A TRAINING REPORT

ON
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
(02-06-2025 to 29-06-2025)

TAKEN AT CONSTRUCTION OF 560 CAPACITY

RESIDENTIAL (CO-ED) SCHOOL ,MUZAFFARPUR

[Link] Civil engineering 5th semster

Batch 2022-2026

Submitted to : Submitted by :
Name : Er. Rohit Kumar Name : Abhijeet Chaudhary
(J.E,BSBCCL)
Roll No. : 22C46
Registration no: 22101126037

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

award of the degree of BACHELORE OF
TECHNOLOGY (Civil Engineering) from
Bakhtiyarpur College of Engineering, Patna.
 ACKNOLEDGEMENT

I express my deep gratitude to Mr. Sahil Kumar ,Site Engineer for his valuable
suggestions and guidance rendered in giving shape and coherence to this
endeavor. I am also thankful to his team members for their support and guidance
throughout the period of project.
Furthermore, I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial
role of the staff to other employees and member of the department for their kind
co-operation and spontaneous response, who help me to learn all required
equipment and the necessary materials to complete the task “BUILDING
CONSTRUTION”. Special thanks to working person, who had help me assemble
the parts and gave suggestion about the task ‘4BUILDIN CONSTRUTION”.

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 BSBCCL OVERVIEW
Bihar State Building Construction Corporation Limited is
responsible for construction,renovation, up gradation
andmaintenanceof the residential and non- residential
government buildings.
Planning and designing building network to provide optimized
connectivity to residential and non-residential govt. buildings of
different departments. renovation, Construction, gradation and
up maintenance of residential and non-residential govt.
buildings of different departments.

III
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.N. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. About Site 1
2. Introduction 2

3. Introduction to Building 3
4. Different Types of Building 3
5. Types Of Loads 5
6. Common Building Component 6
7. Superstructure 6
8. Foundation
9. Types Of Foundation
10. Building components 9
11. Elements of Building Construction 12
12. The General Principle 12
13. Aspects 13
14. Building by Laws 16
15. Limitation of Built up Area 16
16. Minimum Floor and Height of Rooms 17
17. Sizes of Rooms 18
18. Materials Used 20
19. Quality Control 22
20. Test for Bricks 22
21. Test for cement 23
22. Test for Aggregates 23
23. Test for Concrete 26
24. Site images 27
25. Conclusion 28

IV
 About site

CONSTRUCTION OF 560CAPACITYRESIDENTIAL (CO-

ED) SCHOOL AT KOLHUA PAIGAMBARPUR ,KANTI
,MUZAFFARPUR

CLIENT :- BSBCCL, MUZAFFARPUR

Construction type:- RESIDENTIAL (CO-ED)

SCHOOL

Site Engineer Name :- ER. SAHIL KUMAR

SITE LOCATION :- KOLHUA PAIGAMBARPUR

,MUZAFFARPUR

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 INTRODUCTION

Building construction is a branch of civil engineering that involves the planning, designing, and
execution of structures such as residential houses, commercial buildings, and public infrastructure.
A building can be defined as an enclosed space made up of walls and a roof, providing shelter,
safety, and comfort to human beings.
From ancient times when humans lived in caves and huts, construction methods have evolved
significantly. Today, buildings are not just shelters—they reflect the social and economic progress
of a nation. People invest their time, energy, and savings into building comfortable homes,
highlighting the importance of housing in human life.
Modern construction focuses on safety, efficiency, durability, and aesthetics. Engineers, architects,
and draughtsmen play key roles in transforming design concepts into reality. With advancements
in materials and technology, the construction industry continues to innovate to meet the growing
needs of society.

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 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDINGS

A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place,
such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes and functions, and have
been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available,
to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons.
Buildings serve several needs of society — primarily as shelter from weather, security, living
space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter
represents a physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) and
the outside (a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).

Different Types Of Buildings

Buildings are classified based upon its occupancy and structure

• Residential Building
• Educational Building
• Institutional Building
• Assembly building
• Business building
• Industrial Buildings
• Storage buildings
• Hazardous buildings

• Residential Building: Buildings in which sleeping arrangements are provided with or without
cooking arrangement. It includes single or multifamily dwelling, apartments, lodgings, restaurants,
hostels, dormitories and hotels

• Educational building: These Include any building used for school, college, education
purposes.

• Institutional Building: these buildings used for different purposes, such as medical or other
treatment. They include hospitals, sanatorium, jails, and asylum

• Assembly Buildings: These are the buildings where group of peoples meet or gather for
amusement, social, religious, political, civil, travel and similar purposes. E.g. theatres, motion
pincers, houses, assembly halls, restaurants assembly halls.

• Business buildings: These buildings are used for transactions of business, for keeping accounts
and for similar other purposes.

• Mercantile building: These building are used as shops, stores, market for display and sale of
merchandise either wholesale or retail, office, shops, and storage services.

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• Industrial Buildings: These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties
are fabricated, assembled, manufactured or processed

• Storage buildings: these buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares
or merchandise, vehicles and animals, grains

• Hazardous buildings: These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacturing or
processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products

Classification based on structure

1. Load bearing Structure

2. Framed structure

• Load Bearing Structures: In this type of structures loads from roof slab or trusses and floors are
transmitted through walls to the firm soil below the ground. This type of stockturns are adopted
where hard strata are available at shallow depth. The structural elements like beams, slabs rests
directly on the walls.

• Framed Structures: Reinforced cement concrete structures are the most common type of
construction today. They consist of a skeleton of beams & columns. The load is transferred from
beams to the columns and column intern transfer the load directly to the sub soil through footing.
Framed structures are suitable for multi-story building subjected to variety of extreme loads like
compressive, tensile torsion, shear along with moment. • The open spaces in the skeleton are to be
filled with brick walls or glass panels.

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Various loads are taken into account while designing the foundation of a structure.

1. Dead loads
2. Live loads
3. Wind loads
4. Earthquake loads
5. Erection loads

Dead Load: Dead load comprises of the weight of all walls, partitions, floors and roofs
including all other permanent construction in the building

Wind load: It is considered as basic wind pressure which is equivalent static pressure in the
direction of the wind • Wind pressure= k v2 • Where k= co-efficient, 0 006 • V= wind velocity •
Wind pressure always acts in the vertically exposed surface of the walls and columns.

Snow load: Actual load due to snow depends upon the shape of the roof and its capacity to retain
the snow. The load due to snow may be assumed to be 2.5 kg/m3 per cm depth of snow

Earthquake load: an earthquake load produced waves in every possible direction below ground.
As per intensity or scale of earthquake, jerks and shocks are acting on the earth. As per the location
of the building in the prescribed zone of earthquake coefficients of earthquake loads are decided.

Live Load: Live Loads consist of moving or variable loads due to people or occupants, their
furniture, temporary stores, machineries.
Erection Load: All loads required to be carried by the structure or any part of it due to storage
or positioning of construction material and erection equipment including all loads due to operation
of such equipment, shall be considered as ‘erection loads

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 Common Building Components

Superstructure
• The superstructure is that part of the building which is above the ground and which serves the
purpose of building's intended use.

• Wall and columns

• Beams
• Arches
• Roofs and slabs
• Lintel and arches
• Chajjas
• Parapet
• Steps and stairs
 Substructure

Foundation is a part of the sub structure. Sub structure is

constructed according to soil quality at that site. If soil have
good bearing capacity than we use shallow foundation in
construction. And if the bearing capacity of the soil is not good
or suitable than we use deep foundation at that site. Sub
structure is a load bearing structure and it is designed for
loadbearing.

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 Foundation

Types of foundation
• Foundations may be broadly classified as
(a) Shallow Foundation
(b) Deep foundation
(a) Shallow Foundation
Spread footing
Combined footing
Strap Footing

Mat Foundation or Raft Foundation

Types of Footing
• Spread Footing: - Spread footings are those which spread the super-imposed load of wall or
column over larger area. Spread footing support either column or wall
• It may of following kinds
• Single footing for column
• Stepped footing for a column
• Sloped footing for a column
• Wall footing without step
• Grillage foundation
Grillage Foundation
• Combined Footing: A spread footing which supports 2 or more columns is termed as combined
footing. The combined may be of following kinds
• Rectangular combined footing
• Trapezoidal combined footing
• Combined wall footing
 Building Components

• Plinth: Plinth is that part of the building between surrounding ground surface and floor space
immediately above the ground. Plinth resists the entry of rain water entry inside the building, entry
of animals, insects & Rodents. General plinth height is 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 cm
• Wall: The walls are building blocks of bricks or stones. They divide the building space into
various space into various rooms. They support slabs and beams. They safely transmits the loads
coming on them from beams and slabs to the foundation. They provide privacy and protection
against heat, cold, rain, noise, dust winds. They offer resistant to firewalls may be of
• Brick masonry
• Stone masonry

• Columns: are vertical members along which beams and slab /roof is supported They are
square, rectangular and circular in shape in C/S
• Floor: A floor is a plane area to support occupants, furniture's, and equipment's.
• Roof: The upper most part of the building constitutes the roof. The Slab and roof encloses the
space and offers protection from rain, heat, snow, wind, sound, fire. Slabs are 10, l2, 15 cm.

9
 Add further salt-water solution till 150 ml mark is reached.
• Place the palm on the mouth of the glass cylinder and shake it vigorously.
• Place the cylinder on hard levelled surface and tap it all round so that sand is leveled.
• Wait for three hours for silt to settle on top of sand.

Sieve Analysis:-Sieve analysis is done to check the gradation of aggregate.

• The test is done as follow.

• Take required amount of aggregate sample (for coarse aggregate take approx. 2.5 kg and
for fine aggregate take 0.5 kg)
• Arrange the required no of sieves as per the contract or job requirement in a descending
manner. (i.e. keep the sieve having largest size opening at the top and the smallest size
opening at the bottom)
• Shake vigorously the sieve set for at least 2 minute.
• Then measure the weight of aggregate on each sieve and express it as the percentage of
passing.

Now compare these values with the recommended values to know whether it falls within the range
or not. If not falling within the desired gradation then take necessary action.

Fineness Modulus:-Fineness modulus is generally used to get an idea of how coarse or fine the
aggregate is. More fineness modulus value indicates that the aggregate is coarser and small value
of fineness modulus indicates that the aggregate is finer.

• Sieve the aggregate using the appropriate sieves (80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, l0 mm,
4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron & 150 micron).
• Record the weight of aggregate retained on each sieve.
• Calculate the cumulative weight of aggregate retained on each sieve.

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 • Calculate the cumulative percentage of aggregate retained.
• Add the cumulative weight of aggregate retained and divide the sum by 100. This
value is termed as fineness modulus.

Compare the test value with the values given in the following table and you can get an idea about
how coarse or fine the sand is.

Only sand between FM 2.6 to 2.9 is considered suitable for nominal mix proportion.

Type of Sand Fineness Modulus Value

Very fine sand Below 2.2

Fine sand 2.2 to 2.6

Medium sand 2.6 to 2.9

Coarse sand 2.9 to 3.2

Very coarse sand Above 3.2

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 Tests on concrete:

Compressive strength of concrete:-The compression test shows the compressive strength of

hardened concrete. The compression test shows the best possible strength concrete can reach in
perfect conditions. The compression test measures concrete strength in the hardened state. Testing
should always be done carefully. Wrong test results can be costly.

The testing is done in a laboratory off-site. The only work done on-site is to make a concrete cubes
for the compression test. The strength is measured in Mega pascals (MPa) and is commonly
specified as a characteristic strength of concrete measured at 28 days after mixing. The
compressive strength is a measure of the concrete's ability to resist loads which tend to crush it.

Procedure of slump test for concrete:

• Clean the cone. Dampen with water and place on the slump plate. The slump plate should
be clean, firm, level and non-absorbent. Collect a sample of concrete to perform the slum
test.
• Stand fimly on the foot pieces and fill 1/3 the volume of the cone with the sample. Compact
the concrete by ’rodding’ 25 times. Rodding means to push a steel rod in and out of the
concrete to compact it into the cylinder, or slump cone. Always rod in a definite pattern,
working from outside into the middle.
• Now fill to 2/3 and again rod 25 times, just into the top of the first layer.
• Fill to overflowing, rodding again this time just into the top of the second layer. Top up
the cone till it overflows.
• Level off the surface with the steel rod using a rolling action. Clean any concrete from
around the base and top of the cone, push down on the handles and step off the footpaces.
• Carefully lift the cone straight up making sure not to move the sample.
• Turn the cone upside down and place the rod across the up-mrned cone.

[Link] Testing Machine

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Workability Tests of concrete:-This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly made
concrete. The slump test is done to make sure a concrete mix is workable. The measured slump
must be within a set range, or tolerance, from the target slump.

orkab t of concrete is mainly affected by consistency i.e. wetter mixes will be more workable
than drier mixes, but concrete of the same consistency may vary in workability. It can also be defined
as the relative plasticity of freshly mixed concrete as indicative of its workability.

Procedure of slump test for concrete:

• Clean the cone. Dampen with water and place on the slump plate. The slump plate should
be clean, firm, level and non-absorbent. Collect a sample of concrete to perform the slum
test.
• Stand fimly on the foot pieces and fill 1/3 the volume of the cone with the sample.
Compact the concrete by ’rodding’ 25 times. Rodding means to push a steel rod in and out
of the concrete to compact it into the cylinder, or slump cone. Always rod in a definite
pattern, working from outside into the middle.
• Now fill to 2/3 and again rod 25 times, just into the top of the first layer.
• Fill to overflowing, rodding again this time just into the top of the second layer. Top up
the cone till it overflows.
• Level off the surface with the steel rod using a rolling action. Clean any concrete from
around the base and top of the cone, push down on the handles and step off the footpaces.
• Carefully lift the cone straight up making sure not to move the sample.
• Turn the cone upside down and place the rod across the up-mrned cone.

Take several measurements and report the average distance to the top of the sample. If the sample
fails by being outside the tolerance (i.e. the slump is too high or too low), another must be taken.
If this also fails the remainder of the batch should be rejected.

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 CONCLUSION

We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done. As the scope
of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get more knowledge in such a
situation where we have great experience doing the practical work.
Knowing the loads we have designed ihe slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to shower span of
panel. In this project we have designed slabs as two way slabs depending upon the end condition,
corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have been calculated as per I.S. code methods for
corresponding lxbly ratio. The calculations have been done for loads on beams and columns and designed
frame analysis by moment distribution method. Here we have a very low bearing capacity, hard soil and
isolated footing done.

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