New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 4B 8. Simplify the following expressions, where x > 0 and x  1.

3 log 5 x 5
8 Logarithmic Functions (a) 4 log2 x – log2 x4 (b) log3 x + log3
x
(c) log (4x) – log (40x) (d)
log 5 x 2
1
 Consolidation Exercise 8A
log
log 4 x x
(e) (f) (g) (log5 x)(logx 25) (h) (logx 8)(log4 x)
1 log x
log 4 2
x
Level 1
1. Convert each of the following expressions into logarithmic form. 9. If loga x = 3, find the values of the following expressions.
1 (a) loga x4 (b) loga x–6 (c) logx a (d) log a 2 x
(a) 16 = 24 (b) 100 = 102 (c) 1 = 80 (d) = 3–3
27
1
(e) 5 = 125 3 (f) 24 = x4 (g) m = 3n (h) 12 = ab 10. If log 5 = m, express the following in terms of m.
1
(a) log 125 (b) log 0.2 (c) log (d) log 500
2. Convert each of the following expressions into exponential form. 5
(e) log 2 (f) log 2.5 (g) log 40 (h) log25 100
1
(a) 3 = log2 8 (b) 3 = log 1 000 (c) 0 = log7 1 (d) –4 = log2
16
1 11. If log 3 = a and log 5 = b, express the following in terms of a and b.
(e) = log64 2 (f) 5 = log3 x (g) c = logd 5 (h) 8 = loga b
6 (a) log 15 (b) log 0.6 (c) log5 3 (d) log 1 5
3

3. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following logarithms.

12. Use a calculator to find the values of the following, correct to 3 significant figures.
(a) log2 25 (b) log3 9 (c) log5 1 (d) log 100
32
1 (a) log 18 (b) log 0.37 (c) log (d) log 5
36
(e) log27 3 (f) log3 (g) logx x3 (h) log y 7
9 y

13. Use a calculator to find the values of the following, correct to 2 decimal places.
4. In each of the following, find the value of x.
22
1 (a) log3 8 (b) log6 2.5 (c) log5 18 (d) log
(a) log x = 5 (b) log5 x = 4 (c) log1.2 x = 2 (d) log4 x =  6
7
2
1 1
(e) logx 64 = 3 (f) logx =2 (g) logx 9 = –2 (h) logx 3 = 
25 4 14. Determine whether each of the following is true (T) or false (F).
(a) log3 43 = 4 (b) log 2 + log3 5 = 1
5. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following. (c) log5 0 = 1 (d) log4 x = –2 has no solutions.
(a) log6 4 + log6 9 (b) log4 2 + log4 32 (c) log 25 + log 4 (d) log 20 + log 0.5 (e) log (–10) is undefined. (f) If x  0, then log x2 = 2 log x.
9 7 3 1 1
(e) log5 0.4 + log5 12.5 (f) log3 6 + log3 (g) log7 + log7 14 (h) log4 + log4 (g) log(–2) (–8) = 3 (h) log k = –k log x for x > 0.
2 2 16 12 x

6. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following. Level 2

(a) log2 40 – log2 10 (b) log5 100 – log5 4 (c) log 300 – log 30 (d) log6 7 – log6 42 15. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following.
7 1 1
(e) log8 3 – log8 192 (f) log4 56 – log4 (g) log – log 20 (h) log3 0.04 – log3 1.08 (a) log4 3
45 (b) log
2 5
5
0.01
27 252
(c) log3 (d) log5
7. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following.
3
9 4
5 3
log 2 27 log 4 5 log 8 log 27
(a) (b) (c) (d)
log 2 3 log 4 25 log 4 log 81
log 3 16 log 5 1 log 8 0.09 log 6 0.2
(e) (f) (g) (h)
log 3 64 log 5 9 log 8 0.3 log 6 25
16. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following. 21. If log 3 = a and log 5 = b, express the following in terms of a and b.
2 log 27
(a) log4 4
8 + log4 4
2 (b) log 2–3 + log (a) log 75 (b) log 225 (c) log 0.12 (d)
25 log125
5
log 5 2
(c) log3 (4  9 3 ) – log3 12 (d) log6 3
108 – log6 3
3 (e) (f) log25 15 (g) log 1 50 (h) log
9 9
1 25 3 log 3
(e) log5 45 + log5 3 (f) log 90 – log 0.27 5
2 27 2
22. If log 2 = c and log 7 = d, express the following in terms of c and d.
17. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following.
49 log 49
(a) log 12 + log 20 – log 24 (b) log4 3 – log4 75 + log4 100 (a) log 56 (b) log (c) log 1.75 (d)
8 log 8
8 7 35
(c) log2 0.4 + log2 + log2 60 (d) 4 log5 10 – 2 log5 12 + log5 45 (e) log 2 14 (f) log28 98 (g) log (h) log14
3 5 2
1
(e) 3 log3 15 + log3 0.6 – 2 log3 5 (f) log6 120 – log6 150 – 2 log6
3
23. If log x = m and log y = n, express the following in terms of m and n, where x, y > 0 and x, y  1.
18. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following. 100 y2 x
(a) log (b) log (c) logx xy + logy (d) log x 2 4
x3 y 2
log 18  log 12 log 3 16 xy 3
x y
(a) (b)
log 6 log 3 6  log 3 96
log 4  log 54 log 6 40  2 log 6 0.2 24. If 10p = 2 and 10q = 7, express log 280 in terms of p and q.
(c) (d)
log 4  log 24 log 6 20  log 6 50
 1  25. If 10x = 2 and 5y = 3, express log 6 in terms of x and y.
(e) (log3 73 )(log7 9) (f)  log 4 3  (log3 25 )
 9
log 2 9 log 3 45 26. In each of the following, express y in terms of x.
(g) (h) log5 3 –
log 4 27 log 3 25
(a) 2 log x = 3 log y (b) log4 (x2y) = 3
(c) logy x = 5 (d) logx y = 8(logy x)2
19. Simplify the following expressions, where x > 1.
(e) log (x + y) = log x + log y (f) log (x – y) = log y – 2 log x
log x 5  4 log x log 3 x
(a) (b) (g) 4 log x + log y = 2 (h) 3 log5 x – log5 y = 2
log x 3 log x 2  5 log x
1
log x 2  3 log x
log 6 36 x  1 27. Use a calculator to find the value of x in each of the following, correct to 3 significant figures.
(c) 4 (d)
1
2 log 4 x  log x 3 log 6 x  1 22
2 (a) log x = 3.14 (b) log x = 
70
1  log 3 3 x 2 log 2 x 2 (c) log4 x = 1.6 (d) log 3 x   2
(e) (f)
1  log 3 x log 4 x
1 (log 5 x ) 2  log 5 5 x 2
(g) 2 log4 x + 3 log8 (h) 28. (a) Show that a log a x  x , where a, x > 0 and a  1.
x (log 5 5 x) 2
(b) Find the value of 2log 6 13  3log 6 13 without using a calculator.
20. Simplify the following expressions, where x, y > 1. log (log m )

log xy  2 log x
3
log x y  2 log xy
2 (c) Simplify k log k
, where k > 0, k  1 and m > 1.
(a) (b)
log x  log y log 3 y
log x xy 2 29. (a) Show that alog x = xlog a, where a, x > 0.
(c) (d) (log y 3 x )(log x 4 y 5 )
2
1  2 log x y (b) Using the result of (a), find the values of the following.
(e) log x 3 y  log x 3 y (f) (log x)(logx y2)(logy 1 000) (i) (5log 8)(8log 2)
log x y (log x y )  log x x y
2 2 3
(ii) (3log 25)(2log 9)
(g) (h)
(log y )(log x 100) (log x xy)(log x x 2 y )
30. Find the value of (log2 4)(log4 6)(log6 8)…(log14 16) without using a calculator. New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 4B

8 Logarithmic Functions
31. If x = log 5 + (log 2)i and y = log 4 – (log 25)i, where i =  1 , find the value of 2x – iy.

 Consolidation Exercise 8B
32. If z = log (x + 2) + [log (x2 + 5x + 5)]i is a real number, where i =  1 , find the values of x and z.

Level 1
33. α and β are the two roots of the equation x2 – 100x + 10 = 0. Find the values of the following
1. Each of the following graphs of functions is reflected in the x-axis. What is the function represented by
expressions.
each graph obtained?
(a) log α2 + 2 log β
(a) y = log x (b) y = log0.5 x
1 1
(b) logα + β + logα + β (c) y = log 1 x (d) y = log 7 x
 
6 2
(c) log20 α3 + 3 log20 2β
Each of the following graphs of functions is reflected in the line y = x. What is the function represented by
(d) log (100 – α) + log (100 – β)
each graph obtained? [Nos. 2–3]
2. (a) y = 5x (b) y = 1.5x
34. The minimum value of the quadratic function f(x) = (log4 a)x2  4x + 3 is –5. Find the value of a.
5
x
(c) y =   (d) y = (4 2 ) x
 3
35. (a) By taking logarithms on both sides of y = abx, show that log3 y
log3 y = log3 a + x log3 b. 3. (a) y = log4 x (b) y = log0.7 x
4
(b) The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log3 y (c) y = log 3 x (d) y = logπ x
and x. If y = abx, find the values of a and b.
4

x 4. The two curves in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic y
0 2
functions y = log4 x and y = log0.2 x. Write down the corresponding
C1
36. The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log y and log x. log y logarithmic functions for C1 and C2.
x
If y = cxn, find the values of c and n. O
(Leave the radical sign ‘√’ in the answers.) C2
30
log x
–3 0
5. In the figure, the two curves represent the graphs of the logarithmic y

functions y = log3 x and y = log6 x.

37. The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log8 y and x. log8 y C3
(a) Write down the corresponding logarithmic functions for C3 and C4.
Express y in terms of x. C4
0
x (b) C3 and C4 intersect at a point P. Find the coordinates of P. x
3 O P
–2

38. The figure shows the graph of y = mnx, where m and n are constants. y
6. The two curves in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic y
Write down the relation between x and log2 y.
functions y = log0.1 x and y = log0.4 x.
(–2 , 16) (a) Write down the corresponding logarithmic functions for C5 and C6.
4 y = mnx (b) The straight line x = k passes through the point of intersection of
x
0 C5 and C6. Find the value of k.
x
O
C5

C6
According to the graph given in each of the following, sketch the graph of the required function in the same Level 2
given graph. [Nos. 7–9] 10. In each of the following, the graph of the function is reflected in the x-axis, and the image is then
7. (a) y = log 1 x (b) y = log6 x reflected in the line y = x. What is the function represented by each of the final graphs?
4 (a) y = log2.5 x
y y (b) y = log0.8 x

2 2
11. In each of the following, the graph of the function is reflected in the line y = x, and the image is then
y = log4 x
1 1 reflected in the y-axis. What is the function represented by each of the final graphs?
(a) y = log 2 x
x x
0 0 7
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
(b) y = log1.6 x
–1 –1 y = log 1 x
6
12. The four curves in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic functions y = log0.4 x, y = log0.6 x,
–2 –2
y = log3 x and y = log5 x.
y

8. (a) y = log3 x (b) y = log0.3 x

y y
C1
3 3 C2
y=x y=x
2 2 x
O

1 1
y = 3x y = 0.3x C3
x x
0 0
–2 –1 1 2 3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1 –1 C4

–2 –2
(a) Write down the corresponding logarithmic functions for C1, C2, C3 and C4.
(b) The straight line y = 2x + k passes through the point of intersection of the four curves. Find the
value of k.
9. (a) y = 2x (b) y = 0.7x
1 2
y y 13. The three curves in the figure represent the graphs of the functions y = log0.2 x, y = 0.5x and y = x 1.
2
3 3 y
y=x y=x
2 2

1 y = log2 x 1
C5
x x
0 0
–2 –1 1 2 3 –2 –1 1 2 3 C6
–1 –1
x
O
–2 –2 C7
y = log0.7 x
(a) Write down the corresponding functions for C5, C6 and C7.
(b) C5 cuts the y-axis at the point P(0 , k). Angela claims that C7 cuts the x-axis at the point Q(k , 0).
Do you agree? Explain your answer.
14. The graph of y = logp x is the image of the graph of y = logq x when reflected in the x-axis, where p and 18. In the figure, C is the image of the graph of y = 3x when reflected in the line L: y = x.
q are constants with p > q. If the sum of p and q is less than 3, suggest a pair of possible values of p and y
y = 3x
q. Explain your answer.
L: y = x
H
15. The graph of y = log(k – 1) x is the image of the graph of y = (k – 3)2x when reflected in the line y = x,
where k is a constant. Find the value of k.

G
C
16. The figure shows the graphs of y = logm x, y = logn x and y = log3 x, where m and n are constants. The
x
graph of y = logm x is the image of the graph of y = log3 x when reflected in the x-axis. O

y
(a) Write down the corresponding function for C.
(b) The y-coordinate of the point G is 2. The point H is the image of G when reflected in the line y = x.
y = log3 x (i) Find the equation of the straight line passing through G and H.
(ii) Is L the perpendicular bisector of GH? Explain your answer.

x
O y = logn x 19. The two curves C1 and C2 in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic functions y = log4 x and
y = log2 x.
y = logm x
y

C1

(a) Find the value of m.

C2
(b) Write down two possible values of n. Explain your answer.
x
O
17. (a) According to the graph of y = 5x, sketch the graph of y = log5 x in the same given graph.
y
y = 5x
3 y=x
2 (a) Write down the corresponding functions for C1 and C2.
(b) It is given that P(8 , k) is a point on C1.
1
(i) Find the value of k.
x
0 (ii) Q and R are two points on C2. Q has the same y-coordinate as P and PQ  PR. Find the
–2 –1 1 2 3
–1 coordinates of Q and R.

–2

(b) From the graph of y = log5 x obtained,

(i) write down the range of values of y when x  1,
(ii) write down the range of values of x when y < 0.
(c) Using the result of (a), sketch the graph of y = log0.2 x in the same given graph.
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 4B Level 2
Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations. [Nos. 23–34]
8 Logarithmic Functions 1
23. 92x + 1 = 31 – x 24. 83 + x = 2 x  1
4
 Consolidation Exercise 8C
1
2 x
6x  2
25.   = 25x + 2 26. 36 =
Level 1 5 363  x

Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations. [Nos. 1–6] 27. 24 – x  4x + 3 = 32 28. 27x + 1  92 – 2x = 3
1. 42x = 43 + x 2. 62x + 3 = 64 – x
5
29. 6x + 1 – 6x = 30. 2x + 2 + 2x = 10 2
3. 34x – 1 = 27 4. 52x + 1 = 3 52 36

1 31. 5x – 52 + x + 120 = 0 32. 33 + 2x – 9x + 1 – 54 = 0

5. 103 – x = 3 100 6. 23 + 2x = 5
4
33. 3x  6x + 2 = 9x + 1 34. 24x + 3 + 42x + 28 = 16x + 1

Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct to 3 significant figures. [Nos. 7–12]
Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.
7. 5x = 8 8. 8x = 1.6
[Nos. 35–42]
9. 1.2x = 6 10. 3x = 7 35. 5(3x + 1) = 12 36. 2(10x + 1) – 0.5 = 0

1
11. 6x + 2 = 18 12. 41 – 2x = 7
7 37. = 11 38. 4x = 7x – 2
22 x  1
Solve the following logarithmic equations. [Nos. 13–20]
39. 6x  4x + 2 = 24 40. 53x = 8(33 – x)
13. log3 (x – 2) = 2 14. log7 (4 – x) = 0

41. 8x + 2 – 3(23x + 1) = 9 42. 2x + 2  3x + 1 = 4x

15. 3 log4 x – 2 = 1 16. 3 log8 x + 1 = 0

Solve the following logarithmic equations. [Nos. 43–52]

17. log5 (x + 2) = 3 log5 2 18. log (8x) – 2 log 4 = 0
43. log100 x + log x2 = 5 44. log4 x – 2 log8 x = –1

19. log8 (1 + 2x) = –2 log8 3 20. log6 (2 – 3x) + 4 log6 2 = 0 log 9 27 x

45. =2 46. log7 (5 – x) – log7 (3 + x) = 1
log 3 x
21. The value $P of an antique vase after n years is given by the formula:
47. log (2x + 3) + 1 = log (4x – 2) 48. log3 (2x + 1) = log3 (7x – 1) – 1
P = 3 000  1.06n
If the value of the antique vase will be $6 030 after k years, find the value of k. 49. 2 log25 (x – 3) + 1 = log5 (3x + 1) 50. log2 (x + 3) + log4 (x + 3) = 3
(Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.)
51. log (log x) = 0 52. log3 [log2 (log4 x)] = 1

22. One end of a metal rod is heated to 400C. The temperature TC at a point d m from that end point on
53. Solve log4 (22x + 1 + 8) = x + 1.
the metal rod is given by the formula:
log T = A – 0.8d, where A is a constant.
54. (a) Solve log u = log (2u + 4) – 1.
(a) Find the value of A.
(b) Using the result of (a), solve log 2x = log (2x + 1 + 4) – 1.
(b) Find the temperature at the point 0.3 m from that end point on the metal rod.
(Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.)
55. (a) It is given that 9  log k < 10. New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 4B
(i) Find the range of values of k.
(ii) Hence, determine the number of digits of k.
8 Logarithmic Functions
(b) It is given that log 2 = 0.301, correct to 3 decimal places. Find the number of digits of 230 without
using a calculator.
 Consolidation Exercise 8D

[In this exercise, unless otherwise stated, give the answers correct to 1 decimal place if necessary.]
56. The depreciation rate of a mobile phone is 20% every year. Find the minimum number of years required
for the mobile phone to be less than half of its original value.
Level 1
1. An earthquake of magnitude 9 occurred in an area. By using the formula M = log A + 4.24, find the
57. Billy deposits $100 000 into a bank at an interest rate of 3% p.a. compounded monthly. At least how
amplitude of the earthquake, correct to 3 significant figures.
many months later can Billy receive an amount more than $115 000?

2. An earthquake occurred in a region. The amplitude of the earthquake was measured to be 42 units. By
58. Alfred deposits $30 000 into a bank at an interest rate of 12% p.a. compounded yearly. At the same
using the formula M = log A + 4.24, find the magnitude of the earthquake.
time, Cathy deposits $50 000 into a bank at an interest rate of 5% p.a. compounded yearly. At least how
many years later will the total amount received by Alfred be more than that received by Cathy?
3. An earthquake occurred in two cities P and Q. The amplitudes recorded were 80 units and 320 units
respectively. Find the difference in the magnitudes of the earthquake in the two cities.
59. A reservoir holds 3 000 000 m3 of water initially. The volume of water in the reservoir decreases by k%
every month, where k is a constant. The volume of water in the reservoir after 6 months is 2 205 000 m3.
4. Two earthquakes occurred in a city. The amplitude recorded in the first earthquake was 5 times that
(a) Find the value of k, correct to the nearest integer.
recorded in the second earthquake. Find the difference in the magnitudes of the two earthquakes.
(b) The reservoir is said to be emergent if the volume of water in the reservoir is less than 1 000 000 m3.
At least how many months later will the reservoir be emergent? 2 E
5. The magnitude of an earthquake is 8. Using the formula M = log , where M represents the
3 E0
60. The total cost C (in thousand dollars) of producing n electronic devices in a factory can be estimated by magnitude of the earthquake, E units represents the energy released and E0 = 6.3  104, find the energy
the following formula: released in the earthquake.
C = a + log3 (n + 1), where a is a constant.
The total cost of producing 80 electronic devices in the factory is $9 000. 6. The intensity level of the sound recorded in a library is 30 dB. Find the intensity of the sound.
(a) Find the value of a.
(b) Find the number of electronic devices produced in the factory with a total cost of $12 000. 7. The intensity of the sound produced by an engine is 1 W/m2. Find the intensity level of the sound.
(c) 100 electronic devices are produced in the factory on a day and packed in box A. 50 electronic
devices are produced on another day and packed in box B. The production manager claims that the 8. The intensity levels of sound measured in two offices are 35 dB and 36 dB respectively. Find the
cost of each electronic device in box A is less than half of that in box B. Do you agree? Explain difference in the intensities of sound of the two offices, correct to 3 significant figures.
your answer.
9. People feel ear pain when hearing a sound at intensity level of 130 dB, which is called the threshold of
61. An astronomer defined Scale A and Scale B to represent the pain. The intensity of the sound recorded in a concert is 11 W/m2. Is the intensity level of the sound
Scale Formula
magnitudes of brightness of stars as shown in the table. S and T are recorded in the concert above the threshold of pain? Explain your answer.
A S = 3 – log10 L
the magnitudes of brightness on Scale A and Scale B respectively,
B T = 5 – log5 L
while L is the relative brightness of the star. The magnitude of 10. For the two numbers 5234 and 2543, which one is larger? Explain your answer.
brightness of star X is 2 on Scale A.
1
123
(a) Find the magnitude of brightness of star X on Scale B, correct to 3 significant figures. 11. For the two numbers –0.4–321 and    , which one is larger? Explain your answer.
(b) The relative brightness of another star Y is 10 times that of star X. Is the magnitude of brightness of 8
star Y half of that of star X on Scale B? Explain your answer.
Level 2
12. The magnitude of an earthquake that occurred in area P was 8. Another earthquake occurred in area Q, Answers 14. (a) F (b) F
1 (c) F (d) F
where the amplitude recorded was of that recorded in area P. Find the magnitude of the earthquake Consolidation Exercise 8A
50 (e) T (f) F
recorded in area Q. 1. (a) 4 = log2 16 (b) 2 = log 100
(g) F (h) T
1
(c) 0 = log8 1 (d) –3 = log3 5 2 5 13
13. An earthquake of magnitude 7.4 occurred in a town. Later, there was an aftershock of magnitude 7 in 27 15. (a) (b) (c) (d) 
3 5 6 4
1
the same town. How many times was the amplitude of the first earthquake as large as that of the (e) = log125 5 (f) 4 = logx 24 1 7
3 16. (a) (b) –2 (c)
aftershock? 2 3
(g) n = log3 m (h) b = loga 12 2 7 7
2. (a) 8 = 23 (b) 1 000 = 103 (d) (e) (f)
14. The magnitudes of two earthquakes that occurred in a region differ by 2. Find the ratio of the amplitude 3 6 2
1
(c) 1 = 70 (d) = 2–4 17. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 6
of the stronger earthquake to that of the weaker earthquake. 16 5
1 (d) 5 (e) 4 (f)
(e) 2 = 64 6 (f) x = 35 2
15. An earthquake occurred in both city X and city Y. The amplitude recorded in city X was 300 units less
(g) 5 = d c (h) b = a8 18. (a) 3 (b) –1 (c) –3 (d) 1
than that recorded in city Y. If the magnitudes of the earthquake in the two cities differ by 0.3, find the 5 8 1
3. (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 2 (e) 3 (f)  (g) (h) 
amplitude recorded in city Y. 1 6 3 2
(e) (f) –2 (g) 3 (h) 2 1
3 19. (a) 3 (b)  (c) –2 (d) 1
16. Three earthquakes occurred in a region. The magnitudes of the first and second earthquakes are 8.2 and 9
4. (a) 100 000 (b) 625
1 (e) 2 (f) 4 (g) 0 (h) 1
7.5 respectively. The amplitude of the third earthquake is times that of the first earthquake. 1
8 (c) 1.44 (d) 5
2 20. (a) 3 (b) –3 (c) 1 (d)
(a) Which earthquake, the second or the third earthquake, has a larger magnitude? Explain your 1 6
(e) 4 (f) 1
answer. 5 (e) 0 (f) 6 (g) (h) 1
1 1 4
(b) Find the difference between the magnitudes of the second and the third earthquakes. (g) (h)
3 81 21. (a) a + 2b (b) 2a + 2b
5. (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 a
17. The intensity of the sound from a speaker is 10 W/m .
–5 2
(c) a – 2b (d)
(e) 1 (f) 3 (g) 2 (h) –3 b
(a) Find the intensity level of the sound produced. b ab
6. (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) –1 (e) (f)
(b) If the intensity level of the sound is increased by 5 dB, find the new intensity of the sound, correct
(e) –2 (f) 2 (g) –2 (h) –3 4a  2b 2b
to 3 significant figures. b 1 1
7. (a) 3 (b)
1
(c)
3
(d)
3 (g)  (h) (1 – 2a – b)
2 2 4 a 2
18. The intensity level of the sound recorded near a residential area is 60 dB. After a construction site is set 2 1 22. (a) 3c + d (b) 2d – 3c
(e) (f) 0 (g) 2 (h)  2d
up near the area, the intensity of the sound becomes 30 times of that before. Find the intensity level 3 2 (c) d – 2c (d)
5 3c
of the sound after the construction site is set up. 8. (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) cd c  2d
2 (e) (f)
1 3 2c 2c  d
19. The intensity level of a sound is 50 dB. If the intensity level of the sound is decreased by 20%, is the (e)  (f) –2 (g) 2 (h) d 1  2c  d
1 2 2 (g) c + – 1 (h)
new intensity of the sound of the original? Explain your answer. 1 3 2 2 (c  d )
10 9. (a) 12 (b) –18 (c) (d)
3 2
m
23. (a) 2 – m – n (b) 2n –
20. The intensity level of the sound recorded near a highway is 120 dB. If noise barrier A is set up, the 10. (a) 3m (b) –m 3
1 m n 3m  2n
intensity of the sound will become of that before. If noise barrier B is set up, the intensity level of (c) 
m
(d) m + 2 (c)  (d)
40 2 n m 8m
the sound will be decreased by 15 dB. Which noise barrier is more effective? Explain your answer. (e) 1 – m (f) 2m – 1 24. 2p + q + 1 25. x + y – xy
64
2
1 26. (a) y = x3 (b) y =
21. If the intensity I W/m2 of a sound is increased to 100 times the original, the new intensity level of the (g) 3 – 2m (h)
m x2
sound will be doubled. a b 1
11. (a) a + b (b) a – b (c) (d)  (c) y = x 5 (d) y = x2
(a) Find the original intensity of the sound. b a
12. (a) 1.26 (b) –0.432 (c) 0.660 (d) 0.311 x x3
(b) If the intensity I W/m2 of the sound is increased to 10 times the original, will the new intensity (e) y = (f) y = 2
13. (a) 1.89 (b) 0.51 (c) 0.90 (d) 1.28 x 1 x 1
level of the sound be increased by 50%? Explain your answer.

© Oxford University Press 2014 8.16 Consolidation Exercise 4B08

 (g) y =
100
(h) y =
x3 18. (a) y = log3 x Consolidation Exercise 8D 16. (a) second earthquake
x 4
25 (b) (i) x + y – 11 = 0 1. 57 500 units 2. 5.9 (b) 0.2
27. (a) 1 380 (b) 0.485 (c) 9.19 (d) 0.460 (ii) yes
3. 0.6 4. 0.7 17. (a) 70 dB
28. (b) 13 (c) log m 19. (a) C1: y = log2 x, C2: y = log4 x
(b) (i) 3 5. 6.3  1016 units 6. 10–9 W/m2 (b) 3.16  10–5 W/m2
29. (b) (i) 8 (ii) 9
30. 4 31. 0  3 7. 120 dB 8. 8.19  10–10
W/m
2
18. 74.8 dB
(ii) Q(64 , 3), R  8 , 
32. x = –1, z = 0  2 9. yes 10. 5234 19. yes
1 1 20. noise barrier A
(b) 
123
33. (a) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1 11.    ` 12. 6.3
2 Consolidation Exercise 8C 8 21. (a) 10–10 W/m2
1 1 1
34. 2 35. (b) a = 81, b = 1. 3 2. 3. 1 4.  13. 2.5 times 14. 100 : 1 (b) yes
9 3 6
1 7 17 15. 601.4 units
36. c = 10 3 , n = 37. y = 22x – 6 5. 6.  7. 1.29 8. 0.226
3 3 10
38. log2 y = 2 – x 9. 9.83 10. 0.886 11. –0.387 12. 1.20
1
13. 11 14. 3 15. 4 16.
Consolidation Exercise 8B 2
1. (a) y = log 1 x (b) y = log2 x 4 31
17. 6 18. 2 19.  20.
10
9 48
(c) y = log6 x (d) y = log 2 x
21. 12
7

2. (a) y = log5 x (b) y = log1.5 x 22. (a) 2.60 (b) 230C

(c) y = log 5 x (d) y = log 4 2 x 1
23.  24. –1 25. –6 26. 2
3 5
3. (a) y = 4x (b) y = 0.7x 3
27. –5 28. 6 29. –2 30.
3 2
x
(c) y =   (d) y = πx
4 1 1
31. 1 32. 33. –2 34.
4. C1: y = log4 x, C2: y = log0.2 x 2 2
5. (a) C3: y = log3 x, C4: y = log6 x 35. –0.203 36. –1.60 37. 0.174 38. 6.95
(b) (1 , 0) 39. 0.128 40. 0.907 41. –0.896 42. –6.13
6. (a) C5: y = log0.1 x, C6: y = log0.4 x 43. 100 44. 64 45. 3 46. –2
(b) 1
47. no real solutions 48. 4 49. 8
10. (a) y = 0.4x (b) y = 1.25x
50. 1 51. 10 52. 65 536 53. 1
7
x
11. (a) y =   (b) y = 0.625x 1
2 54. (a) (b) –1
2
12. (a) C1: y = log3 x, C2: y = log5 x,
55. (a) (i) 109  k < 1010
C3: y = log0.4 x, C4: y = log0.6 x
(b) –2 (ii) 10
1 (b) 10
13. (a) C5: y = x 2  1 , C6: y = 0.5x,
2 56. 4
C7: y = log0.2 x
57. 56 months
(b) yes
1 58. 8 years
14. p = 2, q = (or other reasonable answers)
2 59. (a) 5 (b) 22 months
15. 5 60. (a) 5 (b) 2 186
1 (c) no
16. (a)
3
61. (a) 3.57 (b) no
1 1
(b) , (or other reasonable answers)
4 5
17. (b) (i) y  0 (ii) 0 < x < 1

© Oxford University Press 2014 8.17 Consolidation Exercise 4B08 © Oxford University Press 2014 8.18 Consolidation Exercise 4B08