C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
Module 5
STRUCTURES
INTRODUCTION:
Structure in c is a user-defined data type that enables us to store the collection of
different data types. Each element of a structure is called a member. The, struct keyword is used
to define the structure.
Syntax:
struct structure_name
{
data_type member1;
data_type member2;
.
.
data_type memeberN;
};
Let's see the example to define a structure for an entity employee in c.
struct employee
{
int id;
char name[20];
float salary;
}emp;
The following image shows the memory allocation of the structure employee that is defined in the
above example.
Sizeof(emp) = 2 + 20 + 4 = 26 bytes
Where,
Sizeof(int) = 2 bytes
Sizeof(char) = 1 byte ( char name[50] = 1* 50 )
Sizeof(float) = 4 bytes
Here, struct is the keyword; employee is the name of the structure; id, name, and salary are the
members or fields of the structure. Let's understand it by the diagram given below:
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
Declaring structure variable
We can declare a variable for the structure so that we can access the member of the structure
easily.
There are two ways to declare structure variable:
1. By struct keyword within main() function
2. By declaring a variable at the time of defining the structure.
Method 1:
Let's see the example to declare the structure variable by struct keyword. It should be
declared within the main function.
struct employee
{ int id;
char name[50];
float salary;
};
Now write given code inside the main() function.
struct employee e1, e2;
The variables e1 and e2 can be used to access the values stored in the structure.
Method 2:
Let's see another way to declare variable at the time of defining the structure.
struct employee
{ int id;
char name[50];
float salary;
}e1,e2;
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
Accessing members of the structure
There are two ways to access structure members:
1. By . (Member or dot operator)
2. By -> (structure pointer operator)
C Program to show the working of structure.
#include<stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct employee
{
int id;
char name[50];
}e1;
void main( )
{
[Link]=101;
strcpy([Link], "Sonoo Jaiswal");
printf( "employee 1 id : %d\n", [Link]);
printf( "employee 1 name : %s\n", [Link]);
}
C program to store the books details using structure.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct Books
{
char title[50];
char author[50];
char subject[100];
int book_id;
};
void main( )
{
struct Books Book1;
struct Books Book2;
strcpy( [Link], "C Programming");
strcpy( [Link], "Nuha Ali");
strcpy( [Link], "C Programming Tutorial");
Book1.book_id = 6495407;
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
strcpy( [Link], "Telecom Billing");
strcpy( [Link], "Zara Ali");
strcpy( [Link], "Telecom Billing Tutorial");
Book2.book_id = 6495700;
printf( "Book 1 title : %s\n", [Link]);
printf( "Book 1 author : %s\n", [Link]);
printf( "Book 1 subject : %s\n", [Link]);
printf( "Book 1 book_id : %d\n", Book1.book_id);
printf( "Book 2 title : %s\n", [Link]);
printf( "Book 2 author : %s\n", [Link]);
printf( "Book 2 subject : %s\n", [Link]);
printf( "Book 2 book_id : %d\n", Book2.book_id);
}
Structure And Arrays
An array of structures in C can be defined as the collection of multiple structures variables
where each variable contains information about different entities. The array of structures in C are
used to store information about multiple entities of different data types. The array of structures is
also known as the collection of structures.
Example Program:
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
int rollno;
char name[10];
};
void main()
{
int i;
struct student st[5];
printf("Enter Records of 5 students");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter Rollno:");
scanf("%d",&st[i].rollno);
printf("\nEnter Name:");
scanf("%s",&st[i].name);
}
printf("\nStudent Information List:");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("\nRollno:%d, Name:%s",st[i].rollno,st[i].name);
}
}
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
Structures And Functions:
C allows programmers to pass a single or entire structure information to or from a function. A
structure information can be passed as a function argument. The structure variable may be passed
as a value or reference. The function will return the value by using the return statement.
Example: C program - Passing Structure Members to Functions
#include <stdio.h>
int add(int, int) ;
struct addition
{
int a, b;
int c;
}sum;
void main()
{
printf("Enter the value of a : ");
scanf("%d",&sum.a);
printf("\nEnter the value of b : ");
scanf("%d",&sum.b);
sum.c = add(sum. a, sum.b);
printf("\nThe sum of two value are : ");
printf("%d ", sum.c);
}
int add(int x, int y)
{
int sum1;
sum1 = x + y;
return(sum1);
}
Example: C program - Passing The Entire Structure To Functions
#include <stdio.h>
typedef struct
{
int a, b;
int c;
}sum;
void add(sum) ;
void main()
{
sum s1;
printf("Enter the value of a : ");
scanf("%d",&s1.a);
printf("\nEnter the value of b : ");
scanf("%d",&s1.b);
add(s1);
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
}
void add(sum s)
{
int sum1;
sum1 = s.a + s.b;
printf("\nThe sum of two values are :%d ", sum1);
}
UNION
INTRODUCTION
A union is a user-defined type similar to structs in C except for one key difference. Structures
allocate enough space to store all their members, whereas unions can only hold one member value
at a time.
Declaration of Union:
Syntax:
union car
{
char name[50];
int price;
};
Creating Union Variables:
When a union is defined, it creates a user-defined data type. However, no memory is allocated.
To allocate memory for a given union type and work with it, we need to create variables.
Method 1:
union car
{
char name[50];
int price;
};
void main()
{
union car car1, car2, *car3;
}
Method 2:
union car
{
char name[50];
int price;
} car1, car2, *car3;
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
In both cases, union variables car1, car2, and a union pointer car3 of union car type are created.
Access members of a union
We use the . (dot) operator to access members of a union. And to access pointer variables, we
use the -> operator.
In the above example,
1. To access price for car1, [Link] is used.
2. To access price using car3, either (*car3). price or car3->price can be used.
Difference between Structure and Union
Struct Union
The struct keyword is used to define a The union keyword is used to define union.
structure.
When the variables are declared in a When the variable is declared in the union,
structure, the compiler allocates memory to the compiler allocates memory to the largest
each variable’s member. The size of a size variable member. The size of a union is
structure is equal or greater to the sum of the equal to the size of its largest data member
sizes of each data member. size.
Each variable member occupied a unique Variable’s members share the memory space
memory space. of the largest size variable.
Changing the value of a member will not Changing the value of one member will also
affect other variables members. affect other variables members.
It is used to store different data type values. It is used for storing one at a time from
different data type values.
The structure allows initializing multiple Union allows initializing only one variable
variable members at once. member at once.
It allows accessing and retrieving any data It allows accessing and retrieving any one
member at a time. data member at a time.
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
POINTERS
INTRODUCTION
The pointer in C language is a variable which stores the address of another variable. This variable
can be of type int, char, array, function, or any other pointer.
Declaration of pointer variable:
Syntax:
datatype *pointer_variable;
Example:
int *p;
Initialization of Pointer Variable:
Syntax:
int a=5;
int *p;
p = &a;
Accessing Pointer Variable:
To access pointer variable, we use * (asterisk) symbol.
Syntax:
int a=5;
int *p;
p = &a;
printf (“Accessing pointer variable = %d”, *p); //Output will be 5.
Example Program to show working of pointer variable:
#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
{
int a, *p;
printf(“Enter the value of a\n”);
scanf(“%d”, &a);
p = &a;
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
printf(“Value of a is %d\n”,a);
printf(“Value of p is %d\n”, p);
printf(“Accessing pointer p %d\n”, *p);
}
NULL Pointer
It is always a good practice to assign a NULL value to a pointer variable in case you do not have
an exact address to be assigned. This is done at the time of variable declaration. A pointer that is
assigned NULL is called a null pointer.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int *ptr = NULL;
printf("The value of ptr is : %x\n", ptr );
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
The value of ptr is 0
Double Pointer
It is a variable which holds the address of another pointer variable.
Declaration of double pointer
Syntax:
Datatype **variable;
Example:
int **dp;
Initialization of double pointer
Syntax:
int a=5;
int *p, **dp;
p = &a;
dp = &p;
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
Accessing double pointer
To access pointer variable, we use * *(asterisk) symbol.
Syntax:
int a=5;
int *p, **dp;
p = &a;
dp = &p;
printf (“Accessing double pointer variable = %d”, **dp); //Output will be 5.
Example Program to show working of double pointer variable:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a, *p, *dp;
printf(“Enter the value of a\n”);
scanf(“%d”, &a);
p = &a;
dp = &p;
printf(“Value of a is %d\n”,a);
printf(“Value of p is %d\n”, p);
printf(“Value of dp is %d\n”, dp);
printf(“Accessing pointer p %d\n”, *p);
printf(“Accessing double pointer variable dp is %d\n”, **dp);
}
Pointers And Arrays
Use a pointer to an array, and then use that pointer to access the array elements. For example,
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3] = {1, 2, 3};
int *p = a;
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("%d", *p);
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
p++;
}
}
Note: *(a+i) is same as i[a].
Write a C program to find the sum, mean and standard deviation of an array elements using pointer
concept.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int i, n;
float x[10],*p,mean, variance, sd, sum = 0, sum1 = 0;
printf("Enter the value of N \n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d array elements \n", n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
scanf("%f", &x[i]);
}
p=x;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
{
sum = sum + *p;
p++;
}
mean = sum / n;
p=x;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
sum1 = sum1 + pow((*p - mean), 2);
p++;
}
variance = sum1 /n;
sd= sqrt(variance);
printf("SUM = %.2f\n", sum);
printf("MEAN = %.2f\n", mean);
printf("VARIANCE= %.2f\n", variance);
printf("STANDARD DEVIATION = %.2f\n", sd);
}
Pointers and Functions
Pointer as a function parameter is used to hold addresses of arguments passed during
function call. This is also known as call by reference. When a function is called by reference any change
made to the reference variable will affect the original variable.
Example: Swapping two numbers using Pointer and Functions concept.
#include <stdio.h>
void swap(int *a, int *b);
void main()
{
int m = 10, n = 20;
printf("m = %d\n", m);
printf("n = %d\n\n", n);
swap(&m, &n);
printf("After Swapping:\n\n");
printf("m = %d\n", m);
printf("n = %d", n);
}
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
int temp;
temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
Pointers And Structure:
Pointer to structure holds the address of the entire structure. It is used to create
complex data structures such as linked lists, trees, graphs and so on. The members of the structure can be
accessed using a special operator called as an arrow operator ( -> ).
The following program shows the usage of pointers to structures –
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
int sno;
char sname[30];
float marks;
};
void main ( )
{
struct student s;
struct student *st;
printf("enter sno, sname, marks:");
scanf ("%d%s%f", & [Link], [Link], &s. marks);
st = &s;
printf ("details of the student are");
printf ("Number = %d\n", st ->sno);
printf ("name = %s\n", st->sname);
printf ("marks =%f\n", st ->marks);
}
PRE-PROCESSOR DIRECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
All pre-processor commands begin with a hash symbol (#)
#define - Substitutes a pre-processor macro.
#include - Inserts a particular header from another file.
#if - Tests if a compile time condition is true.
#ifdef - Returns true if this macro is defined.
#endif - Ends pre-processor conditional.
#else - The alternative for #if.
Examples:
#define MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH 20
This directive tells the CPP to replace instances of MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH with 20. Use #define for
constants to increase readability.
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
#include <stdio.h>
#include "myheader.h“
These directives tell the CPP to get stdio.h from System Libraries and add the text to the current source
file. The next line tells CPP to get myheader.h from the local directory and add the content to the current
source file.
#ifndef MESSAGE
#define MESSAGE "You wish!"
#endif
It tells the CPP to define MESSAGE only if MESSAGE isn't already defined.
DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION
INTRODUCTION
The concept of dynamic memory allocation in c language enables the C programmer
to allocate memory at runtime.
Dynamic memory allocation in c language is possible by 4 functions of stdlib.h header file.
1. malloc()
2. calloc()
3. realloc()
4. free()
Difference between static memory and dynamic memory allocation
Static Memory Dynamic Memory
memory is allocated at compile time. memory is allocated at run time.
memory can't be increased while exec memory can be increased while executing pro
program.
used in array. used in linked list.
malloc() function in C
The malloc() function allocates single block of requested memory.
It doesn't initialize memory at execution time, so it has garbage value initially.
It returns NULL if memory is not sufficient.
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
The syntax of malloc() function is given below:
ptr=(cast-type*)malloc(byte-size)
calloc() function in C
The calloc() function allocates multiple block of requested memory.
It initially initialize all bytes to zero.
It returns NULL if memory is not sufficient.
The syntax of calloc() function is given below:
ptr=(cast-type*)calloc(number, byte-size)
realloc() function in C
If memory is not sufficient for malloc() or calloc(), you can reallocate the memory by
realloc() function. In short, it changes the memory size.
Let's see the syntax of realloc() function:
ptr=realloc(ptr, new-size)
free() function in C
The memory occupied by malloc() or calloc() functions must be released by calling
free() function. Otherwise, it will consume memory until program exit.
Let's see the syntax of free() function.
free(ptr)
C FILE HANDLING
INTRODUCTION
A File is a collection of data stored in the secondary memory. So far data was entered
into the programs through the keyboard. So, Files are used for storing information that can be processed
by the programs.
Files are not only used for storing the data, programs are also stored in files. In order to use files, we have
to learn file input and output operations. That is, how data is read and how to write into a file.
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
Types of Files
When dealing with files, there are two types of files you should know about:
1. Text files
2. Binary files
Text files
Text files are the normal .txt files. You can easily create text files using any simple text editors
such as Notepad. When you open those files, you'll see all the contents within the file as plain text. You can
easily edit or delete the contents. They take minimum effort to maintain, are easily readable, and provide
the least security and takes bigger storage space.
Binary files
Binary files are mostly the .bin files in your computer. Instead of storing data in plain text, they
store it in the binary form (0's and 1's). They can hold a higher amount of data, are not readable easily, and
provides better security than text files.
File Operations
In C, you can perform four major operations on files, either text or binary:
1. Creating a new file
2. Opening an existing file
3. Closing a file
Opening a file - for creation and edit
Opening a file is performed using the fopen() function defined in the stdio.h header file.
The syntax for opening a file in standard I/O is:
ptr = fopen("fileopen","mode");
For example,
fopen("E:\\cprogram\\[Link]","w");
fopen("E:\\cprogram\\[Link]","rb");
Let's suppose the file [Link] doesn't exist in the location E:\cprogram. The first function
creates a new file named [Link] and opens it for writing as per the mode 'w'. The writing
mode allows you to create and edit (overwrite) the contents of the file.
Now let's suppose the second binary file [Link] exists in the location E:\cprogram. The
second function opens the existing file for reading in binary mode 'rb'. The reading mode only allows
you to read the file, you cannot write into the file.
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
C Programming for Problem Solving – 21CPS13/23
Closing a File
The file (both text and binary) should be closed after reading/writing. Closing a file is performed using the
fclose() function.
Syntax:
fclose(fptr);
Here, fptr is a file pointer associated with the file to be closed.
Mr. Suhas A Bhyratae, Dept. of CSE, SCEM, Mangalore
