and form
factor (size and mounting points that fit your case).
Replacing a PSU (General Steps):
Disclaimer: Replacing a PSU is generally a straightforward process, involves handling electrical
components. If you're not comfortable doing it yourself, consider seeking help from a friend with
technical expertise or a computer repair professional.
1. Gather your tools: You'll likely need a screwdriver (Phillips head most commonly) and
your new PSU.
2. Turn off and unplug your computer: Completely power down your system and unplug it
from the wall outlet. Disconnect all peripherals as well.
3. Open the case: Locate the screws holding the side panel on and carefully remove it to access
the internals.
4. Locate the PSU: The PSU is usually located at the back of the case, with a fan facing
outwards.
5. Disconnect cables: Carefully disconnect all the power cables from your components to the
PSU. Note which cable goes where or take pictures for reference during reassembly.
6. Remove the PSU: Unscrew the mounting screws holding the PSU in place, then gently slide
it out of the case.
7. Install the new PSU: Slide the new PSU into the same mounting location in the case and
secure it with the screws.
8. Connect the cables: Reconnect all the power cables you disconnected earlier, referring to
your notes or pictures if needed. Double-check all connections for tightness.
9. Close the case and reconnect peripherals: Put the side panel back on and screw it shut.
Reconnect your monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other peripherals.
10. Power on: Connect your computer to the wall outlet, turn it on, and see if everything boots
up successfully.
Additional Tips:
 Choose a reputable brand: A good quality PSU is essential for the stability and longevity
of your computer components.
 Consider wattage needs: The wattage rating of a PSU indicates how much power it can
deliver. Ensure the new PSU has enough wattage to handle your current and potentially
future upgrades.
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 Modular vs. Non-modular: Modular PSUs have detachable cables, making cable
management within your case easier. 13
By following these steps and taking precautions, you can replace your computer's PSU.
Remember, if you're unsure about any steps, consult a professional or refer to detailed online
guides specific to your computer model.
The motherboard and how to replace it
The motherboard, often referred to as the mobo by enthusiasts, is the central circuit board within
your computer. It acts as the communication hub, connecting all your essential components like
the CPU, RAM, graphics card, storage drives, and peripherals. Essentially, it's the foundation
upon which your entire system is built.
Here's a breakdown of what you need to know about motherboards and the replacement process:
Functions of a Motherboard:
 CPU Socket: The motherboard provides a socket specifically designed for a compatible
central processing unit (CPU).
 Memory Slots: It offers slots for installing random access memory (RAM) modules.
 Expansion Slots: These slots allow you to add additional components like graphics cards,
network cards, or sound cards to enhance your system's functionality.
 Storage Connections: The motherboard provides connectors for storage drives like SATA
ports for hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs).
 Power Delivery: It regulates and delivers power from the PSU (power supply unit) to
various components.
 Input/output (I/O) Ports: The motherboard provides built-in ports like USB, HDMI,
Ethernet, and audio jacks for connecting peripherals like keyboards, monitors, and external
devices.
Signs You Might Need a Motherboard Replacement:
 Component incompatibility issues: If you're trying to upgrade your CPU, RAM, or other
components but they're not compatible with your current motherboard, you might need a
replacement.
 Frequent crashes or errors: Persistent system crashes, freezes, or error messages could
indicate a failing motherboard.
 Physical damage: If your motherboard is physically damaged due to overheating, liquid
spills, or electrical surges, it might need replacing.
Before Replacing a Motherboard:
 Identify the problem: Not all system issues are motherboard related. Run diagnostics or try
troubleshooting other components before assuming it's the motherboard.
 Research compatibility: Replacing the motherboard often requires upgrading other
components due to compatibility changes. Ensure your new motherboard is compatible with
your existing CPU, RAM, storage, and case size (ATX, Micro ATX, etc.)
Replacing a Motherboard (General Steps):
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Disclaimer: Replacing a motherboard involves handling delicate electrical components. If you're

not comfortable doing it yourself, consider seeking help from a friend with technical expertise or 14
a computer repair professional.
1. Back up your data: This is crucial in case of unforeseen events during the transfer process.
Make a full backup of your important files to an external drive or cloud storage.
2. Turn off and unplug your computer: Completely power down your system and unplug it
from the wall outlet. Disconnect all peripherals as well.
3. Open the case: Locate the screws holding the side panel on and carefully remove it to access
the internals.
4. Move components to the new motherboard (optional): If you're reusing your CPU, RAM,
and storage drives, carefully remove them from the old motherboard.
5. Disconnect cables: Carefully disconnect all the cables from your components to the
motherboard. Note which cable goes where or take pictures for reference during reassembly.
6. Remove the motherboard: Unscrew the mounting screws holding the motherboard in place,
then, gently remove it from the case. Pay attention to the back plate (I/O shield) that might be
attached to the case; you might need to transfer it to the new motherboard.
7. Install the new motherboard: Carefully place the new motherboard in the case, aligning the
screw holes with the standoffs (threaded mounts). Secure it with screws but don't over
tighten.
8. Install or reinstall other components: Following the reverse order of disassembly, carefully
install or reinstall your CPU, RAM, storage drives, and other components onto the new
motherboard.
9. Connect the cables: Reconnect all the cables you disconnected earlier, referring to your
notes or pictures if needed. Double-check all connections for tightness.
10. Install the CPU cooler: Reinstall the CPU cooler onto the new CPU, applying fresh thermal
paste if necessary.
11. Close the case and reconnect peripherals: Put the side panel back on and screw it shut.
Reconnect your monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other peripherals.
12. Power on: Connect your computer to the wall outlet, turn it on, and see if everything boots
up successfully.
Additional Tips:
 Consult your motherboard manual: The motherboard manual will provide specific
instructions for installation and configuration.
 Anti-static precautions: Consider grounding yourself by touching a metal part of the case
occasionally to prevent static discharge that could damage components.
 Update drivers: After a successful boot, update your device drivers to ensure compatibility
 Consult online resources: There are many helpful videos and guides online that can provide
visual walkthroughs specific to your computer model or motherboard brand. Search for terms
like "[model number] motherboard replacement" or "transferring PC
The CPU, different CPU slot (Socket) and how to replace it
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of your computer, responsible for processing
instructions and performing calculations. Different CPUs require compatible CPU sockets, the
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physical interface where the CPU connects to the motherboard. Here's a breakdown of CPUs,
CPU sockets, and the replacement process: 15
CPU Basics:
 Cores and Threads: Modern CPUs have multiple cores and threads. Cores handle tasks like
running programs, while threads allow for smoother multitasking by handling multiple tasks
within a core.
 Clock Speed: Measured in GHz (Gigahertz), clock speed indicates how many cycles the
CPU can complete per second. Generally, higher clock speeds mean faster performance.
 Cache: CPU cache is high-speed memory that stores frequently accessed data for quicker
retrieval.
CPU Sockets:
 Socket Type: Each CPU generation typically has a specific socket type. For example,
LGA1700 is a common socket for Intel 12th Gen Alder Lake CPUs, while AM4 is a popular
socket for AMD Ryzen CPUs.
 Compatibility: A CPU can only be installed in a compatible socket. Using an incompatible
CPU will not work.
Signs You Might Need a CPU Upgrade:
 Slow performance: If your computer feels sluggish and struggles with everyday tasks, a
CPU upgrade might be beneficial.
 Bottleneck: If your CPU is significantly weaker than other components like your graphics
card, it can bottleneck performance. Upgrading the CPU can alleviate this.
 Incompatibility with newer software: Some newer software might require specific CPU
features not found in older CPUs.
Before Replacing a CPU:
 Identify the bottleneck: Upgrading the CPU might not be the solution if other components
are causing the slowdown.
 Check compatibility: Ensure the new CPU is compatible with your existing motherboard
socket. You can find this information on the motherboard manufacturer's website or in the
manual.
Replacing a CPU (General Steps):
Disclaimer: Replacing a CPU requires handling delicate components. If you're not comfortable
doing it yourself, consider seeking help from a friend with technical expertise or a computer
repair professional.
1. Turn off and unplug your computer: Completely power down your system and unplug it
from the wall outlet. Disconnect all peripherals as well.
2. Open the case: Locate the screws holding the side panel on and carefully remove it to access
the internals.
3. Remove the CPU cooler: Depending on the cooler design, you might need to unclip or
unscrew it to access the CPU socket. Be careful not to bend the pins on the CPU.
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4. Unlock the socket lever: Locate the lever on the CPU socket that keeps the CPU secured.
Carefully unlock it according to your motherboard's instructions (refer to the manual if 16
needed).
5. Remove the old CPU: Gently lift the old CPU out of the socket, holding it by the edges and
avoiding touching the pins.
6. Prepare the new CPU: Carefully remove the new CPU from its packaging, holding it by the
edges and avoiding touching the pins. Apply thermal paste to the top of the CPU following
the manufacturer's instructions (if not pre-applied).
7. Install the new CPU: Carefully align the new CPU with the socket, matching the notches on
the CPU with the corresponding indicators on the socket. Gently lower the CPU into the
socket and secure it by locking the socket lever.
8. Reinstall the CPU cooler: Apply fresh thermal paste if necessary (unless the cooler has pre-
applied paste), and carefully reattach the CPU cooler according to the manufacturer's
instructions.
9. Reconnect cables: Reconnect any cables you disconnected during cooler removal, like fan
power cables.
10. Close the case and reconnect peripherals: Put the side panel back on and screw it shut.
Reconnect your monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other peripherals.
11. Power on!: Connect your computer to the wall outlet, turn it on, and see if everything boots
up successfully. You might need to enter the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) to update
CPU settings if prompted.
Additional Tips:
 Consult your motherboard manual: The motherboard manual will provide specific
instructions for CPU installation and thermal paste application.
 Anti-static precautions: Consider grounding yourself by touching a metal part of the case
occasionally to prevent static discharge that could damage components.
 Thermal paste application: Applying the correct amount of thermal paste is crucial for heat
transfer between the CPU and cooler. Too much or too little can lead to overheating issues.
By following these steps and taking precautions, you can replace your CPU. Remember, if you're
unsure about any steps, consult a professional or refer to detailed online guides specific to your
CPU and motherboard model.
PC Storage devices and how to replace it
There are two main types of PC storage devices: Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid State
Drives (SSDs). Both store your data, but they use different technologies and have distinct
advantages and disadvantages. Here's a breakdown of these storage devices and how to replace
them:
Hard Disk Drives (HDDs):
 Technology: HDDs use spinning platters and a read/write head to store and retrieve data.
They are generally more affordable than SSDs but offer slower data transfer speeds and
access times.
 Advantages: HDDs offer larger capacities at lower costs compared to SSDs. They are a
good option for storing large files like movies, games, or archives.
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 Disadvantages: HDDs are slower than SSDs, which can lead to longer boot times and
slower application loading. They are also more susceptible to physical damage due to the 17
moving parts.
Solid State Drives (SSDs):
 Technology: SSDs use flash memory chips to store data, similar to USB flash drives. They
have no moving parts and offer significantly faster data transfer speeds and access times
compared to HDDs.
 Advantages: SSDs provide much faster boot times, quicker application loading, and overall
improved system responsiveness. They are also more durable and less prone to physical
damage.
 Disadvantages: SSDs are typically more expensive per gigabyte compared to HDDs. They
also have lower storage capacities than HDDs at similar price points.
Replacing Storage Drive (HDD or SSD):
Replacing a storage drive is a relatively simple process. Here's a general guide:
Before You Begin:
1. Back up your data: This is crucial! Make a full backup of your important files to an external
drive or cloud storage before proceeding.
2. Identify your drive type: Open your computer case and locate your storage drive. It will be
a rectangular metal box connected to the motherboard with SATA cables (data cable) and a
power cable from the PSU.
3. Acquire a replacement drive: Choose a new drive with the desired capacity and interface
(SATA III is most common). Consider an SSD for a significant performance boost if your
budget allows.
Replacing the Drive:
1. Turn off and unplug your computer: Completely power down your system and unplug it
from the wall outlet. Disconnect all peripherals as well.
2. Open the case: Locate the screws holding the side panel on and carefully remove it to access
the internals.
3. Disconnect the cables: Find the SATA data cable and power cable connected to your storage
drive. Gently disconnect them.
4. Remove the mounting screws: Most drives are secured with screws on either side. Unscrew
them to release the drive from its mounting bay.
5. Install the new drive: Slide the new drive into the same mounting bay and secure it with the
screws you removed earlier.
6. Reconnect the cables: Attach the SATA data cable and power cable to the corresponding
connectors on the new drive. Ensure proper connection and avoid bending the pins.
7. Close the case and reconnect peripherals: Put the side panel back on and screw it shut.
Reconnect your monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other peripherals.
8. Power on: Connect your computer to the wall outlet, turn it on, and see if it boots up
successfully. You might need to reconfigure your BIOS settings to recognize the new drive.
Additional Tips:
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 Transferring data (optional): If you're replacing your primary drive (where your operating
system is installed), you'll need to transfer your data to the new drive before replacing it. 18
Cloning software can help create an exact copy of your old drive onto the new one.
 Consult your motherboard manual: The motherboard manual might have specific
instructions for storage drive configuration in the BIOS.
 Driver Updates: After a successful boot with a new storage drive, update your device
drivers to ensure optimal performance.
 SATA Data Cables: There are different revisions of SATA data cables (SATA I, II, III).
Ensure you're using a compatible cable with your motherboard and drive. Newer revisions
offer faster data transfer speeds.
 Operating System Installation (for Primary Drive): If you're replacing your primary
storage drive, you'll likely need to reinstall your operating system onto the new drive. You
can create a bootable installation media (USB drive or DVD) using the OS software you
have.
By following these steps and taking precautions, you can replace your PC's storage drive. If
you're unsure about any steps or data transfer procedures, consider seeking help from a friend
with technical expertise or a computer repair professional.
How to replace computer Video Display Unit
Visual Display Unit (VDU)
VDU is a device, such as a television screen, which produces a visible display of data. The VDU
is also called Monitor.
The computer monitor is an output device that is part of the computer's display system. A cable
connects the monitor to a video adapter (video card) that is installed in an expansion slot on
the computer’s motherboard. This system converts signals into text and pictures and displays
them on a TV-like screen (the monitor).
The computer sends a signal to the video adapter, telling it what character, image or graphic to
display. The video adapter converts that signal to a set of instructions that tell the display device
(monitor) how to draw the image on the screen.
Types of Monitors
There are many ways to classify monitors. The most basic is in terms of color capabilities,
which separates monitors into three classes:
Monochrome: Monochrome monitors actually display two colors, one for the background and
one for the foreground. The colors can be black and white, green and black, or amber and
black.
Gray-scale: A gray-scale monitor is a special type of monochrome monitor capable of
displaying different shades of gray.
Colour: Colour monitors can display anywhere from16 to over 1 million different colors.
Color monitors are sometimes called RGB monitors because they accept three separate
signals-- red, green, and blue.
There are mainly two types of monitors in use. They are:
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1. CRT monitors 2. LCD Monitor

19

1. CRT
Working Principle
A CRT is a vacuumed sealed tube with no air inside. In a CRT monitor, the electron gun
produces a beam of electrons that travels through a focusing system, deflection coils, and then
into the screen to display a picture. The rest of this website is dedicated to explaining the details
of the system.

The above figure is the inside of a Cathode-ray tube. A beam of electrons (cathode rays) is
emitted by the electron gun, passes through various focusing and deflection systems, and then
hits specific areas on a phosphor- coated screen.
Electron Gun

The electron gun consists of a metal cathode, control grid, and various anodes as labeled above
in the figure. It is important to remember that electrons are small negative particles, because
their direction is controlled by the type of voltage. Negative charges repel each other, and
opposites attract.
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Firstly, heat is generated by an electric current passing through a heating filament, and it causes
electrons to fly off the cathode. 20
Intensity of the electron beam is controlled by the voltage at the control grid. A high negative
voltage in the control grid with stops the electron beam.
Next, inside the vacuum of the CRT, the focusing anode concentrates the electrons into a small
beam so they can be accelerated.
Finally, the negative charged electrons are accelerated towards the screen by a high positive
voltage at the accelerating anode.
Focusing System
After the electron beam leaves the electron gun, the electrons go through another focusing
system. The focusing system, is a metal cylinder, uses a positive electric field that causes the
electrons to converge into a small point. This assures that the electron beam will only hit one
spot on the monitor at a time. Improving the focusing system increases the sharpness of the
picture on the screen.
Deflection Coils
The magnetic deflection coils are used to hit the correct part of the screen. They are
mounted on all sides of the cathode-ray tube, and they control the horizontal and vertical
direction of the electron beam. Varying the electricity running through the coils aims the beam
at the proper screen location.
The Phosphor Coating
The light on the screen that a user sees is caused by electrons illuminating a phosphor coating.
Part of the energy from the electrons is converted to heat by friction, and then the energy causes
the phosphor to become “excited.” The phosphor does not hold its excited state for long and the
light quickly dwindles. Different phosphors hold the light for different amounts of time. The
amount of time it takes for the phosphor to lose 9/10 of its original intensity is called the
persistence.
Color
A CRT monitors displays color by using the phosphor and the shadow- mask method. This is
the same system that televisions use. It is based on the RGB model, which means there is a red,
green, and blue dot at each position on the screen. Three electron guns are used to activate each
color separately. Varying the intensity of each electron gun, or shutting the beams off,
determines the color. This is shown in the figure below. If all beams are off, then the dot is
black. If all beams are on, then the color of the dot is white. Today, the average monitor has the
capability to display millions of different colors.
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21
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Whether on a laptop or a desktop, and LCD screen is a multilayered, sideways sandwich. A

fluorescent light source, known as the backlight, makes up the rear most slice of bread. This 22
light passes through the first of two polarizing filters. The polarized light then passes through
layer that contains thousands of liquid crystal blobs arrayed in tiny containers called cells. The
cells are, in turn, arrayed in rows across the screen; one or more cells make up one pixel (the
smallest discernible dotona display). Electric leads around the edge of the LCD create an
electric field that twists the crystal molecule, which lines the light up with the second polarizing
filter and allows it to pass through. Figure below shows the constructional details of an LCD
panel.
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from the system RAM to the video card.

Today all new video cards are accelerated and are connected to the system's CPU through high-
23
speed buses such as PCI or AGP.
Also known as a 3D accelerator, the graphics accelerator card is an internal board that generally
is installed into the PCI or AGP slot and reduces the time it takes to produce images on the
computer screen by incorporating its own processor and memory.
The biggest difference between accelerated and non-accelerated cards is that with accelerated
video cards, the CPU no longer has to carry the bulk of the processing burden from graphics
calculations. Since the video card has its own processor, it is able to perform most of the work,
leaving your CPU free to process other tasks.
Sy
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resolution of 720 x 400 in text mode and 640 x 480 in graphics mode.
Super VGA (SVGA) monitors introduce yet another improvement: They also use analog
24
input and can provide resolutions as high as 1280 x 1024. Some SVGA monitors can provide
even higher resolutions. SVGA monitors can display up to 16 million colors at once, referred
to as 32-bit true color. Because the human eye can distinguish only approximately 10 million
different colors, it is likely that monitor technology will focus on improving resolution only.
All monitors receive their signals from video cards attached to the motherboard. The monitor
technology must match the technology of the video card to which it is attached. That is, an
EGA monitor will work only with an EGA video card, and an SVGA monitor must be attached
to an SVGA video card.Table1-1 presents a summary of monitor types and characteristics.
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25
Monitor Total Number Number of Maximum Input
of Colors Colors that can Resolution
be
Simultaneously
Displayed
CGA 16 16 Monochrome:640 Digital
x 200
Color:160 x 100
EGA 64 16 Text mode:720 x Digital
350
Graphics mode:
640 x 350
VGA More than 16 256 Text mode: 720 x Analog
million 400
Graphics mode:
640 x 480
SVGA More than 16 More than 16 Graphics mode: Analog
million million 1280 x 10240

Monitor Types and Their Characteristics

Computer Display(Monitor)
A computer display, monitor or screen is a computer peripheral device capable of showing
still or moving images generated by a computer and processed by a graphics card. Monitors
generally conform to one or more display standards .Sometimes the name "display" is
preferred to the word "monitor" as the latter can be ambiguous along side the other senses of
"monitor" meaning "machine-level debugger" or "thread synchronization mechanism"
Computer displays are sometimes called heads ,especially when talking about how many are
connected to a computer. Once an essential component of a computer terminal, computer
displays have long since become standardized peripherals in their own right.
CRT
A modern CRT display has considerable flexibility: it can often handle all resolutions from 640
by 480 pixels (640 × 480) up to 2048 by 1536 pixels (2048 × 1536) with32- bit colour and a
variety ofrefreshrates.
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LCD
27
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 101-key Enhanced keyboard

28
 104-key Windows keyboard
 82-keyApple standard keyboard
 108-keyApple Extended keyboard
Keyboards are available in various forms. The different types of keyboards are:
1. Normal Windows compatible keyboard
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Tro
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 Important Note: Disk Defragmenter is primarily useful for traditional hard disk drives
(HDDs). Solid state drives (SSDs) don't experience fragmentation and defragmentation can 30
actually shorten their lifespan.
Disk Cleanup:
 Function: Frees up space on your hard drive by deleting unnecessary files. These files can
include temporary internet files, old versions of system files, and other things your computer
doesn't necessarily need. By removing these files, you can free up valuable disk space and
potentially improve system performance.
Using Scandisk, Disk Defragmenter and Disk Cleanup to improve system performances
While ScanDisk was a utility in older versions of Windows, it's been replaced by a similar tool
called chkdsk. Here's a breakdown of how to use chkdsk, Disk Defragmenter, and Disk Cleanup
to keep your system running smoothly:
1. Chkdsk (for checking disk errors)
 Open Command Prompt as Administrator. You can do this by searching for "cmd" in the
Start Menu, right-clicking on "Command Prompt" and selecting "Run as administrator".
 In the Command Prompt window, type the following command (replace C with the drive
letter you want to scan):
chkdsk C: /f /r
 Press Enter.
 You'll be prompted to schedule the scan for the next time you restart your computer. Type Y
and press Enter.
 Restart your computer. Chkdsk will scan your drive for errors and attempt to fix them. This
process can take some time depending on the size of your drive.
2. Disk Defragmenter (for optimizing drive performance)
 Open the Start Menu and search for "Defragment and Optimize Drives".
 Select the drive you want to defragment and click "Analyze". This will show you how
fragmented the drive is.
 If the fragmentation is significant (usually above 10%), click "Optimize" to defragment the
drive.
3. Disk Cleanup (for freeing up disk space)
 Open the Start Menu and search for "Disk Cleanup".
 Select the drive you want to clean up.
 Disk Cleanup will scan the drive and present you with a list of files you can safely delete.
These may include temporary files, internet files, and old versions of system files.
 Review the list carefully and select the files you want to delete.
 Click "Clean up system files" for more options (requires administrator permission). This
allows you to delete things like old System Restore points or Windows Update files.
 Click "OK" to delete the selected files.
Here's the recommended order to use these tools:
1. Run chkdsk to identify and fix any errors on your hard drive.
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2. Use Disk Cleanup to free up space and remove unnecessary files.

3. Run Disk Defragmenter to optimize the way your data is stored on the drive, which can 31
improve performance.
It's important to note that:
 You don't need to run chkdsk regularly unless you suspect there are errors with your drive.
 You can schedule Disk Defragmenter to run automatically on a weekly or monthly basis.
 Disk Cleanup can be a helpful tool to free up space, but be cautious about deleting files you
might need.
By following these steps and using these tools regularly, you can help maintain your system's
performance and prevent potential problems.
Additional Tips:
 Solid State Drives (SSDs) don't typically need defragmenting because they access data much
faster than traditional hard drives. However, running a trim command occasionally can be
beneficial for SSD health.
 Consider uninstalling programs you don't use anymore to free up space and improve
performance.