8.

1 Exothermic reactions
Burning

When something burns, a ___________ reaction

happens. Burning is a chemical reaction in which a
_________________ combines with ____________ .
Another term for burning is ___________________ .
In a burning reaction, there are _________________ .
The substance that reacts with oxygen is called a _________. Fuels have a
store of _____________ energy. Examples of fuels are: _____________,
_________, ___________, _________________________ and ________.

When the fuel burns, the chemical energy is ____________ to _________,

_________ and ______________________, which ___________________
(spread out) into the surroundings.

Look at the reaction between carbon and oxygen that takes place when
carbon burns:

In this reaction the two ____________ are ____________ and __________

while the ______________ is _______________________________.
During the reaction, the ___________ of carbon and ____________ join
together and when this happens, _____________ energy is changed to
______________ energy and the __________________ rises. A chemical
reaction in which ______________ energy is given out is called an
_________________________ _________________.
Burning other substances

A model rocket can use _______________ as a fuel. The _____________

of hydrogen is an _________________ reaction. Hydrogen and _________
combine together to form ____________.

When the _________ of hydrogen

and oxygen rearrange themselves
and combine together, _________
is given out. This chemical energy
is changed into ______________,
______________, _______________ and ______________ energy.

Another example of ____________ reaction is burning magnesium which

produces ______________ ______________. Energy is given out as
__________ and __________ as the magnesium and _____________
atoms rearrange themselves.

When a substance burns, it combines with _____________ and a new

substance called an _____________ is formed. Any reaction in which a
substance combines with oxygen is an ______________ _____________.
An exothermic reaction with water

Below is the equation for the reaction between _____________ and water.

Water is made up of particles containing atoms of _____________ and

___________. In the potassium and water reaction, the bonds between the
atoms of ______________ and ____________ in the water break. The
atoms rearrange to form the products ______________ ______________
and ______________. Stored chemical energy is changed to ___________
energy, which ___________________ in to the environment.

An exothermic reaction with acid

If you add _______________ to dilute _________________ acid, the test

tube gets _________. This is also an __________________ reaction.
 8.2 Endothermic reactions
Some chemical reactions absorb __________ energy from their
surroundings and change it to _____________ energy stored in the
chemical _______. These are called _____________________________.
When it takes place, the ___________________ at the end of the reaction
is ___________ than at the start of the reaction.

An example of an endothermic reaction is the reaction between sodium

hydrogen carbonate and citric acid.

During this reaction, ____________ energy is absorbed from the

surroundings and stored in the form of chemical bonds. If this reaction was
carried out in a test tube, the surroundings will have a __________
temperature and the test tube will feel ___________.

When we eat sherbet sweets, this reaction takes place in our mouth. The
serbet is a mixture of dry _____________________ and sodium hydrogen
carbonate. When we eat the sweets, these substances dissolve in our
___________ and react together. This gives a cool fizzy feeling in our
mouth (the __________________), which is refreshing.
If we place water in a beaker and then stir in three spatulas of potassium
chloride, the beaker will get _________. In this case, no ____________
reaction has taken place. There is no new product formed and the
potassium chloride has just ___________. In this ____________ of
potassium chloride has been formed where potassium chloride is the
_____________ and water is the ______________.

When potassium chloride dissolves in water, _________ energy is

absorbed from the surroundings. This is why the beaker feels cold. This is
an ____________________ process.

Another example of endothermic process is ___________________.

Thermal energy is _______________ from the surroundings as the solid
ice changes to __________ water. Think about what happens to the
particles when water changes state. The ____________ in the ice are lined
up in rows and can only ____________ about fixed position meaning they
cannot move around inside the ice. The _____________ between the
particles are strong.

As the particles ___________

thermal energy from the
surroundings, they __________
more and more and then the
ice begins to melt. When the particles have enough _____________, they
can move and overcome the ___________ holding them in place. The
particles can now slide past one another and the water is now in a
__________ state.
Endothermic or exothermic?

In exothermic reactions and processes, ___________ energy is _______.

In ___________ reactions and processes, thermal energy is __________.

Using exothermic reactions.

Some exothermic reactions are used to

produce self-heating cans of food or
drink. This type of products contain two
chemicals which are in separate
compartments. When the can is
opened, the two chemicals mix with
each other and __________ to warm
up the food or drink.

The chemicals used are ____________

and _________. When they mix and react, __________ is given off.
These cans are very useful for people in remote areas or in an emergency
situation when there is no power. They are also expensive to produce
because the compartments must be sealed from one another and from the
food so it does not become __________________. There have also been
problems with the food not being heated evenly.

Using endothermic processes

Using ice packs when we get injured is an example of using ____________

processes. When the ice pack is placed on the injured area, _________
from this area is _______________ to the ice pack and the ice _________.
This is an endothermic ___________, not ____________ as no new
__________________ are formed.

Some packs are made from substances that undergo an endothermic

process when they mix together. The pack has two compartments inside,
each with different substance, usually ________________ and ________.
When we push on the pack and break the compartment containing
ammonium nitrate, the ___________ mixes with it and the _____________
begins to ___________. This is an endodthermic process as the
_________________ drops.
 8.3 Metals and their reactions with oxygen

Metals and oxygen

Many metals react with oxygen if they get ________ enough and it is
possible to identify which metals are more _____________. Magnesium is
more reactive than _________ because magnesium reacts more _______
than _________. A reaction between metals and oxygen is called an
______________ reaction.

Some metals react very quickly with

oxygen without even being heated. When
pieces of __________, ____________ or
___________ are taken from their
containers, they appear ________. When
the pieces are cut, the surface is _______.

The shiny surface soon becomes dull because the metals react with the
___________ in the air. The surface becomes covered with a new
substance, which is the ____________ of the metal. These metals are so
__________ that they have to be stored under ______ to prevent them
from reacting. The metal oxide layer on the surface ___________ any more
of the metal from reacting with the air or water vapour.

The geral word equation for this reaction is:

Some metals such as _________, do not react with oxygen. They are
generally _________________. They are described as _________.

___________ reacts slowly with the air and if a __________ object is not
cleaned, it goes black overtime as ________________________ is formed.
The reaction between iron and oxygen

When iron is left in damp air, it ________. The iron reacts with __________
to form an orange-brown solid called __________________, or commonly
known as _________.

This reaction causes iron to change and no longer has the same ________
The reaction between iron and oxygen only takes place when both ______
and ___________ are present. __________ is not part of the equation but
it is needed for the reaction to happen. The reaction takes a long time to
happen as iron is not very ______________ with oxygen. There are ways
that iron can be protected from rusting. Iron can be __________ to stop the
oxygen in the air from reaching the iron. Iron can also be ______________
meaning covering the iron with a layer of ________.
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 8.4 Reactions of metals with water

Reactions of sodium and potassium with water

Sodium and potassium react very vigorously that they have to be stored
under _______ to prevent them from reacting with ______________ in the
air. Potassium is even more reactive than sodium, so much ____________
energy is generated that the ______________ gas produced in the reaction
catches fire. The general word equation for this reaction is:
Reactions of other metals with water

Some other metals react less vigorously

with water, for example __________ and
_____________. In the experiment
shown in the diagram, a piece of calcium
has been placed at the __________ of
the beaker and covered with _________.
A __________________ has been placed
upside down over the metal. The ______
given off is collected in the test tube by
the _________________ of water.
 Some of the metals that do
not react with water may
react with _________.
Magnesium reacts more
rapidly with steam than with
_________. In the reaction
shown, magnesium is _____

From time to time, the _________ is directed at the ________________.

The ceramic wool has been soaked in water, which when heated produces
________. In this reaction the magnesium reacts with _______, which is in
the form of a ________. This produces ________________________ and
___________. The hydrogen gas that is given off can be __________.

The word equation for this reaction is:

In the equation above the (g) after water indicates it is water in the form of
a _______, in this case _________. Steam is formed by boiling water and
is very hot wherea s water vapour is made up of ___________________ in
the air at lower temperatures. Some metals, such as ________ do not react
with water at all.
 8.5 Reactions of metals with dilute acids

A familiar reactions

Previously we have learned the reaction of magnesium with dilute

hydrochloric acid.

Magnesium chloride is an example of a _______. When a metal reacts with

an acid, the products are a _______ and ________.