HISTORY
➤ Study of past and chronological event and account of a person or group of people through
written documents and historical evidences.
•The origin of the word History is associated with the Greek word "historia" which means
"information" or "an enquiry designed to elicit truth".
→ History has been defined differently by different scholars.
History has been defined differently by different scholars:
Henry Johnson: "History, in its broadest sense, is everything that ever happened." Rapson:
"History is a connected account of the course of events or progress of ideas."
History does not contain only the history of kings and queens, battles and generals, but the
history of the common man-his house and clothing, his fields and their cultivation, his continued
efforts to protect his home and hearth, and to obtain a just government, his aspirations,
achievements, disappointments, defeats and failures.
Elements of history
➤ P-olitics
> E-conomics
➤ R-eligion
► S-ocial
➤ I- ntelligence and knowledge
-> A-rt, paintings and pictures
•P-olitics, what government influenced society
•E-conomics, where money dominates and effects people. Most social classes are based on
money and money is usually what causes conflict in history.
•R-eligion, a total impact on Europe during the 15th century. Religion is important as it affects
one's beliefs and thoughts.
•S-ocial, how the upper class, middle class and poor class communicate; and how they interact
with each other.
• I- ntelligence and knowledge that has progress in history.
◆ A-rt, paintings and pictures produced throughout the course of time.
History as a social sciences and its relation to other fields of disciplines
◆ As a social science, history has been known as the study of the past. It is unique because it
can be almost effortlessly connected to other academic disciplines.
History and Political Science
History is very helpful to politics because the political aspects is a part of the whole range of
activity recorded by historian and knowledge of history would enable the politicians to know the
politics better and play their role effectively
History and Economics
History is closely related to economics as the activities of man in society are very closely related
with economic matters.
History and Sociology
→ Both history and sociology are concerned with the study of man in society and differed only
regarding their approach.
History and Geography
→ It would be impossible to study certain branches of history without rudimentary knowledge of
geography. Geology is one of the eyes of history, the other eye being chronology. Time and
space factors give history its correct perspective.
Sources of Historical Data
a. Published documents-created for large audiences and were distributed widely. (i.e. books,
magazines, newspapers, government documents, pamphlets, posters, laws and court
decisions)
b. Unpublished documents-personal in nature and may be difficult to find because of few copies
existing. (i.e. diaries, journals, school report cards and business ledgers)
c. Oral traditions/oral histories-provide another way to learn about the past from people with
firsthand knowledge of historical events.
d. Visual documents and articles- include photographs, films, paintings and other types of
works. Visual documents usually capture moments in time.
CHAPTER 1: IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY SOURCES IN HISTORY
KINDS OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
• Primary sources are those sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or
subject being studied. It contains original information that is not derived from interpretation,
summarizing or analyzing someone else's work.
EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY SOURCES
• DIARIES
• LETTERS
• OFFICIAL RECORDS.
Secondary Sources are those sources, which were produced by an author who used primary
sources to produce the material.
EXAMPLE OF SECONDARY SOURCES
• BOOKS
• BIOGRAPHY • ARTICLES
HISTORICAL METHOD (INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL)
• External criticism is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its
physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was
produced; and the materials used for the evidence.
Examples of the things that will be examined when conducting external criticism of a document
include the quality of the paper, the type of ink and the language and words used in the material,
among others.
• Internal criticism, on the other hand, is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence. it
looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production.
OTHER METHODS ALSO USED ARE AS FOLLOWS:
a. Positivism - emphasizes the mantra "no document, no history", where historian is required to
show written primary documents in order to write a historical narrative.
• b. Postcolonialism - emerged in the twentieth century when formerly colonized nations
grappled with the idea of creating their identities and understanding their societies against the
shadows of their colonial past.
c. Annales' school of thought - challenged the canons of history, stating that history should
not only be concerned of states and monarchs.
• d. Pantayong pananaw (for us-from us perspective) - highlights the importance of
facilitating an internal conversation and discourse among filipinos about our own history, using
the language that is understood by everyone.
Some questions that may pose to check on reliability of the source:
•HOW CLOSE WAS THE AUTHOR TO THE EVENT BEING STUDIED? -physical location of
the author of the document
• WHEN WAS THE ACCOUNT MADE? - closest or contemporary to the period being studied
• WHO WAS THE RECIPIENT OF THE ACCOUNT?
•IS THERE BIAS TO BE ACCOUNTED FOR?
• IS THE ACCOUNT CORROBORATED BY OTHER ACCOUNTS?
-there should be a corroboration from other sources
AUTHENTICITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE PRIMARY SOURCES
• WHEN WAS THE DOCUMENT OR ARTIFACT CREATED?
• WHAT TYPE OF PRIMARY SOURCES IS IT?
• WHO CREATED THE DOCUMENT OR ARTIFACT?
•WHY WAS IT WRITTEN OR PRODUCED?
• FOR WHOM WAS THE TEXT OR IMAGE INTENDED?
• WHAT IS THE MAIN POINT THE AUTHOR IS TRYING TO MAKE?
•IS THERE ANY UNINTENTIONAL EVIDENCE GIVEN BY THE TEXT?
• DOES THE TEXT PROVIDE AN AUTHOR'S POINT OF VIEW BIAS, OR OPINION?
• HOW DOES THE SOURCE STAND IN RELATION TO OTHER PRIMARY SOURCES OF THE
PERIOD?
STATE AND NATION
State
>An organization composed of numerous agencies led and coordinated the state's
leadership(executive authority) that has the ability or authority to make and implement binding
rules for all the people, as well as the parameters of rulemaking for other social organization in a
given territory using force if necessary.
Origin of the State
▸ Divine Right Theory Social Contract Theory
> Paternalistic Theory
Necessity and Force Theory
> Economic Theory
➤ Historical and Evolution Theory
Elements of the State
•People
•Government
•Territory
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and water
embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the
seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around,
between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and
dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
Elements of the State
•People
•Government
•Territory
❖Sovereignty
•International Recognition
Nation
The word "nation" is taken from the Latin word nasci, which means "born" giving the word racial
or ethnic meaning. A nation refer too a large group of individuals who believe that they belong
together because they share common identity.
Globalization
Is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, product,
ideas and other aspects of culture. It implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspective to
a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital,
goods, and services across national frontiers.
Causes of Globalization
➤ Rationalism
➤ Capitalism
>Technological Innovation
➤ Regulation
