The living world € What is living & Unique features of living organisms Growth, reproduction ability to sense environment,respond, metabolism, ability to self replicate,self organise,interact and emergence to this list Reproduction tkewise is ‘Another characteristic of life All living organisms grow characteristic of living org, is metabolism Increase in mass and in no. Of For multicellular > sexual ‘Anisolated metabolic individuals are twin characteristics of For fungi-> asexual spores reaction outside body in test ‘growth. Plants grow by cell For yeast & hydra-> budding tube is neither living nor non division(multcellular) throughout their For planeria > true regeneration living, While metabo Fragmentation > fungi lamentous er aen defining feature of all iving life. Unicetlular org. Also grow by cel! division sige-protonema of mosses arg. Without exception inanimals growth restricted upto an Feremasindes ere, Unsamethe Isolated reactions are not age. In majority of higher organisms aes living things but surely living growth and reproduction are mutually Ree aap reactions xclsive events. Growth has tobe is re Hence celular forms! internaly henceis not a dining [rseecelewig price ‘organisation of body is humanjrenee tase cannot bean ai] | rganiaaen of body i Inclusive defining characteristic of living org. IMPORTANT POINTS Consciousness,a defining property of living LIVING ORGANISMS ARE SELF REPLICATING, organisms EVOLVING, SELF REGULATING INTERACTIVE (Organisms are distinguished unexpectedly) ‘SYSTEMS CAPABLE OF RESPONDING TO Every living organisms respond & sense it's EXTERNAL STIMULI ‘encima (Piers reapiond ALL LIVING ORGANISMS (PAST PRESENT AND igh, wetertemp pallutantiorg. FUTURE) ARE LINKED TO ONE ANOTHER BY a cl in ‘SHARING COMMON GENETIC MATERIAL BUT TO 1nd photoperiod affects reproduction in seasonal mon eearo ea Property of tissues are not found in cells but [cay rcnpe pet ree ol ‘present due to interaction among cells and similarly ‘Coma patients are brain dead but body is responding inorganelle & molecules. {heart and lungs get replaced by machines Diversity in the living world Each hd of lar aimee ermine yous regres a spais *{r4-smanpeten hve orn ken en Seesbe ren er Soden ttypect ory precedent Nomenelat ur solve tematies Classifieation eae eee ea, Grouning te convenient tific Different organisms, their diversity and categories based on easily described correctnidentiicaion) | | flaionshipbiwthem, tain word yur | Ghservable characters, ™ means systematic arrangement of We use convenient categories to flame per pore Cinnaeusused sr nnwuras the oveot | Stidy organisms & sient term ee poe romencee) scope of systematics was later couueemices represent Saget tsctoae a aciferent eves identification,nomenciature and ee ee aces Giasiteaton Systematics ake int srganisms canbe casi into _ account evolutionary relationship b/w org. — ‘by Carolus Linnaeus Contains goneric name and specific epithet UNIVERSAL RULES:- +> latinsed (irrespective of origin), written intaties > first word in genus & next is species “> when handwritten separately undertined 4 printed in tales which denote latin origin > genus starts with capital letter & species ‘wth smal Eg Menara indies erTaxonomic categories Each step in classification represents arank or category called taxonomic category and all of them makes taxonomic hierarchy. Each category is referred as unit of classification represents rank & is commonly termed as taxon. Groups represent category(eg-insects) & it further denotes rank/taxon. These groupsicategory are distinct biological entities and not merely morphological aggregates. BY Rakshita Clngh Volitdbe IMPORTANT POINTS oa Group of organism with ‘Subcategories in this hierarchy in baa fundamental similarities and figure facilitate more sound & : can interbreed. Eg- ‘scientific placement of various taxa. indica,tuberosum,leo,sapiens Higher the category greater is the Sm difficulty of determining the ho [relationship to other taxa at the same | level morphological similarities. Ege P. aaris & P: fer, S. auberosum & ‘Tame 1.1 Onpaime wth hee Tanonomle Categerae Genus- Group of related species (potato & brinjal) ‘Of similarity They are characterised on both vegetative & reproductive features of plant species. E9-sodamum peunia dannaare placed in solanaceae family, puntira& fli ‘are placed in felidae family. Canidae-> dog family ~“Order- (Assemblage of families) ‘Order & higher taxonomic categories lare identified based on aggregates of Similar characters further| decrease. Eg- convolvulaceae ‘solanaceae are in order polymoniales based on floral characters, Carnivora order include felidae and Taxonomical Aid- {nfo gathered or actual specimen {or primary source of taxonomic Herbarium- Collection of dried, pressed & canidae Biological museum- Zoological parks- Setup in ecoolncolagee & chute (Wild animals uncer Class- collection of preserved plant & animal ‘human care) by which we Eg- mammalia include order ‘specimens in jars in preservative learn their food habits & ‘solutions(formaline) primata (monkey,gorilla,gibbon) ices eee ‘behaviour. They are & carnivora(tiger,cat,dog) ‘after collecting kiling and pinni Bea eaten arger sna ore outed ond one preserved. They also contain cllection Phylum(division in plants) ‘of skolotons Classes like pisces ,amphibia,reptilia,aves,ma_ ‘mmalia are include in chordata Key- phylum Used for identification of plants and animal based on affinity, They are based on contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet. Results in acceptance of Kingdom- ‘only one & rejection of other. Each statement in key is. (Highest category) called a lead. Separate taxonomic keys are required for Eg-plantae each taxonomic category such as family, genus and. species for identification purposes. Keys are generally analytical in nature.ge- Biological classification lh iThe Early approaches! Aristotle was first to give scientific classification classifying plants into trees,herbs and shrubs (based on morphological characters) Linnaeus gave 2 kingdom classification i.e. plantae(bact.,8GA,Fungi, mosses, ferns,gymn io.) & animals on basis of presence of cell wall RH Whittaker in 1969, gave 5 kingdom classification i.e. | MONERA,PROTISTA, FUNGI,PLANTAE,AN IMALIA Aristotle also classified animals in ‘groups like ‘enemia (having red blood) & anemia(the SS Issues in the nets arom ro ic ee _ [Basis of 5 kingdom early eperonstes — T= == == [dassiteation rougt gether prokaryot Soe bact Ablue green algae (BGA) TS eetructa ton Unicel fro cr sorte —— ee SS mode ‘of nutrition cellular (eg-spirogyra == = reproducti were placed together = 5 = Ee Sao Organisms with different cell Cale BES Fee 30) relationships wall were placed together No differentiation between mode of nutrition Introduction ‘They live in all type of habitat,even extreme. Bacterial structure is simple but complex in behaviour. Some are ‘autotrophie(chemosynthetic or photosynthetic) but majority are ‘heterotrophic. ON BASIS OF SHAPE BACTERIA MAY BE:- => spherical - coccus ‘=> rod shaped - bacillus => comma shaped - vibrium ‘=> spiral spirillum LE & Cynobacteria {iso called BGA & have ch ‘a& are photosynthetic autotrophs,unicellular,colo speci nial,filamentous,marine or | called h terrestrial habitat. Colonies | Eg- are surrounded by gelatinous sheath. & forms blooms in water bodies: INGDOM MONERA By Rakshita Singh Voltabe Reproduction (Allbact.) aint Renin Eacearas oe ney produce spores fn seo reprocuce Archaebacteria sexually by transfer of] ne eee ao eo HALOPHILES(calty areas) METHANOGENS(marshy |, THERMOACIDOPHILES(ho = Evbacteria SF Characterised by presence of rigid ‘cell wall & if motile aflagelia have well defined ceil wall Methanogens found in most ruminant guts & produce biogas from animal dung, Fix atm. N2 in ~ ised cells jeterocysts, NOSTOC,ANABENA Heterocyst provide ‘anaerobic condition required for N2 fix. jemosynthetic autotroph Oxidise inorganic substances like nitrates,nitrites,am monia & use released energy for ATP production Play rote in recycling N,P,Fe,S Heterotrophs Mostiy imp ecomposers.helpin making curd.antbiotice fixing Nz in legume roots & some are pathog causing damage Egot bacterialKINGVOM PROTISTA {AN single call eukaryotes some have fageliaor cia & ‘reproduces seualy &asensaly invowng sygote formation arc call fron Crysophytes Vinoflagellates Euglenoids Slime moulds Protozoans fe th Aare etervopte & algaldesmids Mostly marine & Most are fresh ‘Saprophytic live as predators or Fresh water aswell | Photosynthet water org. found ——_protists. parasites. 4 main as marine waterfloat| Appear in stagnant Body moves ‘roups: Passively in yellow,green,br water. Instead of along decaying A) Amoeboid Cenactiterntoe) Own,blue,red cell wall they {wigs Bleaves Hove ean oy mest depending on have protein eae [eeepsey my photosynthetic. pigments. Cell layer pellicle organic materis ‘on surface. Eg- Indiatoms cell walls | wall have stiff (Makes body | Under suitable Smee ntmoata form two thin cellulose plates flexible). Have a conditions they —— overlapping ‘on outer short & along form aggregation B) Flagellate shells, which fit ‘surface. Most flagella. They called fier res ung together in a soap have 2 are plasmodium mentee nae box. Walls are flagella(one: photosynthetic: eee rR oar a longitudinal in presence of ‘several feet) in ung sickness. other sunlight & ane ‘cond, Eg: trypanosoma thus they leftbehind | transversely in heterotrophs in samocinan C)Ciliated large amt. of cell furrow biw absence of differentiates & ——jrustcsctuely deposits in their plates. Red former by forms fruitning moving have Dowsands habitat over billions | dinoflagellate predating small bodies bearing aa of years & now (GONYAULAX) org. They are spores at their wennntintre called as multiplies connecting link tips. Spores bear The coordinated Siaromaceous | rapidly & cause between plants movement of ow o cARTH ted tide. Toxins animals. The Sew esstote Bei ‘soil is released by pigments in floored into the gut oo them may kill themis identical | survivefor many £0-param polishing,filtration of| _ fishes. to that of higher ~— oils & plants. Eg- Spores are 1) Sporezoans syrups.DIATOMS are EUGLENA dispersed by hares currents ieee chief producers of ocean, — 6 | == Rakshita Singh Youtube 2 |KINGDOM FUNGI] «23 Heterotrophs, cosmopolitan x (cecur everywme Introduction STRUCTURE NUTRITION REPRODUCTION ‘They are filamentous except Mostly heterotrophs & => By vegetative- yeast which is unicellular. absorb soluble organic fragmentation, fission budding Body consists of long slender | matter from dead substrate => Asexual- thread like Hyphae & it’s (saprophytes), some are ‘spores(conidia,sporangiospores, network called mycelium. The parasites too. They can also zoospores,aplanospores) continuous hyphae with live as symbionts in => Sexual- atc Shustion are sseociaton with sigse os cospore ascospore, basiclospore called coenocytic & others lichens and with roots of ‘Spores are produced in fruitning have septae or cross walls. higher plants like pinus as bodies. The sexual cycle involves- The cell wall contains chitin mycorrhiza and polysaccharidesFour groups of fungi Phycomyeetes Found in aquatic | habitat & on decaying wood in moist & | damp places oF as obligate parasites on plants. Mycelium is asepetate! coenocytic. Asexual repro, by zooepoes aplanospres (non similar > isogamous orf dissimilar > anisogamous oF cogamous | Eg: mucor.rhizopus (bread mould) and albugo (parasitic fungi on mustard) Ascomycetes {Sac fungi) Multicellular (except yeast) Mycelium is branched & septate. The asexual spores are conidia produced ‘exogenously on the ‘special mycelium called conidiophores. Sexual wich are produced are produc ‘endogenously in sac like ipeuene) asci which are arranged in ascocarps (fruitning bodies). \ewoporais used in genetic & biochemical work. Many members lke| moreis & truffles are edible & are considered delicacies. Eg- yeast.aspergillus,penicili ‘um, claviceps,neurospora Basidiomycetes (Mushrooms.bracket fungi pul balls) Grow in soi \ogs,tree stamps living plants as parasites Eg-rust & smut, Mycelium branched & septate. ‘Asexual spores are absent. Vegetative repro. by fragmentation. Sex absent but plasmogamy takes place. Dikaryotic stage fs found which gives fise to basidium Karyogamy and meiosis takes place in basidium producting 4 basidiospores(exogeno sly). Fruitning body is called basidiocarp. Ea Agaricus (mushroom) ustilago(s ‘mut),puccinia(rust) Deutromycetes = ¢ oaeus _ Introduetion They are not truly living & | are acetiuiar having Inert erystalline structure | outside living cell, Once they infect a cell they take | over the machinery to replicate,killing the host. | They are obligate _ parasites. et “By Rakshita Singh Voulube- Viruses,viroids,prions ¢ lichens These acellular org. were not it in whittaker's classification DJ Ivanowsky (1882) recognised certain microbes as tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants called the fluid as (contagium vivum fluidum i.e. infectious living fluid) WM Stanley (1935) showed that viruses could be crystallised and crystals consist largely of proteins. History of virus : exist points In addition to proteins Tore viruses also have genetic ‘material that could either be RNA or DNA. Nowirus contain both RNA & ee rece DRA. AVirusisa found to be smaller than peer icles Cochertegrect eere, genetic materiale ndectious,| MW Beljernick (1888) Eigeveral vruses that ect demonstrated that the extract plants have ssRNA & Viruses ecm Infecting srimela have ether SSRNA or GoRNA oF GsONA Bacterial viruses or bacteriophage are usually ‘dsDNA virus. In plants symptom may be ‘mosaic formation, leaf rolling & curling, yellowing & vein clearing dwarfing & stunted growth€, PlantKingdom IMPORTANT POINTS Fungi,monerans protists were earlier included in plant Kingdom but not now. BGA is not an algae anymore Artificial system Based mainly on vegetative characters (easily affected) or Natural system Based on natural affinities Phylogenetic system Most acceptable,based on evolutionary ‘on the androecium structure. relationships,organism Eg- Linnaeus classification of g belonging to Same plants based on no. Of a ‘common, beget Se cgyshotochemisry. Eo ae like it separated closely related Sake coer species Sere Dawes cm $59) classification of flowering characters & equal weightage cone ‘Given to vegetative & sexual characters. Different kinds of taxonomy Numerical taxonomy Chemotaxonomy perp eee ly peed Cytotaxonomy Chemical constituents Based on chromosome assigned to each character) each no,structure;behaviour (oleate aracter is given equal importance. By Rakshita Singh Voltube Economic importance Introduction Size & form Reproduction Thoy are chorophy Seaarasaariceaat eae se ad ‘They fix 1/2 of the total microscopic thalloid.autotrophic | | Co2,They are primary unicellular),volvox( [a eceaomemetos: & largely aquatic producers & is energy colonial) ulotheix & oom | (both fresh&marine) | | source for aquatic animals spirogyra(filament eee ou eee Eg- PORPHYRA, ‘ous) kelps(massiv sexs Eemseeacnt, LAMINARIA, SARGASSUM ‘e marine form) exual wit unaidichen), | | gre used ae food. Alpin Ly ey production with animais(on (brown algae) & carrageen of zoospores aoe (red algae) produce (motile) hydrocolloids(water holding subst.) Agar is produced from Geledium & Loe gracilaria. Chlorella and iy fe Spirullina are used as ‘gametes ‘space food (SCP-Single cell protein) Anisogamous Oogamous Isogamoos obetereteca| | laren Gametes are similarin size Gametes are differ forsin geen 0) mods capability to move Ba larenitie chlamydomonas Pee eee 2)if nonmotile- spirogyra —-ESareyononas Le cf iChlorophyceae Phaeophyceae Rhodophyceae “green algae /brown algae fred algae Plant body is unicellularicotonial/ || Branched,lamentous (ectocarpus). | | They are multicellular. Have red filamentous Possess chia &b. || Have chla,c.xanthophylls,caroteins. || pigment rphycoerethrin. Found in Possess diferent shapes. Have || Have stored food as laminarin or warmer areas & occur in all ight Stored food as starch or ol Have || mannitol. Have cellulosic cel wal regions. Stored food is floridean Pyrenoigtatarch synthesis} body. || Have gelatinous covering of ALGIN. || Starch which is similar to Mmchloroplast for storing protein, || Plant parts are Holdfast.tipe,frond. || amylopectin & glycogen in Inner cell wall —>cellulose & Vegetative—> by fragmentation. ‘structure. Vegetative—> frag. outer wall—>pectose. Vegetative Asexual—> by zoospores (heterokont) | | Asexual—> nonmotile spores rep.=> fragmentation, spores. ‘sexual—> by iso,aniso,oogamy. ‘Sexual—> oogamous by non Asexual =>by zoospores. Gametes are pyriform (pear shaped) &| | motile spores. ‘Sexual=>isogamy,anisogamy,oog || bear a laterally placed flagella. Found some in fresh & brackish amy. Found in Found rarely in fresh watermostly in || water but most in salt water. Oo fresh,brackish,salty water. Have || brackish & salt water. Have 2 unequal | | not have any flagella. 2-8 equal & apical flagella lateral flagella. Cellulose,pectin & Eg E9- polysulphate esters are found in cell || polysiphonia,porphyra.glacilaria, ‘chiamydomonas,volvox,uulothrix,s || Wall geledium pirogyra,chara Eo. = Ectocarpus,dictyota,laminaria,sargass — _ ‘um fucus,kelps ye es } j Y §; ra es By Rakshita Slngh Voltube BRYOPHYTES phibians of plant Kingdom) Structure/plant body {tis thallus like,prostrate & erect. Have rhizoids in place of roots. Lack true root,stem,leaf but may Introduction Live in soil but dependent on water for sexual repro. Play important role in plant succession on bare rocksisoll Economic importance ‘Some mosses provide food for herbaceous ‘mammals, birds,other animals. ‘They also have thalloid like Species of sphagnum,a moss body but more differentiated [aaepersbeieea alec provide peat that have long been than algae. Main members of emer Used as fuel, and because of bryophytes are mosses eee, their capacity to hold water used Promsnes are! as packing material for transshipment of living material Sex organs Fertilisation & osoes with lichens are frat o Sex organs are development. Ses ‘great ecological importance. Act ‘multicellular and jacketed, ‘Antherozoids(n) released in Male sex organ—> water come in contact with perl cca cerep tobias anthridiumantherozoid) archaegoniumlegg(n)—> Female sex organ—> zygote(2n)—>sporophyte(2n) archaegonium(eggcel!) —> spores(n}—> germination —> gametophyte(n) MOSSES Predominant stage is gametophyte. Consists of 2 stages— >protonema & leafy. Protonema develops from spore, creeping green,branched & frequently filamentous stage. Leafy | develops from sec. protonema as a lateral bud, consist of fragmentation or gemmae formation & SEXUAL as sex | spirally arranged leaves(this stage contains sex organs). ‘organs are present on same or diff. thalli. Sporophyte is| Perform ASEXUAL by fragmentation & budding in sec. Consist of foot + setae + capsule. Spores are produced | protonema or SEXUAL by antheridia,archaegonia. After within capsule. They have free living gametophyte & | fertilisation zygote develops into sporophyte. They have ‘sporophyte is parasitised on it. Eg marchantia,riccia | elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal. > Eg: funaria,sphagnum,polytrichum 4 4 Marchartia LIVERWORTS Plant body is thalloid & thallus is dorsiventral & closely appressed to substrate. Leafy members have tiny leaf rows looking like stem. Perform ASEXUAL by a APTERIDOPHYTES/ferns aaa Economic Introduction Structure/plant body | oer fe cycle | ortanee Includes Main plant body is sporophyte repr ocect et foreetie& | butuloohuneecining ”[Cametopnyt bears Used fo Gametopyt.Diferentatons[antera&archaegona medical {Sevesmay boot 2types.,_[tanster of male gamete to nd they microsporophylls(selaginella) eee also act as Crincrosporopiyirs) [anbraiema > icine. ‘sporophyte bears sporangia ‘They are thatare subtended byleat ike ["terform sporophyte |! prothatus || alse though some appendages called sporophylls | Types of sporophyte (Multicellular) || frequent mmayttourehin || Sometime lmay form i. grown Saget” || Scpecterecurécarey |amenperuattperect |! |] arene, condition. ‘STROBILI or CONES or LAX 5 calanioala: eae |dryopteris, pteris,equisetum| uy ‘spit 9: selaginelia. equi (majority) mai ana rae ji Hetersporous-2 types of | remale gamete ide wee T prosucectlcioapare ® fesinete, 2 7 Imegaspore) Eg-selaginella || Fusion r land salvinia ¢ ‘Sphenopsida| ) loevelopmentof zygote into || 2¥gote@) || Equisetum lyoung embryo takes place 4 Pteropsida [within the female. Oryopteris, |gametophyte (precursor to aoe By Rakshita Singh Voutabe Ovules are exposed i.e. no ovary wall is present. Seeds are naked. They include medium trees,tall trees & shrubs. Giant redwood tree SEQUOIA is one of the tallest. Possess tap roots (pinus have mycorrhiza & cycas have coralloid roots i.e. associated with N2 fixing cyanobact.). Stems may be branched (pinus,cedrus) or unbranched (cycas) they have simple,compound leaf. Cycas have pinnate leaf that remain for few years & withstand temp. Humidity & wind. All conifers have needle like Leaves that reduces the surface area & reduce water loss. They are always heterosporous. The sporophylis may arranged spirally to form lax/strobili/cones. Strobili bearing microsporophyll/microsporangia is called microsporangiate/male strobili. Male & female cones on same tree —> Pinus , and |seed habit considered an jimportant step in evolution) GYMNOSPERMS (naked seeds) male & female cone on different tree—> cycas ‘Smallest angiosperm—> wolfia , tallest angiosperm—> Eucalyptus. They provide food, fodder,fuel,medicines. Characteristic of dicots are tetramerous/pentamerous flower & that of monocots trimerous flower. PEN (primary endosperm nucleus) develops into endosperm. Each embryo sac has 3 celled egg apparatus. Synergids and ANGIOSPERMS antipodals degenerate after fertilisation. a@ Animal Kingdom ¥ | Levels of organisation Symmetry = Germ layer So S Celiular-sponges Tissue level. Ree eat coelenterates.ctenophore oblate. Organ level-platyhelmenthis sporamcaglenteretes ctncphare crane ieiam aoe ene Bilatoral symm-annelia to enprebevenibbaSaschl lof echinoderms eee Degsstve eystent Circulatory system Incomplete- platyheimenthiscoslenterates Gomplete-aschelmenthis to chordates * Seamentation eee * = Body is externally and =a OO Notochord Itis mesodermally derived rod like formed on dorsal side during embryonic stage. Chordates-animals with notochors in any stage ofl Eg-fish,amphibia reptile, bird, mammal Nonchordates-porifera to echinoderm, By Rakshita Singh Voltabe- Classification of animals PORIFERA Habitat-They are generally ‘marine,some fresh water. multicellular Canal system-water enter through ‘ostia into central cavity (spongocoe!) & goes out thr’ ‘osculum. Helpful in food athering.respiratory exchange & waste removal. Choanocytes/collar cells(“lagellated)- line spongocoel Digestion-intracellular Skeleton-spicules & sponging fibres Reproduction- hermaphrodite(bisexual), asexually by fragmentation. Fertilisation-internal with indirect development{iarval stage is found with morphologically dissimilar larvae) Eg- sycon(scypha),spongilla(fresh water sponge),euspongia(bath ne) ay internally divided into segments with serial repetition of atleast some ‘organ. Also called ‘metameric segmentation or metamerism(phenomenon) Eg-Earthworm(annelid) Phylum COELENTRATA (cnidaria) Habitat-aquatic, mostly marine,sessile or free swimming Cridoblasts/cnidocytes-contain stinging capsulesinematocysts & present on tentac! anchorage,defense,prey capturing Body cavity-have ‘gastrovascular cavity with single ‘opening(hypostome) Digestion-both extra & intra-cellular Skeleton-corals have calcium carbonate skeleton Basic body forms-polyp(sessile & cylindrical form of hydra,adamsia) & medusa(umbrella-shaped & free swimming like Aurelialjellyfish) Eg-hydra,aurelia(jelly fish), obelia(sea fur) physalia(portugese man of ‘war),adamsia(sea anemone), pennatula(sea pen),gorgonia(sea fan),meardrina(brain coral). Alternation of ‘generation(metagenesis)- ae a p Base aoe a serene oy Phylum CTENOPHORA Sea walnutsicomb jellies Habitat-exclusively marine ‘Special organ-3, external rows of ciliated comb plates help in locomotion Digestion-both extra & intra-cellular ‘Special property- bioluminescence(emits sexual (hermaphrodite) Fertilisation-external with indirect development Eg- pleurobrachia & ctenoplanaPhylum PLATYHELMENTHIS Flat worms Body shape-dorsiventrally flattened Habitat-mostly ‘endoparasites (in animals) Special structure-hooks & suckers are found for ‘support & absorption. Some absorb nutrients directly from surface of host. Exeretory cells-flame cells holp in osmoregulation Reproduction- hhermaphrodites Fertilisation-internal with indirect development(many larval stages) PLANERIA possess high regeneration capacity. Eg- taenia(tape worm), Fasciolalliver fluke),planeria Phylum ASCHELMENTHIS Round worms Body shape-circular cross section Habitat- freeliving,aquatic,terrestrial Parasite on plant & animal Digestive system-complete with well developed ‘muscular pharynx Excretion-a tube removes than female) Fortilisation-internal with direct or indirect development Eg- ascaris (round Phylum ANNELIDA Body shape-marked out into metameres/segments (latin, annulus:littie ring) Habitat-aquatic, terrestrial, {freeliving,rarely parasite Locomotory organs-body wall has longitudinal & circular muscles. Aquatic anne possess lateral appendages, ike NEREIS. waste through excretory Parapodia for swimming. pore Circulatory system-closed Reproduction-unisexuall Excretory system-nephridia help in dicecious (also show sexual ‘osmoregulation dimorphism~ male smaller Nervous system-paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves toa double ventral nerve cord. Reproduction- some unisexual(NEREIS),some bisexual(EARTHWORM,LEECHES) Eg- ner hirudinaria(blood sucking leech) heretima(earthworm), Phylum ARTHROPODA Jointed appendages Largest phylum(includes insects) ‘Segmentation-present ‘Skeleton-exoskeleton is of chitin ‘Body division-head,thorax,abdomen Locomotion-by jointed appendages Respiration-by gils,book gills,book lungs, tracheal system Gireulatory system-open ‘Sensory organs-antennae,compound & simple eve,statocysts/balance ‘organs are found Fortilisation-usually internalloviparous) with direct or indirect development £9. Economically useful- apis (honeybee), bombyx(silkworm), Laccifer(lac insect) Vectors- anopheles,culex,aedes(MOSQUITOES| Grogarious pest locusta(locust) Living fossil-limulus(king crab) al] lo Phylum MOLLUSCA 2nd largest phylum Habitat terrestrial or aquaticmarine! freshwater) Body division-covered by calcareous shell & is unsepmented witha distinct head muscular foot isceral hump Special sructure-sof & spongy layer (of skin forms a mantle over te visceral hump Respiration & excretion-space bw hump & mantle (mantle cavity) have: feather lke gils which perform respiration & excretion Sense organ-anterior head hes sensory tentack Feeding organ-mouth have file ke rasping organ called radula Reproducton-vsually dioecious & ‘onparous with indirect development Eg-pila(apple snail) pinctada(peart oyster) sepia(cuttie fish) oligo(squid),octopus(devi fish),aplysia(sea hare),dentalium(tusk ‘shell),chaetuplura(chiton) %y Phylum ECHINODERMATA Spiny bodied Habitat.all marine Endoskeleton-caleareous ossicles Show retrogressive ‘metamorphism(larvae is bilateral symmetrical but adult, is radial) Digestive system-complete with ‘mouth on ventralfiower & anus ‘on dorsallupper side Water vascular system-help in locomotion, capture & transport of food,respiration Excretory system-absent Reproduction- ‘ornithorhynchus(platypus), viviparous-> ‘macropus{kangaroo),pteropus(fl ying {fox),camelus(camel),macaca(mo ‘nkey),rattus(rat),canis(dog).felis( ceat),elephas(elephant),eqqus(ho ‘se),delphinus(common dolphin) balaenoptera(blue ‘whale),tiger,lion,pterous(bat)