MODULE 2

LESSON 8. MINIMUM DESIGN

LATERAL FORCES AND RELATED
EFFECTS

LESSON 9. LATERAL FORCE

PROCEDURES FOR BUILDING
STRUCTURES: SELECTION OF
LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE

Prepared by:
Engr. Victor Czar A. Austria
Faculty, CE Department
College of Engineering, Architecture and
Technology
Palawan State University
This module has the following sections and corresponding icons:

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 OVERVIEW

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
❖ This course deals with the fundamentals and basic concepts of seismic
design as well as the minimum standards for the analysis, design, and
construction of earthquake resistive structures. The course covers the
introduction to seismology and seismic analysis of buildings and structures,
effects of earthquake on bearing capacity, procedure for the design of
earthquake resistant structures, calculation of seismic forces, and dynamic
analysis of structures. It also deals with the determination of loads of
structures due to motions, methods of analysis for lateral forces,
approximate dynamic analysis, time history analysis, concepts of mass,
damping, stiffness of structures, design for inelastic behavior and retrofitting
of existing building. Critical building configurations and appropriate methods
of analysis are also given emphasis. Applications and specifications as
applied to vertical and horizontal structures are also given importance. A
thorough knowledge and proficiency in Structural Theory is imperative.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module, students will be able to:
❖ Design a structure considering lateral loads in accordance with National
Structural Code of the Philippines.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this module, the students will be able to:
❖ Analyze Design Basis on Earthquake Loads in accordance with NSCP
2015.
❖ Discuss Design Criteria for Earthquake Design.
❖ Calculate Minimum design loads on building design.
❖ Discuss basic components of lateral forces.
❖ Define Lateral Forces Procedures for Building Structures.
❖ Analyze Building Structure for Seismic Design and Analysis.
❖ Explain Static Lateral Force Procedures.
❖ Calculate the P-Delta Effect by design level seismic forces and elastic
displacements.
❖ Analyze Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads
❖ Calculate Lateral Forces using Portal Method.

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PROGRAM OUTCOMES:
❖ An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, physical sciences,
engineering sciences to the practice of civil engineering.
❖ An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and
interpret data.
❖ An ability to design, build, improve, and install systems or processes which
meet desired needs within realistic constraints.
❖ An ability to recognize, formulate, and solve civil engineering problems.
❖ An understanding of the effects and impact of civil engineering projects on
nature and society, and of the civil engineers’ social and ethical
responsibilities.
❖ Specialized engineering knowledge in each applicable field, and the ability
to apply such knowledge to provide solutions to actual problems.
❖ An ability to effectively communicate orally and in writing using the English
language.
❖ An ability to engage in life-long learning and an acceptance of the need to
keep current of the development in the specific field of specialization.

TIME FRAME:

❖ This module can be covered in nine weeks.

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 LESSON 8. MINIMUM DESIGN LATERAL FORCES
AND RELATED EFFECTS

208.5 Minimum Design Lateral Forces and Related Effects

208.5.1 Simplified Static Force Procedure

[Link] Simplified Design Base Shear
The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from
the following equation:

3𝐶𝑎
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅

Where the value of Ca is based on table 208-7 for the soil profile type. When
the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile
type, type Sd shall be used in Seismic Zone 4, and type Se shall be used in Seismic
Zone 2. In Seismic Zone 4, the Near-Source Factor, Na, need not to be greater
than 1.2 if none of the following structural irregularities are present:

1. Type 1, 4, or 5 of table 208-9

2. Type 1 or 4 of table 208-10

[Link] Vertical Distribution

The forces at each level shall be calculated using the following equation:

3𝐶𝑎
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑊
𝑅 𝑖

where the value of Ca shall be based on table 208-7.

[Link] Horizontal Distribution

The design storey Vx, in any storey is the sum of the forces Ft and Fx above
that storey. Vx shall be distributed to the various elements of vertical lateral force-
resisting system in proportion to their rigidities.
If structure is regular, the mass at each level shall be assumed to be
displaced from the calculated center of mass in each direction a distance equal to
5 percent of the building dimension at that level perpendicular to the direction of
force under consideration.

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 [Link] Horizontal Torsional Moments
The torsional design moment at a given storey shall be the moment
resulting from eccentricities between applied design lateral forces at levels above
that storey and the vertical-resisting elements in that storey plus an accidental
torsion.
When torsional irregularity exists, as defined in table 208-10, the effects
shall be accounted for by increasing the accidental torsion each level by an
amplification factor, Ax, determined from the following equation:

The static lateral force procedure of Section 208.5 may be used for the following
structures:
1. All structures regular or irregular in Occupancy Categories IV and V in seismic Zone 2.
2. Regular Structures under 75m in height with lateral force resistance provided by
systems listed in table 208-11, except where section [Link], Item 4, applies.
3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 20m in height.
4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both
portions of the structures considered separately can be classified as being regular, the
average storey stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times the average storey
stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure is not greater than 1.1
times the period of the upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.
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 LESSON 9. LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURES FOR BUILDING
STRUCTURES: SELECTION OF LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE

208.5.2 Static Force Procedure

[Link] Design Base Shear
The total design base shear in given direction shall be determined from the
following equations:

𝐶𝑣 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅𝑇

The total design base shear need not exceed the following:

2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅

The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:

𝑉 = 0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑊

In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less
than the following:

0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅

Where:
V = design base shear
Cv = Seismic Coefficient
I = Importance Factor
R = Structural System Coefficient
T = Structural Period of Vibration
W = total dead load of the frame
Ca = Seismic Response Coefficient
Z = Seismic Zone Factor
Nv = Near Source Factor

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[Link] Structural Period of Vibration
It depends on the building flexibility and the mass of the structure. The more
flexibility and mass, the longer the value of period of vibration.

The value of T shall be determined from one of the following methods:

Method A: Approximate Fundamental Method

For all the buildings, the value of T may be approximated using equation:
3⁄
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡 (ℎ𝑛 ) 4

Where:
Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames
Ct = 0.0731 for RC moment-resisting frames
Ct = 0.0488 forall other buildings
hn = total height of the frame

Method B: Rayleigh Procedure

The fundamental period T may be computed using the following equation:

(∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝛿𝑖 2 )
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ General Equation
𝑔(∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝛿𝑖 )

(∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝛿𝑖 2 ) English Unit Equation

𝑇 = 0.32√
(∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝛿𝑖 ) (g = 386.09 in per seconds sq)

The values of fi represent any lateral force distributed approximately

in accordance with the principles of equations. 208-15, 208-16, and 208-17
or any other rational distribution. The elastic deflections, 𝜹𝒊 , shall be
calculated using the applied lateral forces, fi .

The value of T form Method B shall not exceed a value 30 percent

greater than the value of T obtained from Method A in Seismic Zone 4, and
40 percent in Seismic Zone 2.

The terms in this expression are illustrated in Fig. 9.1, where

𝜹𝒊 represents the elastic displacements due to a lateral force distribution fi
increasing approximately uniformly with height.

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 Figure 9.1 Application of the Rayleigh Procedure

Illustration 9.1
A two-story, reinforced concrete, moment-resisting frame is shown in the following
illustration. Calculate the natural period of vibration Ta using Approximate method and
Rayleigh Procedure.

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A. Approximate Fundamental Method
3
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡 (ℎ𝑛 ) ⁄4
Ct = 0.0731 for RC moment-resisting frames
3
𝑇 = 0.0731(15 + 15) ⁄4
T = 0.9370 sec

B. Rayleigh Procedure
For the force system indicated, the displacements at each level are given by,

The natural period is given by Rayleigh’s procedure as,

(∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝛿𝑖 2 )
𝑇 = 0.32√
(∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝛿𝑖 )

The relevant values are given in the following table.

T = 0.567 sec

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 [Link] Vertical Distribution of Force
This include the distribution of the base shear over the height of the building.

𝑉𝑤𝑖 ℎ𝑖
𝐹𝑥 =
∑ 𝑤𝑖 ℎ𝑖

Where:
Fx = the design lateral force on level x
wi = total weight on level x
hi = height of level x from the ground

Illustration 9.2
A two-story, reinforced concrete, moment-resisting frame is shown in the following
illustration. Calculate the vertical distribution of the forces if the total base shear V = 188
kips.

Vertical Force Distribution,

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The design lateral force at level x,

a. Level 1 where hi = 15ft

𝑉𝑤1 ℎ1
𝐹1 =
∑ 𝑤𝑖 ℎ𝑖

(188)(1,100)(15)
𝐹1 =
28,500

F1 = 109 kips

b. Level 2 where hi = 30ft

𝑉𝑤2 ℎ2
𝐹1 =
∑ 𝑤𝑖 ℎ𝑖

(188)(400)(30)
𝐹1 =
28,500

F2 = 79 kips

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PRACTICE PROBLEMS

❖ Practice problem will be uploaded on the schedule of the lesson.

ASSESSMENT

❖ Assessment for this module will be scheduled by the instructor.

SUPPLEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE

❖ Supplmentary knowledge will be uploaded on the schedule of the lesson.

ANSWER KEY

❖ Answer key for this module will be provided after the lesson.

REFERENCES

❖ Agrawal, P. and Shrikhande, M. (2006), "Earthquake resistant design of

structures”, Prentice Hall of India, Inc.
❖ Chopra, A.K. (2007), “Dynamics of structures: Theory and application to
earthquake engineering”, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall of India.
❖ Chowdhary, I. and Dasgupta, S.P. (2009). “Dynamics of structure and
foundation – A unified approach : 2 Applications”, CRC Press, Balkema.
❖ Clough, R. W. and Penzien, J. (1993). “Dynamics of structures”, McGraw
Hill, Inc., New York.
❖ Datta, T. K. (2010). “Seismic analysis of structures”, John Wiley & Sons
(Asia) Pte Ltd. Singapore.
❖ Hart, G. C. and Wong, K. (2000). “Structural dynamics for structural
engineers”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
❖ Kramer, S. L. (1996), “Geotechnical earthquake engineering”, Prentice Hall,
2007, ISBN 81-317-0718-0.
❖ Lay, T. and Wallace, T.C.,(1995) “Modern global seismology”, Academic
press, 1995, ISBN 0-12-732870-X.
❖ Naeim, F. and Kelly, J. M. (1999), “Design of seismic isolated structures:
From theory to practice”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA.
❖ Reiter L., (1989), “Earthquake hazard analysis: Issues and insights”,
Columbia University Press.
❖ Wolf, J.P. (1985). “Dynamic soil-structure interaction”, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
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