Chapter 1:-
Ratio, Proportion, Indices, Logarithms
* Ratio
- a ratio is a comparison of the sizes of two or more quantities of the same
kind by division
Expressed as a: b or a/b
Antecedent. Consequent
Always expressed in the lowest form .
* Operations on Ratio
• Inverse Ratio a b
!
b a p
• Duplicate ratio a a2 a
! p
a
! 2 • Sub duplicate ratio b b
b b p
• Triplicate ratio a a3 • Sub triplicate ratio a 3
a
! 3 ! p
b b b 3
b
a c e
• Compound ratio £ £ • Continued Ratio a:b:c
b d F
multiplication of all the given ratios. relation between the magnitudes of three or more quantities
* Proportion.
_ equality of two ratio is proportion a:b=c:d
d is forth proportional
ad=bc product of extremes = products of means
2 p
- a:b:c then b = ac b = ac b is mean proportional
a c b d
-invertendo b
=
d
then =
a c
a c a b
- alternendo b
=
d then =
c d
- componendo a c then a + b c+d
= =
b d b d
a c a¡b c¡d
- dividend0 . = then =
b d b d
a c a+b c+d
- componendo dividendo . = then =
a c b d a¡b c¡d
- addendo . = Then a + c
b d
b+d
- subtrahendo . a = c then a ¡ c
b d
b¡d
* Indices.
• Indices are one of the forms of mathematical expression.
• Indices are used for expressing large numbers in terms of power to a smaller base
• n Index m= Power
m=n
a base a Base n = root
• Properties of Indices.
1)
2)
am ¢ an = am+n
am
= a m¡n } ( do index me always multiplication and division is possible)
an
n
3) ¢ (am) = am£n
mln
p
n
4) a = am
¡m 1 m 1
5) a = a =
am a¡m
6) a0 = 1 a1 = a
other points:-
1. Jab jab Inder (-) negative me ho to convert karo + me using property (5)
2. Agar bohot sare index ek sath Diye was toh smallest base me convert karo by
Check for the possibilities of property (3)
3. ax = by = cz then consider it = k and then find values of a, b,c in terms
of k
4.
* Logarithm
The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index or the power to which the base
must be raised to produce the number .
m
a =n log n = m a
• Rules of Logarithm
}
loga m + loga n = loga (m £ n)
m
loga m ¡ loga n = loga (do log ke bichme addition & subtraction possible hai only)
n
n
loga m = n loga m
loga a = loge e = 1 loga 1 = 0
log a change of base
logb a =
log b
other points:-
1. If two or more logs ki value di hai & koi log ki value asked hai to above rules use karke addition
subtraction wale format me lekar aao then answer find karo
2. If {log [ log ( log ) ]} aaye to round bracket se solve karte jana hai using rule loga mn = n loga m
3. If log me x ki value asked hai toh convert it in form of index and find value.
4. Common base ( if not given ) is 10 , e
5. Question of index and logarithm can be solved interchangeably by converting the form
6. Remember the difference in the rules of logarithm and index ( do not get confused)
