ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL NOIDA
CLASS XI MATHEMATICS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Angle
When a ray OA starting from its initial position OA rotates about its end point 0 and takes the final
position OB, we say that angle AOB (written as ∠ AOB) has been formed. The amount of rotation from
the initial side to the terminal side is called the measure of the angle.
Positive and Negative Angles
An angle formed by a rotating ray is said to be positive or negative depending on whether it
moves in an anti-clockwise or a clockwise direction,
respectively.
Measurement of Angles
There are two systems for measuring angles,
1. Sexagesimal System/Degree Measure (English System)
In this system, a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts, called degrees. The symbol 1° is used
to denote one degree. Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts, called minutes and one minute is
divided into 60 equal parts, called seconds. Symbols 1′ and 1″ are used to denote one minute and
one second, respectively.
i.e., 1 right angle = 90°
1° = 60′
1′ = 60″
2. Circular System (Radian System)
In this system, angle is measured in radian.
A radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc, whose length is equal to the
radius of the circle.
The number of radians in an angle subtended by an arc of circle at the centre is equal to arc/radius.
❖ Relationships
Identities (i) π radian = 180°
sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 or 1 radian (180°/π); where, π = 22/7 = 3.14159
1+tan2 A = sec2 A (ii) 1° = (π/180) rad
2 2
1+cot A = cosec A (iii) θ = l/r where θ = angle subtended by arc of length /
at the centre of the circle, r = radius of the circle.
Trigonometric (or Circular) Functions:
Let X’OX and YOY’ be the coordinate axes.
Taking 0 as the centre and a unit radius, draw
a circle, cutting the coordinate axes at A,B,
A’ and B’, as shown in the figure.
Now, the six circular functions may be
defined as under
(i) cos θ = x
(ii) sin θ = y
(iii) sec θ = 1/x, x ≠ 0
(iv) cosec θ = 1/y, y ≠ 0
(v) tan θ = y/x, x ≠ 0
(vi) cot θ = x/y, y ≠ 0
Sign of Trigonometric Functions in Different Quadrants
Quadrants→ I II III IV
Sin A + + – –
Cos A + – – +
Tan A + – + –
Cot A + – + –
Sec A + – – +
Cosec A + + – –
Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :
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Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :
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Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :
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Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :
Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :
Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :
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Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :
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Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:
Sum Formulae:
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Difference Formulae:
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Some Useful Results:
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Transformation Formulae:
Product Formulae (on the basis of L.H.S.) or A-B formulae:
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Sum and Difference Formulae (on the basis of L.H.S.) or C-D formulae:
Trigonometric Functions of Multiple and Sub-multiples of Angles:
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Trigonometric Equations:
• Principal Solutions: The principal solutions are the solutions for which the value of
unknown angle x lies in the interval [0, 2π) or 0 ≤ x < 2π.
• General Solutions: The solution, consisting of all possible solutions of a trigonometric
equation is called its general solutions
Some General Solutions:
gives
gives
gives no solution
= 0 gives no solution
gives
gives
gives
gives
