Republic of the Philippines

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Architecture and Design

MASONRY WORKS

2022- 4 - 0230

March 12, 2025

 MASONRY WORKS

INTRODUCTION
Masonry, at its core, is the process of constructing a structure from individual units, which are
often laid and bound together using mortar. The term can also refer to the units themselves. These
units can be made from various materials such as brick, stone, concrete block, glass block, and adobe.
These are all robust materials and provide strength, durability, and resilience to a structure. Masonry is
not just for structural purposes, but it also has an aesthetic role in architecture, adding beauty and
character to the built environment.

The art of masonry is as old as civilization, with evidence of masonry construction dating back to 7000
B.C in Jericho, one of the world’s oldest inhabited cities. This period saw the use of sun-dried mud
bricks, one of the earliest masonry materials.

As humans advanced, so did their masonry skills. Ancient Egyptians were pioneers of stone masonry,
with iconic structures like the Great Pyramids of Giza standing as testimony to this fact. These stone
constructions symbolized power and permanence, an attribute tied closely to masonry.

Masonry was also the backbone of Roman architectural prowess. The Romans introduced new
materials like concrete and techniques such as the arch, vault, and dome, enhancing the possibilities of
masonry architecture.

During the Middle Ages, brick and stone masonry flourished, particularly in constructing European
cathedrals and castles. The intricacies of Gothic masonry showcased the versatility and flexibility of the
craft.

In more modern times, the industrial revolution brought new materials like concrete blocks, providing
new opportunities for masonry. Architects like Frank Lloyd Wright used masonry not just as a structural
component but as an essential part of their aesthetic philosophy.

Today, masonry remains a cornerstone of architecture. With an increased focus on sustainability and
resilience, it is being reimagined and innovated to meet contemporary demands, embracing new
technologies while honoring its rich, diverse history. As we step into the future, masonry continues to
evolve, promising an exciting journey ahead in the architectural landscape.

MATERIALS

The constituent masonry materials: concrete block, mortar, grout, and steel, each contribute to
the performance of a masonry structure. Concrete masonry units provide strength, durability, fire
resistance, energy efficiency, and sound attenuation to a wall system. In addition, concrete masonry
units are manufactured in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, colors, and architectural finishes achieve any
number of appearances and functions. The Concrete Masonry Shapes and Sizes Manual (ref. 4)
illustrates a broad sampling of available units.

While mortar constitutes approximately 7% of a typical masonry wall area, its influence on the
performance of a wall is significant. Mortar bonds the individual masonry units together, allowing them
to act as a composite structural assembly. In addition, mortar seals joints against moisture and air
leakage and bonds to joint reinforcement, anchors, and ties to help ensure all elements perform as a
unit.

Grout is used to fill masonry cores or wall cavities to improve the structural performance and/or fire
resistance of masonry. Grout is most commonly used in reinforced construction, to structurally bond the
steel reinforcing bars to the masonry, allowing the two elements to act as one unit in resisting loads.
Reinforcement incorporated into concrete masonry structures increases strength and ductility, providing
increased resistance to applied loads and, in the case of horizontal reinforcement, to shrinkage
cracking.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Mortared Construction

Most concrete masonry construction is mortared construction, i.e., units are bonded together
with mortar. Varying the bond or joint pattern of a concrete masonry wall can create a wide variety of
interesting and attractive appearances. In addition, the strength of the masonry can be influenced by
the bond pattern. The most traditional bond pattern for concrete masonry is running bond, where
vertical head joints are offset by half the unit length.

Excluding running bond construction, the most popular bond pattern with concrete masonry units is
stack bond. Although stack bond typically refers to masonry constructed so that the head joints are
vertically aligned, it is defined as masonry laid such that the head joints in successive courses are
horizontally offset less than one quarter the unit length. Concrete Masonry Bond Patterns, shows a
variety of bond patterns and describes their characteristics.

Dry-Stacked Construction

The alternative to mortared construction is dry-stacked (also called surface bonded) construction,
where units are placed without any mortar, then both surfaces of the wall are coated with surface
bonding material. Shims or ground units are used to maintain elevations. This construction method
results in faster construction, and is less dependent on the skill of the laborer than mortared
construction. In addition, the surface bonding coating provides excellent rain penetration
resistance. Surface Bonded Concrete Masonry Construction (ref. 9), contains further information on this
method of construction.

TYPES OF MASONRY CONSTRUCTION:

Brick Masonry
Brick masonry involves using bricks – small rectangular blocks typically made from baked clay –
bound together with mortar to form structures. The bricks themselves are noted for their durability,
strength, and longevity. Furthermore, bricks are available in various colors and finishes, providing
excellent aesthetic flexibility.

Bricks are known for resisting fire and sound, adding to their appeal for residential and commercial
constructions. They also possess significant thermal mass, storing and releasing heat to help regulate
indoor temperatures.
Brick masonry is versatile and is used in various structures including homes, schools, commercial
buildings, and even bridges. Additionally, due to its modular nature and the relative ease of handling
bricks, brick masonry is frequently used in detailed architectural features such as arches, cornices, and
decorative elements.

Notable examples of brick masonry include Northern Europe’s Gothic-style brick cathedrals, the
Victorian era’s brick-clad industrial buildings, and contemporary structures like Renzo Piano’s Kansai
International Airport terminal in Japan.

Stone Masonry
Stone masonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes, at
times simple, but with some considerable intricacy, and then arranging the resulting stones, often
together with mortar, to form structures.

Stone is one of the oldest and most enduring materials in masonry. Its inherent strength, durability, and
resistance to weather and wear make it an excellent choice for construction. Moreover, stone also
boasts aesthetic appeal, providing a timeless elegance and natural beauty that can enhance
architectural design.
There are two primary types of stone masonry: rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry
uses stones found in nature, often in irregular shapes, while ashlar masonry uses stones cut into
regular shapes with fine joints.

Stone masonry is particularly well suited to structures that require resilience and longevity. These can
range from retaining walls and bridges to buildings and monuments. Notably, stone masonry is fire-
resistant and can withstand extreme weather conditions. In addition, its thermal mass properties make
it an energy-efficient choice, helping to keep buildings cool in summer and warm in winter.

Historically, iconic examples of stone masonry include the Great Pyramids of Egypt, the Greek
Parthenon, and the Roman Colosseum. Historically, stone masonry has been beautifully exemplified in
modern structures such as Antoni Gaudí’s Basilica of Sagrada Familia in Barcelona and Frank Lloyd
Wright’s Fallingwater in Pennsylvania. These examples demonstrate the timeless appeal and enduring
strength of stone masonry in architecture.

Concrete Blocks
Concrete block masonry, or cinder block masonry, uses larger blocks made of concrete –
cement, sand, and aggregate. These blocks are noted for their high compressive strength, durability,
and fire resistance.
Concrete blocks are heavier and larger than bricks, which makes them ideal for larger structural
applications. They are often used to construct foundations, walls in commercial and residential
buildings, and retaining walls.

Their structural strength makes them particularly useful in areas prone to natural disasters such as
hurricanes or earthquakes. Furthermore, they provide excellent thermal and acoustic insulation,
enhancing a building’s energy efficiency and comfort.

Historically, concrete blocks were often hidden behind other materials due to their utilitarian
appearance. However, modern design has embraced concrete block masonry’s raw, industrial
aesthetic. Notable examples include the modernist designs of the late Brazilian architect Oscar
Niemeyer, such as the Palace of Dawn in Brasília or Le Corbusier’s Unité d’Habitation in Marseille, a
monument to the possibilities of concrete block construction.

Mortar and Grout in Masonry

Mortar and grout are crucial components of masonry construction. They work with masonry
units (like bricks, stones, or concrete blocks) to create a solid, durable structure.

Mortar is a workable paste composed of water, sand, and a binder such as lime or cement. It serves
two primary functions in masonry. Firstly, it holds masonry units together, filling the gaps to create a
continuous, stable assembly. This is critical for the structural integrity of the masonry. Secondly, mortar
helps to evenly distribute loads across the masonry units, preventing stress concentrations that could
lead to cracking or failure.

Grout, on the other hand, is a fluid form of concrete used to fill cavities in masonry construction. In
masonry, grout is often used to fill the spaces within the masonry units (cells) for reinforced masonry,
enhancing the structure’s overall strength and seismic performance. The grout binds the reinforcement
and the masonry units together, creating a composite structure that can resist larger forces.

In summary, both mortar and grout are essential to masonry construction. They bind the masonry units
together, ensuring the structure’s stability, and contributing to its ability to withstand loads and
environmental factors. Understanding their properties and uses is critical to achieving successful
masonry construction.
Masonry Bonds: Types and Techniques
Masonry bonds refer to the pattern in which bricks or
stones are laid to ensure the strength and stability of the
resulting structure. They also provide aesthetic appeal.
Here are some of the most common types:

Stretcher or Running Bond: Also known as the

running bond, it’s the simplest type of bond where all
bricks are laid as stretchers (long side facing the front).
It’s commonly used for walls one-half brick thick.

Header Bond: Each course consists entirely of headers (short side facing the front). It’s often used in
walls that are one brick in thickness.

English Bond: It consists of alternating courses of headers and stretchers. It’s known for its strength
and is used in walls that are more than one brick thick.

Flemish Bond: In this type, each course consists of alternating headers and stretchers. The header is
centered on the stretcher below it. This type is both strong and aesthetically pleasing.

Stack Bond: All bricks are stacked directly above one another, with all vertical joints aligned. Although
less structurally sound, it provides unique visual appeal.

Masonry Joints: Types and Significance

The term ‘masonry joints’ can refer to the spaces
between bricks that are filled with mortar or grout, or the
way the edges and corners (mortar joints) are finished
in a masonry wall. The treatment of these joints has
significant implications for both the structural integrity
and the aesthetic appeal of the wall.

Flush Joint: This is a simple joint where the excess

mortar is cut off flush with the wall face.

Concave Joint: This popular joint type is created by

pressing a rounded tool into the mortar, forming a
concave surface. It helps to protect the wall from water
ingress.

V-joint: A V-shaped tool creates this joint, leaving a V-shaped groove. It’s typically used for aesthetic
purposes.

Weathered Joint: This joint type is sloped outward, enabling water to run off and away from the wall
surface.

Raked Joint: A tool rakes out the top portion of the mortar joint, creating a shadow line. However, it’s
less resistant to weather conditions.

Each type of joint has its advantages and suits different environmental conditions and aesthetic
preferences, thus influencing the durability and visual characteristics of masonry work.

The Strength of Masonry Structures

Masonry structures are known for their exceptional strength and stability. This strength arises
primarily from the inherent durability of the materials used (like stone, brick, or concrete blocks), but
also from the way these materials are assembled.
The alignment and interlocking of masonry units and the bonding and sealing capabilities of mortar and
grout create a composite structure that can bear significant loads. Masonry walls effectively distribute
the weight of the structure over a broad area, reducing stress on individual elements. This load-bearing
capacity makes masonry suitable for both low and high-rise constructions.

Moreover, masonry structures exhibit excellent resistance to fire, high thermal mass, and low
susceptibility to rot or pests. These factors contribute to their structural integrity and long lifespan.

What Are the Advantages of Masonry Construction?

There are many masonry pros to consider, including the following:

 Fire Protection. Many masonry materials are fire-resistant or inflammable. This means that
structures built with them are often safer. A stone wall or brick wall won’t burn like a wall framed in
wood.

 Diverse Designs. Masonry construction uses many beautiful materials, from brick to stone to glass
blocks. You can choose a design that works for your project.

 Longer Lifespan. Stone, brick, and many other masonry materials are extremely durable. They
can last for hundreds of years and withstand serious weather events.

 Comfort. Occupants often find buildings made with masonry techniques are more comfortable.
Because of the materials’ added thermal mass, these structures may be quieter and maintain a
steadier temperature.

 Increased Property Value. Masonite construction is expensive, but that means it often increases
property value. The aesthetics, improved safety, and energy efficiency are perks for many potential
buyers.

Best Masonry Building Materials

1. Durability. Some materials are more durable than others. For example, stone is more likely to
withstand the elements and the test of time compared with glass blocks. Assess the area and the
project’s needs.

2. Utility and Functionality. Different materials have different functions and uses. Glass blocks let in
light. You can customize concrete. Stone comes in more colors and variations than brick. Consider
how you’ll use the material to select the right option.

3. Longevity. Consider the material’s lifespan. Stone structures, for example, have been around for
hundreds of years. While they come at an added cost, their permanence may be attractive in some
applications.

Maintenance. Some materials require more maintenance than others. Bricks may need to be sealed,
and mortar joints may crack and need repair. Property owners should have a realistic idea of
maintenance costs. They don’t want to be surprised in the future when they receive an invoice for
construction work with a high price for maintaining their masonry.
Conclusion

As we look to the future, masonry is vital in architecture. Its longevity, robustness, and flexibility,
coupled with its aesthetic appeal, are qualities that architects value. Notably, the energy efficiency
inherent in masonry structures aligns with the industry’s push for sustainable design practices.

Recent advancements suggest several trends for masonry’s future. Incorporating advanced materials
and technologies into masonry construction is likely to continue, improving its performance
characteristics and expanding its application possibilities. For instance, self-healing and insulating
concrete forms can enhance durability and energy efficiency. At the same time, digital fabrication
technologies, such as 3D printing and robotics, can increase precision, speed, and design possibilities.

Architects will play a crucial role in shaping masonry’s future. Their creative vision can leverage these
new capabilities to push the boundaries of what is possible with masonry. Simultaneously, they are
responsible for ensuring that masonry’s environmental impact is minimized through thoughtful design,
careful material selection, and integrating recycled or low-impact materials.

In sum, the future of masonry in architecture looks bright, driven by technological innovation,
environmental considerations, and the enduring appeal of masonry’s tactile and aesthetic qualities.
REFERENCE:

Joist. (2014). What Is Masonry Work? Key Types

https://www.joist.com/blog/what-is-masonry-work/

Nearby Engineers. (2025). What is Masonry & Types of Masonry Construction?

https://www.ny-engineers.com/blog/masonry-construction-advantages-and-disadvantages

Forehand. L. “Masonry”

https://lbcc.pressbooks.pub/buildingconstruction/chapter/masonry/
Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Architecture and Design

DOORS AND WINDOWS

2023- 4 - 0230

March 12, 2025

 DOORS AND WINDOWS

INTRODUCTION
The function of a door is to give access to building and to different parts of the building and to deny the
access whenever necessary. Number of doors should be minimum possible. The size of the door
should be of such dimension as will facilitate the movement of the largest object likely to use the doors.

In case of the residental buildings, the size of the door should not be less than 0.9 m × 2.0 m. Larger
doors may be provided at main entrance to the building to enhance the aesthetic view. Minimum sized
doors are used for bath rooms and water closets. The size recommended is 0.75 m × 1.9 m. As a
thumb rule height of door should be 1 m more than its width.

Windows are provided to give light and ventilation. They are located at a height of 0.75 m to 0.90 m
from the floor level. In hot and humid regions, the window area should be 15 to 20 per cent of the floor
area. It is preferable to have at least two openings in two different walls. Another thumb rule used to
determine the size of the window opening is for every 30 m3 inside volume there should be at least 1
m2 window opening.

Types of Doors & Windows Used in Building Construction

Types of Doors

Various types of doors are in use which may be classified on the basis of arrangement of shutters,
method of constructions, principles of working operations and materials used. Commonly used doors
are briefly explained below:

Wooden doors

Advantages of Wooden Doors

Wooden door has lots of appeal and benefits given below:

 Wood is a material that is easy to work. 

 Solid wooden panel PVC glass door is eco-friendly, soundproof, waterproof (suitable for coastal
areas). 
 We can use it as a security door, entry door or a revolving door. 
 A wooden door has simple installation, smooth surface, master sculpture, and durability.

Types of Wooden Doors

1. Battened and Ledged Doors: Battens are 100 mm to 150 mm wide and 20 mm thick
wooden boards. Their length is that of door opening. The battens are connected by horizontal
planks, known as ledges of size 100 to 200 mm wide and 30 mm thick. Usually three ledges
are used one at top, one at bottom and the third one at mid-height. This is the simplest form of
door and the cheapest also. Battens are secured by tongued and grooved joint.
2. Battened, Ledged and Braced Doors: If doors are wide apart from using battens and
ledges diagonal members, known as braces, are provided to strengthen the door.
3. Framed and Panelled Doors: This type of door consists of vertical members, called styles and
horizontal members called rails. The styles and rails are suitably grooved to receive panels. The panels
may be of wood, A.C. sheet, glasses etc. The panels may be flat or of raised type to get good
appearance. These are very commonly used doors. They may be of single shutter or of double shutter.
If glass panels are used they may be called as glazed doors.
 4. Louvered Doors: Whenever privacy as well as ventilation is required such doors can
be used. Louvers are the glass, wooden or A.C. sheet strips fixed in the frame of shutter
such that they prevent vision but permit free passage of air. The doors may be fully or
partially louvered. Such doors are commonly used for public bathrooms and latrines.
5. Revolving Doors: It consist of a centrally placed pivot to which four radiating shutters
are attached. The central pivot is supported on ball bearing at the bottom and has a bush
bearing at the top. The shutters may be partly or fully made up of glass. A circular space of
entrance is provided within which shutters rotate. As shutters rotate they give entrance on one
side and exit on other side. These doors are preferred in public buildings like stores, banks,
hotels, theaters where continuous use of doors is necessary. They are very much required in
entrance to air conditioned public buildings.
6. Swing Doors: Swing door has its shutter attached to the frame by means of double
action springs. Hence shutter can move both inward and outward. They may be single
shuttered or double shuttered. Such doors are preferred in offices and banks. Since these
doors can open on both sides it is desirable to provide glass panels or peep holes to enable
user to see the persons from other side.
7. Sliding Doors: In this type of doors, shutter slides on the sides. For this purpose runners
and guide rails are provided. Sliding shutters may be one, two or even three. Such doors are
used in banks, offices etc.The rollers are provided at their top as well as at bottom so that
shutter can be pulled or pushed side ways with slight force. There may be single or double
shutters. Usually these doors are used for additional safety. They are commonly used for front
doors, bank locker rooms, school and college entrance doors.
8. Rolling Shutters: It consists of a frame, a drum and a shutter made of thin steel plates. The
width of the door may vary from 2 to 3 m. The shutter moves on steel guides provided on sides
and can easily roll up. For this counterbalancing is made with helical springs on the drum. The
shutter can be easily pulled down. This type of doors are commonly used as additional doors
to shops, offices, banks, factory, buildings from the point of safety.
9. Flush Doors: The shutters of these doors are made of plywood or block boards. They are
uniform thickness. These shutters are available with different attractive vineer finishes.
The time consumed in making such doors at site is quite less. These doors are suitable for
interior portion of a building. Nowadays flush doors are commonly used in residential and
office buildings.

There are two types of Flushed doors:

Solid Core or Laminated Core Flush Door 

 The core part in solid core flush door consists of core strips of timber which are glued
under high pressure condition. Similarly in the laminated core, battens of 25mm width
are glued under high pressure.
 These doors consist of wooden frame with stiles and rails for holding the core. 
 Finally plywood sheets or face veneer and cross-bands are glued under pressure on
both sides of doors.

Hollow Core and Cellular Core Flush Door 

 In this case also stiles and rails are provided for frame. But, a minimum of two
intermediate rails should be provided. 
 The inner space of door consists of equally space battens of width 25mm each. Other
space is called void space which does not exceed 40% of the area of door. 
 Here also face veneer and cross-bands are glued under high pressure.

Frames

There are two basic types of door and window frames: the traditional system of interlocking wood
members and the integral-flange metal sections. Variations of the latter include metal clad and plastic
coated, but they are similar in sections and dimensions and equal in performance. Also, among the
metal types are those designed to be installed in wood-frame buildings and those designed for concrete
openings.

We will not deal with those frames that are designed for concrete-type openings, except to mention that
they are not intended to be installed in wood-frame buildings. To use this type of section in wood-frame
buildings is to invite disaster. If such installations are required, the designer must pay very close
attention to the detailing.
Door Sills

In general, door openings should be handled in the same way at the head and jambs as are windows.
Sills require somewhat different treatment. The sill portion of wood-frame door assemblies is
susceptible to water penetration and must be correctly detailed. Sometimes door sills are made from
decay-resistant wood or metal, and are not susceptable to decay. However, water penetration under
the sill and in the surrounding framing members is particularly troublesome.

Installation of Membrane Around Door Sills

Special attention should be paid to the jamb-sill corner at the door sill. This edge condition, when not
properly detailed, will allow water penetration to the wall interior.

Wood Frames

To make a watertight frame head condition, two facts should always be remembered: water wants to
run down hill, and wind will push it horizontally or up vertically. If the designer keeps these facts in mind
and makes provision for them, particularly at corners or intersections, the opening probably will perform
well. Other important considerations are the following:

1. For general membrane sequence, see membrane installation under general detailing.
2. The jambs are between the head and sill, not the other way around.

Types of Windows

Various windows used may be classified on the basis of materials used, types of shutters, types
of openings of shutters and the position of windows.Timber, steel and aluminium are commonly used to
make window frames. Timber may get termite attacks, steel may rust but aluminium do not have any
such defects. However they are costly.

Shutters of windows may be panelled, glazed or louvered. Louvered windows are generally used for
bathrooms and toilets where vision is not to be allowed but ventilation is required. Lower parts panelled
and upper parts glazed windows are commonly used. Instead of panelled one may think of using
translucent glasses.

1. Casement windows are common type of windows, provided in the outer walls. They are
provided over 50 to 75 mm sill concrete at a height of 750 to 900 mm from floor level. Bay windows
are provided on the projected portion of walls.
2. Corner windows are provided in the corner of a room. They need heavy lintels.
3. Corner post of window should be strong enough to take load due to deflection of lintel and
impact load from the shutters.
4. Clear storey windows are provided when the height of the room is much more than
adjacent room/varandah. It is provided between the gap of low height room and the top of room
with greater height.

5. Gable windows are provided in the gable portion of the building. They are required in the
stair cases or in the halls with gable walls.
 6. Sky light windows are provided on a sloping roof. It projects above the top sloping surface.
The common rafters are to be trimmed suitably.

7. Dormer windows are vertical windows on the sloping roof.

8. Ventilators are provided close to roof level or over the door frames. They help in pushing
out exhaust air. They may be provided with two split and separated glasses or with hung shutters.

Windows
The length of the flange should be "A" dimension. The horizontal ledges should be sloped a minimum
of 12 degrees. Weep slots and drip edges are also desirable to remove collected water.

Metal Window in Plywood Panel Siding

If trim is desired in a plywood panel system, it should be of a solid lumber stock (i.e., not plywood) and
should be sloped on top at least 12 degrees. In addition, sealant should be provided at the top of the
trim to keep moisture away from the inner surface in between the siding and the trim; this area is
vulnerable to decay. Sill trim should also be sloped on the top surface and sealant applied to this area
to protect against wind-driven rain that pushes moisture over the edge of the panel and wets the
backside.

Metal Window in Lumber Siding

In a lumber siding system, flashing should be provided over the head trim. Optimally, the top of the
head trim should be sloped and should extend to the outer edge of the jamb trim. Lumber siding should
be butted against the head while it is covered by the jamb trim. This avoids an open joint between the
jamb trim and the siding, where the membrane will be exposed. As usual, drip cuts should be provided
where needed, and all horizontal ledges should be sloped to aid drainage.

Elements of a Good Metal Door Sill

Detail Extruded aluminum sills are good alternatives for wood sills because they are unaffected by
moisture. From the many commercially available sections, sill sections with a longer "leg" on the
exterior side are preferable. This leg covers the upper edge of the exterior siding material and protects
this joint from wind-driven rain. If a sill without a leg is used, or if the leg covers less than 314 inch of
the exterior material, flashing should be provided.

Metal sills are usually fastened to the subfloor by long screws. The screw penetration holes are
vulnerable points because they are not watertight. The felt membrane should be continuous under the
sill and extend beyond the screw holes.

Sizes Of Doors And Windows

Doors

Internal doors of residential buildings should not as a rule be less than 0.9×2 meter. However, the size
of doors leading to bathrooms can be reduced to 0.75×2 meter. It should be aimed that two persons
walking shoulder to shoulder should conveniently pass through the door.

A size of 1.0×2 meter would be an average recommended standard. Doors in public places should be
of larger sizes and height increased accordingly.

Doors of garages should not be less than 2.5×2.25 m

Windows
The size of windows should be governed by the total area of window space needed.

The following criterion should be considered when designing windows.

i. Breadth of window = 1/3(width of room + height of room)

ii. There should be one square meter of window space for every 30 to 40 cubic meter of inside
content of the room.

iii. Glass area in the window should be at least 15% of the floor area of the room. However, it is
good practice to provide 20% of the floor area as the total glass area of the windows.

Window And Door Schedule Format

The term ‘schedule’ simply refers to a list. That can be a list of items, activities, events, information, and
so on. Schedules may be appended to other documents, such as contracts. Window and door
schedules are a convenient way of presenting complex information about the different door and window
sizes and types that are specified on the contract documents to ensure proper installation. Drawings
may refer to window and door schedules by use of a code corresponding to a door or window type on
the schedule.

REFERENCE:

Admin. (2024) “Doors and Windows”

https://civilengineeringx.com/super-structures/doors-and-windows/