What is Data?
Data is information that we collect, organize, and use to understand something or
answer questions.
Simple Definition:
Data is a collection of facts, numbers, or details.
Examples
• Your friends height in centimeters → 140 cm
• Number of books your classmates have read
• Favorite fruits of students in a class
• Scores in a math test
Types of Data:
1. Numerical Data
o Numbers that can be counted or measured
o Example: 2, 5, 10, 45 cm, 60 kg
2. Categorical Data
o Words or categories
o Example: Colors (red, blue), Pets (dog, cat)
What We Do With Data:
Step What it means Example
Collect Gather data Ask students their favorite food
Step What it means Example
Organize Arrange data in a chart or table Tally chart or list
Show data with a picture or
Display Bar chart, pictogram, pie chart
graph
Answer questions like "What is the most
Interpret Read and understand the data
popular?"
Example Activities for Primary Six:
• "Survey your classmates’ favorite snack" and make a bar chart.
• "Count how many pets students have" and draw a pictogram.
• "Roll a dice 30 times" and record results in a tally
What is a Chart?
A chart is a way to show information visually (using pictures, bars, lines, or shapes) to make it
easier to understand.
Example:
• Bar Chart (shows how many apples, bananas, and oranges)
• Pie Chart (shows parts of a whole)
Charts help you compare or understand data quickly.
What is a Graph?
A graph is a type of chart that shows numbers or changes over time, often using lines, bars, or
dots.
Example:
• Line Graph (shows how temperature changes each day)
• Bar Graph (compares scores of students)
Graphs help show trends, comparisons, or relationships.
What is a Diagram?
A diagram is a labeled drawing that shows how something works, is made, or how ideas are
connected.
What is a Table?
A table is a way of organizing information into rows and columns. It helps make data easy to
read, compare, and understand.
1. Bar Chart
• What it is: A graph with rectangular bars where the length of each bar represents the
value or frequency of a category.
• Used for: Comparing different categories (like types of fruit, number of students in
classes, etc.).
• Example:
2. Dot Plot
• What it is: A simple chart where each dot represents one count or item.
• Used for: Displaying small amounts of data or showing frequency.
• Example:
Score: 5 • • • •
Score: 6 • •
Score: 7 • • •
3. Waffle Diagram (Waffle Chart)
• What it is: A 10x10 grid (usually 100 squares), where each square represents 1% of the
total.
• Used for: Showing parts of a whole, especially percentages.
• Example:
4. Pie Chart
• What it is: A circular chart divided into slices where each slice represents a category’s
proportion.
• Used for: Showing how different parts make up a whole.
• Example:
Summary Table
Chart Type Best For Visual Style
Bar Chart Comparing quantities between categories Bars (horizontal/vertical)
Dot Plot Small datasets, showing frequency Dots lined up
Waffle Diagram Showing percentages visually (like a grid) 10x10 square grid
Pie Chart Showing parts of a whole Circular with slices
What is a Pictogram?
A pictogram (or pictograph) is a chart that uses pictures or symbols to show data.
• Each picture represents a number of things.
• It helps make data easy and fun to read.
Example:
Fruit Picture
Apples
Bananas
Fruit Picture
Oranges
If 1 fruit symbol = 2 fruits, then:
• Apples = 6 fruits
• Bananas = 4 fruits
• Oranges = 8 fruits
What is a Tally Chart?
A tally chart uses tally marks (|) to count and record data quickly.
Summary Table:
Chart Type What It Uses Good For
Pictogram Pictures or symbols Easy to read and fun
Tally Chart Lines and slashes Quick counting and grouping
1. Frequency Diagram
A frequency diagram shows how often something happens.
It is usually shown as a bar chart or table.
This tells you how many times each score appeared.
2. Line Graph
A line graph uses points connected by lines to show change over time.
Example:
• A graph showing the temperature each day for a week.
• As the days go by, you see the line go up or down.
Line graphs are good for showing trends, like increases or decreases.
3. Scatter Graph (Scatter Plot)
A scatter graph shows pairs of values (x and y) as dots on a graph.
It helps you see if there is a relationship or pattern:
Summary Table
Type of Graph Shows What? Good For
Frequency Diagram How often something happens Counting & comparing values
Line Graph Changes over time Trends, progress, or change
Scatter Graph Relationship between two sets of data Finding patterns or connections
