Computer Fundamentals
Md. Abdur Rouf
Associate (CA)
Bangladesh Computer Council
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Lecture-02
Basic Computer Organization
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn about:
✓ Basic operations performed by all types of computer systems
✓ Basic organization of a computer system
✓ Input unit and its functions
✓ Output unit and its functions
✓ Storage unit and its functions
✓ Types of storage used in a computer system
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
The Five Basic Operations of a Computer System
▪ Inputting: The process of entering data and instructions into the computer
system.
▪ Storing: Saving data and instructions to make them readily available
for initial or additional processing whenever required.
▪ Processing: Performing arithmetic operations (add, subtract, multiply,
divide, etc.) or logical operations (comparisons like equal to, less than,
greater than, etc.) on data to convert them into useful information.
▪ Outputting: The process of producing useful information or results for the
user such as a printed report or visual display
▪ Controlling: Directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above
operations are performed
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Basic Organization of a Computer System
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Input Unit
An input unit of a computer system performs the
following functions:
1. It accepts (or reads) instructions and data from outside
world
2. It converts these instructions and data in computer
acceptable form
3. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the
computer system for further processing
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Output Unit
An output unit of a computer system performs the
following functions:
1. It accepts the results produced by the computer, which are
in coded form and hence, cannot be easily understood by
us
2. It converts these coded results to human acceptable
(readable) form
3. It supplies the converted results to outside world
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Two Types of Storage
1. Primary storage
▪ Used to hold running program instructions
▪ Used to hold data, intermediate results, and results of ongoing
processing of job(s)
▪ Fast in operation
▪ Small Capacity
▪ Expensive
▪ Volatile (looses data on power dissipation)
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Two Types of Storage (cont.)
2. Secondary storage
▪ Used to hold stored program instructions
▪ Used to hold data and information of stored jobs
▪ Slower than primary storage
▪ Large Capacity
▪ Lot cheaper that primary storage
▪ Retains data even without power
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit of a computer system is the place where the actual
executions of instructions takes place during processing operation.
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Control Unit (CU)
Control Unit of a computer system manages and coordinates the operations of
all other components of the computer system.
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Arithmetic Central
Logic Unit Control Unit = Processing
+ (CU)
(ALU) Unit (CPU)
▪ It is the brain of a computer system
▪ It is responsible for controlling the operations of all other units of a
computer system
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
The System Concept
A system has following three characteristics:
1. A system has more than one element
2. All elements of a system are logically related
3. All elements of a system are controlled in a manner to achieve the
system goal
A computer is a system as it comprises of integrated components (input unit,
output unit, storage unit, and CPU) that work together to perform the steps
called for in the executing program
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Memory
Note: SRAM is a type of on-chip memory with a short access time, whereas DRAM is an off-
chip memory with a long access time.
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
The System Concept
Arrange the memory types from fastest to slowest speed.
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Key Words/Phrases
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) • Controlling
• Output interface • Secondary storage
• Auxiliary storage • Input interface
• Output unit • Storage unit
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Input unit
• Outputting • Storing
• Computer system • Inputting
• Primate storage • System
• Control Unit (CU) • Main memory
• Processing
Computer Fundamentals Bangladesh Computer Council
Decimal- Base 10 Octal- Base 8 Binary- Base 2 (0,1) Hexadecimal- Base 16 PGD- Base 4 (0,1,2,3)
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, (Customized)
A,B, C,D,E,F)
00 00 00 00 00
01 01 01 01 01
02 02 10 02 02
03 03 11 03 03
04 04 100 04 10
05 05 101 05 11
06 06 110 06 12
07 07 111 07 13
08 10 1000 08 20
09 11 1001 09 21
10 12 1010 0A 22
11 13 1011 0B 23
12 14 1100 0C 30
13 15 1101 0D 31
14 16 1110 0E 32
15 17 1111 0F 33
16 20 10000 10 100
17 21 10001 11 101
