Pathology

Paper 1

The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease

Short Notes

1. Growth Factors *** (Feb 15;Feb 08;Oct 03) ([Link]: 20)

2. Fibronectin ** (Dec 23;Feb 08) ([Link]: 24)

3. Adhesion Molecules (Nov 98) ([Link]: 24)

Cell Injury, Cell Death and Adaptations

Essays

1. Necrosis **** (Feb 22;Feb 11;Aug 06;Dec 90) ([Link]: 39)

– Definition, Morphology, Patterns of Tissue Necrosis

2. Apoptosis *** (Jul 23;Feb 16;Aug 07) ([Link]: 42)

– Definition, Causes, Mechanisms, Morphology

– Biochemical Features, -Dysregulated Apoptosis
3. Degeneration (Aug 04) ([Link]: 62)

– Types, Fatty Change Pathology

Page: 34
Short Notes

1. Necrosis ********** (Feb 18;Feb 17;Feb 14;Aug 13;Feb 13;Feb 12;Aug 09;Feb
09;Aug 08;Mar 02;Nov 98;Dec 91) ([Link]: 39)
– Types
– Nuclear Changes
– Morphological Patterns
– Fat Necrosis
– Caseous Necrosis
2. Pathologic Calcification ********** (Aug 20;Feb 18;Aug 17;Feb 15;Feb 13;Feb
11;Feb 09;Aug 07;Feb 06;Oct 00;Nov 98;Apr 98;Dec 90) ([Link]: 65)
– Dystrophic
– Metastatic
– Difference between Dystrophic and Metastatic
3. Metaplasia ****** (Feb 17;Aug 13;Feb 11;Aug 10;Feb 10;Oct 03) ([Link]:
61;[Link]: 272)
4. Apoptosis **** (Feb 19;Feb 14;Aug 12;Aug 10) ([Link]: 42)
– Mechanism
5. Free Radicals in Cell Injury **** (Feb 12;Aug 10;Aug 08;Oct 00) ([Link]: 52)

6. Gangrene **** (Aug 16;Feb 08;Oct 97;Apr 96) ([Link]: 41)

– Pathogenesis
7. Fatty Change *** (Feb 10;Aug 05;Oct 03) ([Link]: 62)
– Fatty Liver
– Causes
8. Hyperplasia *** (Feb 21;Aug 19;Aug 17) ([Link]: 59)

9. Atrophy (Feb 10) ([Link]: 59)

10. Autophagy ([Link]: 48)

11. Cell Death (Feb 21) ([Link]: 47)

– Necroptosis
12. Cellular Aging (Feb 16) ([Link]: 66)
– Role of Sirtuins
13. Cellular Swelling (Aug 06) ([Link]: 37)

14. Pigments (Aug 11) ([Link]: 64)

– Classification, Lipofuscin

Page: 35
 Inflammation and Repair

Essays

1. Acute Inflammation ******** (Nov 20;Feb 19;Aug 11;Aug 10;Feb 07;Feb

05;Nov 95;Apr 92) ([Link]: 75;[Link]: 85)

– Define Inflammation, Cellular Events, Chemotaxis, Phagocytosis,

Defects in Leukocyte Functions
– Definition, Signs of Inflammation, Mediators
– Definition, Chemical Mediators
2. Cytokines *** (Feb 20;Apr 01;Nov 94) ([Link]: 88)

3. Repair and Healing (Feb 06) ([Link]: 103)

4. Wound Healing (Oct 97) ([Link]: 108)

– Healing by Second Intention, Difference between First and Second

Intention Healing, Factors Affecting Healing

Short Notes

1. Chemical Mediators of Acute Inflammation ********** (Jul 23;Feb 21;Aug

19;Aug 16;Feb 14;Feb 11;Aug 09;Feb 09;Oct 00;Dec 90) ([Link]: 85)
– Chemokines
– Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
– Arachidonic Acid Metabolites
2. Granuloma (or) Granulomatous Inflammation ********* (Jul 23;Aug 13;Feb
13;Feb 08;Feb 06;Feb 05;Apr 00;Nov 98;Apr 98) ([Link]: 100)
– Immune Granuloma
– Tubercle
3. Wound Healing ******** (Feb 23;Aug 18;Feb 14;Aug 13;Feb 13;Aug 08;Aug
06;Feb 05) ([Link]: 108)
– Factors Affecting Wound Healing
– Steps
– Types
4. Acute Inflammation ***** (Feb 22;Feb 14;Aug 11;Oct 03;Jan 93) ([Link]: 75)
– Morphologic Patterns, Chemotaxis
– Systemic Effects

Page: 36
 5. Exudate and Transudate ***** (Feb 11;Feb 09;Aug 04;Apr 00;Apr 92) ([Link]:
75)

6. Phagocytosis ***** (Feb 14;Feb 10;Aug 05;Apr 99;Apr 92) ([Link]: 80)

7. Tissue Repair ** (Feb 22;Apr 96) ([Link]: 111)

– Exuberant Granulation Tissue
8. Healing by Second Intention (Nov 95) ([Link]: 110)

Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism and Shock

Essays

1. Shock ******* (Feb 20;Feb 12;Aug 09;Feb 08;Mar 02;Oct 00;Apr 96) ([Link]:
134)
– Definition, Classification, Etiology, Stages, Pathogenesis,
Morphological Changes, Complications
– Septic Shock
– Endotoxic Shock
– Classification, Morphological Changes in Different Organs
2. Thrombosis ******* (Aug 22;Feb 07;Aug 05;Apr 99;Oct 97;Apr 95;Jan 93)
([Link]: 125)
– Differentiate From Postpartum
– Definition, Etiological Factors, Morphology, Sequelae
– Thrombogenesis, Fate of Thrombus
– Pathogenesis
3. Edema ***** (Aug 17;Feb 13;Feb 10;Feb 09;Apr 98) ([Link]: 115)
– Definition, Pathophysiological Categories, Examples, Illustrations
– Definition, Classification, Etiopathogenesis, Generalised Edema ,
Significance of Cerebral, Pulmonary and Cardiac Edema
– Pulmonary Edema
4. Gangrene (Nov 93) ([Link]: 133)
– Types, Etiology, Pathogenesis of Gas Gangrene

Page: 37
Short Notes

1. Embolism ********** (Feb 16;Aug 14;Aug 14;Feb 13;Aug 12;Aug 09;Feb 09;Aug
06;Oct 03;Apr 00;Nov 98;Nov 95;Dec 90) ([Link]: 130)
– Pulmonary Embolism
– Thromboembolism
– Fat Embolism
– Air Embolism (Caisson's Disease)
– Amniotic Fluid Embolism (Liquid Embolism)
2. Thrombosis ********** (Aug 20;Feb 19;Aug 17;Feb 17;Aug 14;Aug 13;Feb
13;Aug 12;Feb 12;Aug 09;Aug 08;Oct 03;Nov 95;Apr 92) ([Link]: 125)
– Fate
– Risk Factors for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
– Virchow's Triad
– Morphology
– Differentiate Thrombus and Blood Clot
– Definition
– Complications
– Lines of Zahn
3. Shock ****** (Aug 17;Aug 15;Aug 14;Feb 11;Aug 10;Aug 06) ([Link]: 134)
– Stages
– Pathogenesis
– Septic Shock
4. Infarct ***** (Jul 23;Aug 19;Nov 94;Nov 93;Apr 92) ([Link]: 133)
– Morphology
5. Edema ** (Aug 05;Dec 91) ([Link]: 115)

– Pathogenesis
6. Normal Hemostasis and Coagulation Cascade ** (Mar 22;Dec 91) ([Link]:
118)

7. Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome (Aug 11) ([Link]: 127)

8. Hyperemia and Congestion (Aug 16) ([Link]: 117)

Page: 38
 Genetic Disorders

Short Notes

1. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) ******* (Aug 19;Aug 16;Aug 14;Feb 13;Feb
10;Feb 09;Aug 06) ([Link]: 166)

2. Klinefelter Syndrome ******* (Feb 23;Feb 17;Aug 12;Aug 10;Aug 08;Nov

98;Apr 95) ([Link]: 170)

3. Turner's Syndrome ******* (Feb 12;Feb 07;Feb 06;Oct 03;Apr 99;Nov 94;Dec
91) ([Link]: 171)

4. Gaucher's Disease ****** (Jul 23;Feb 15;Aug 14;Feb 14;Feb 08;Oct 00) ([Link]:
158)

– Stain Used To Identify

5. Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes **** (Aug 20;Apr 17;Aug 04;Nov 97)
([Link]: 170)

– Sex Chromatin, Klinefelter Syndrome, Turner Syndrome,

Hermaphroditism, Pseudoaphroditism
6. X-Linked Recessive Disorders *** (Feb 18;Feb 11;Mar 02) ([Link]: 146)

7. Types of Chromosomal Rearrangements ** (Feb 19;Aug 08) ([Link]: 165)

8. Autosomal Recessive Disorders (Aug 18) ([Link]: 145)

9. Barr body (Jul 23)

10. Glycogen Storage Disorders (Feb 18) ([Link]: 160)

11. Hybridisation Techniques To Detect Genomic Alterations (Feb 11) ([Link]:

180)

– Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation

12. Marfan Syndrome (Nov 97) ([Link]: 148)

13. Mitochondrial Inheritance (Feb 11) ([Link]: 177)

14. Niemann-Pick Disease (Aug 07) ([Link]: 157)

Page: 39
 Immunology

Essays

1. Amyloidosis ********** (Aug 22;Aug 22;Nov 20;Aug 20;Aug 15;Aug 14;Aug

13;Aug 12;Feb 11;Feb 10;Aug 09;Feb 08;Aug 05;Aug 04;Apr 00;Apr 95) ([Link]:
259)
– Pathogenesis, Primary Amyloidosis, Stains Used And Staining
Characteristics, Effect On Various Organs
2. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) ********* (Feb 23;Feb
20;Aug 16;Feb 14;Feb 12;Feb 11;Feb 10;Aug 07;Nov 94) ([Link]: 247)
– Etiology, Routes of Transmission, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features,
Major and Minor Signs, Laboratory Diagnosis, Opportunistic Infections
3. Hypersensitivity Reactions ***** (Feb 23;Feb 22;Aug 17;Feb 12;Feb 09)
([Link]: 204)
– Immune complex (Type 3) Hypersensitivity reaction
4. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (Jul 23) ([Link]: 221)

Short Notes

1. Antibody Mediated (Type 2) Hypersensitivity ***** (Aug 18;Feb 14;Feb

11;Mar 02;Nov 95) ([Link]: 209)

2. Phagocytosis ***** (Feb 14;Feb 10;Aug 05;Apr 99;Apr 92) ([Link]: 209)

3. Morphology of Transplant Rejection Reactions **** (Aug 22;Sep 21;Feb

21;Oct 00) ([Link]: 235)

4. Type 1 (Immediate) Hypersensitivity reaction **** (Nov 20;Aug 20;Feb

19;Aug 10) ([Link]: 205)

5. Anaphylaxis *** (Mar 22;Feb 13;Feb 10) ([Link]: 208)

6. Cytokines *** (Feb 20;Apr 01;Nov 94) ([Link]: 199)

7. Lupus Erythematosus (LE) Phenomenon *** (Aug 15;Feb 08;Apr 92) ([Link]:
221)

8. Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases *** (Feb 23;Feb 18;Aug 09) ([Link]:

218)

9. Renal Changes in SLE *** (Jul 23;Aug 14;Feb 11) ([Link]: 225)

Page: 40
 10. Arthus reaction ** (Feb 15;Aug 12) ([Link]: 212)

11. Cell Mediated (Type 4) Hypersensitivity Reaction ** (Feb 23;Dec 91)

([Link]: 212)

12. Graft vs Host Disease ** (Aug 22;Aug 19) ([Link]: 239)

13. Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (Oct 03) ([Link]: 221)

14. Hyper IgM Syndrome (Feb 11) ([Link]: 244)

15. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) (or) Human Leukocyte

Antigens (HLA) (Oct 03) ([Link]: 198)

16. Mast Cells (Feb 09) ([Link]: 206)

17. Natural Killer (NK) cells (Apr 01) ([Link]: 192)

18. Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes (Oct 00) ([Link]: 240)

19. T-Lymphocyte (Aug 04) ([Link]: 194)

Neoplasia

Essays

1. Neoplasia *** (Sep 21;Aug 18;Aug 15) ([Link]: 323;[Link]: 306;[Link]: 268)
– Define Neoplasia, Pathogenesis of Radiation Carcinogenesis
– Define Neoplasia, Molecular Basis of Cancer
– Oncogenesis and Their Mode of Activation
– Define Neoplasms, Features of Anaplasia, Invasion and Metastasis
2. Carcinogenesis (Aug 12) ([Link]: 320)
– Physical, Chemical & Biological Carcinogenesis, Molecular Basis of
Cancer
3. Carcinogenic Agents (Aug 10) ([Link]: 321)
– Various Carcinogenic Agents, Classify Chemical Carcinogens, Steps
in Chemical Carcinogenesis
4. Metastasis (Jul 08) ([Link]: 273)
– Define Metastasis, Different Pathways of Spread
5. Oncogenic Viruses (Aug 09) ([Link]: 324)
– Mention Oncogenic Viruses, Oncogenesis by Human Papilloma Virus

Page: 41
Short Notes

1. Chemical Carcinogenesis **** (Feb 23;Feb 23;Nov 20;Feb 18) ([Link]: 321)

2. Tumour Markers **** (Aug 22;Aug 18;Feb 17;Aug 09) ([Link]: 335)

3. Difference Between Benign and Malignant Tumor *** (Feb 23;Aug 16;Aug
09) ([Link]: 276)

4. Paraneoplastic Syndromes *** (Aug 22;Feb 14;Aug 10) ([Link]: 328)

5. Dysplasia ** (Aug 18;Apr 95) ([Link]: 272)

6. Epstein-Barr Virus ** (Aug 20;Aug 14) ([Link]: 325)

7. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) ** (Aug 09;Aug 08) ([Link]: 331)

8. Growth Factors ** (Sep 21;Feb 15) ([Link]: 286)

9. Lab Diagonosis of Cancer ** (Feb 19;Feb 09) ([Link]: 331)

10. Metastasis ** (Aug 19;Feb 11) ([Link]: 273)

11. Oncogenic Viruses ** (Feb 13;Aug 08) ([Link]: 323)

12. Tumour Suppressor Genes ** (Feb 14;Feb 10) ([Link]: 291)

13. Automatic Tissue Processor (Feb 09)

14. Carcinogens (Jul 23) ([Link]: 323)

– Types, Microbial Carcinogens

15. Carcinoma In Situ ([Link]: 272)

16. Difference Between Differentiation and Anaplasia (Feb 12) ([Link]: 270)

17. Grading and Staging of Tumors (Feb 09) ([Link]: 330)

18. Hamartoma (Aug 11) ([Link]: 269)

19. Molecular Basis of Cancer (Aug 11) ([Link]: 281)

20. P53 (Aug 14) ([Link]: 294)

21. Tumour Antigen (Feb 13) ([Link]: 309)

22. Warburg Effect (Feb 12) ([Link]: 299)

Page: 42
 Infectious Diseases

Short Notes

1. Tuberculosis ***** (Jul 23;Mar 22;Aug 19;Aug 12;Apr 95) ([Link]: 368)

– Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis

– Miliary Tuberculosis
– Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Probable Cases:

– A 10 year old male with evening rise of temperature, neck nodes. His
father was treated for cough with expectoration for 6 months.
2. Leprosy **** (Feb 14;Aug 12;Feb 10;Aug 09) ([Link]: 374)

3. Actinomycosis (or) Mycetoma Foot *** (Aug 18;Feb 10;Feb 09)

4. Dengue ** (Feb 20;Aug 18) ([Link]: 353)

5. Malaria (or) Black Water Fever ** (Feb 23;Feb 12) ([Link]: 388)

6. Mucormycosis ** (Feb 22;Sep 21) ([Link]: 387)

7. Cysticercosis (Feb 18) ([Link]: 395)

8. Tertiary Syphilis (Feb 13) ([Link]: 376)

9. Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (Feb 12) ([Link]: 352)

Environmental and Nutritional Disorders

Essays

1. Obesity (Aug 14) ([Link]: 444)

– Methods of Assessments, Etiopathogenesis, Complications

Probable Cases:

– A 12 year old boy has a history of eating snacks and watching

television with reduced physical activity for the past few years. BMI
- 30.5

Page: 43
Short Notes

1. Vitamin D Deficiency (or) Rickets ******* (Jul 23;Feb 23;Feb 20;Aug 18;Aug
10;Aug 08;Feb 05) ([Link]: 440) Probable Cases:
– A 3 year old male child had frontal bossing, pigeon chest and
bowing of legs.
2. Vitamin A Deficiency *** (Feb 13;Aug 06;Apr 97) ([Link]: 437) Probable
Cases:
– A 17 year old female who is already diagnosed as a case of Crohn's
disease came with complaints of night blindness and recurrent
infections.
3. Vitamin C Deficiency (or) Scurvy *** (Feb 23;Aug 19;Feb 15) ([Link]: 442)
Probable Cases:
– A 7 year old child came with complaints of bleeding gums,
hemorrhages and healing defects.
4. Lead poisoning ** (Feb 16;Aug 11) ([Link]: 411)
– Blood and Bone marrow changes
Probable Cases:
– A 12 year old child came with complaints of mental retardation. CBC
shows basophilic stippling. X-ray show radiodense lines.
5. Obesity ** (Mar 22;Aug 18) ([Link]: 444)

6. Protein Energy Malnutrition ** (Feb 18;Feb 17) ([Link]: 434)

7. Acute and Chronic effects of Alcohol ([Link]: 418)

8. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia ([Link]: 435)

9. Effects of Tobacco ([Link]: 415)

10. Kwashiorkor (Apr 97) ([Link]: 434) Probable Cases:

– A 4 year old child has presented with hyperpigmentation,
desquamation and hyperpigmentation of skin, puffiness of face
and enlarged liver. Flag sign positive in hairs.
11. Nutritional Disorders (Aug 22) ([Link]: 433)

12. Opioids - Adverse effects ([Link]: 424)

13. Radiation Injury (Aug 07) ([Link]: 429)

Page: 44
 Infancy and Diseases of Childhood

Short Notes

1. Wilms Tumor ******** (Dec 23;Aug 14;Aug 10;Aug 08;Aug 04;Oct 03;Oct
99;Dec 91) ([Link]: 480)
– Asked in paper 2 as well
Probable Cases:
– A 3 year old child presented with a unilateral, large abdominal
mass which extend down the pelvis. Histology show sheets of blue
cells.
2. Childhood Malignancies *** (Feb 19;Aug 08;Nov 93) ([Link]: 475)
– Benign Tumors, Malignant Tumors
3. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (Fetal Hydrops) ** (Aug 09;Apr 96) ([Link]:
462)
4. Cystic Fibrosis (Feb 11) ([Link]: 467)
– Etiopathogenesis
Probable Cases:
– A 10 year old child is hospitalized with pneumonia and difficulty in
breathing. His stools are large and contains undigested particles.
His sweat chloride levels are elevated.
5. Homer Wright Pseudo Rosettes (Neuroblastoma Histology) (Apr 08)
([Link]: 478) Probable Cases:
– A 2 year old child presented with a large abdominal mass and
weight loss. He has deep bluish discolouration of skin (Blueberry
Muffin Baby). Blood - Elevated levels of VMA (Vanillyl mandellic
acid).
6. Phenylketonuria ([Link]: 465) Probable Cases:
– A 6 month old baby has reduced intellectual ability. His blood
sample shows elevated levels of phenylalanine.
7. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) ([Link]: 473) Probable Cases:
– A 6 month old baby dies suddenly with unexplained cause even
after proper investigation, autopsy and clinical history.

Page: 45
 Red Blood Cells

Essays

1. Sickle Cell Anaemia ***** (Aug 18;Feb 07;Feb 07;Apr 97;Dec 91) ([Link]: 641)

– Define Anaemia, Classify Hemolytic Anaemia, Pathogenesis, Clinical

Features, Laboratory Diagnosis
Probable Cases:

– A 20 year old female had hematocrit of 20%, reticulocytosis,

hyperbilirubinemia, peripheral smear revealed anisopoikilocytosis
and target cells.
2. Megaloblastic Anaemia **** (Mar 22;Aug 17;Aug 05;Mar 05) ([Link]: 651)

– Causes, Pathogenesis, Morphology, Bone Marrow Picture

– Lab Investigation and Diagnosis of Pernicious Anaemia
– Definition of anaemia, Classification of anaemia
Probable Cases:

– A 50 year old male vegetarian, presented with pallor, paresthesia of

extremities. O/E he had beefy tongue.
3. Iron Deficiency Anaemia (or) Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia *** (Feb
13;Aug 08;Apr 01) ([Link]: 655)

– Etiopathogenesis, Peripheral Smear, Bone Marrow Picture

Probable Cases:

– A 30 year old female presented with menorrhagia. She has pallor,

koilonychia.
4. Thalassemia (Feb 23) ([Link]: 644)
– Etiopathogenesis, Morphology, Lab Investigation
– Classify Hemolytic Anaemia, Pathogenesis, Blood Picture, Clinical
Features of Beta Thalassemia Major
Probable Cases:
– A 8 year old girl presented with malaise and fatigue. On examination
yellowish sclera with hepatosplenomegaly noted. Family history
revealed similar complaints in her sibling also. Her Hemoglobin level
is 7.8 g/dl. X-Ray skull showed “crewcut” appearance.

Page: 46
Short Notes

1. Megaloblastic Anemia ********** (Dec 23;Aug 15;Feb 09;Aug 08;Aug 06;Feb

06;Aug 04;Apr 99;Nov 98;Apr 96) ([Link]: 651)
– Bone Marrow Picture of Vit B12 Deficiency, Pathophysiology
Probable Cases:
– A 20 year old female had hematocrit of 20%, reticulocytosis,
hyperbilirubinemia, peripheral smear revealed anisopoikilocytosis
and target cells.
2. Aplastic Anaemia ****** (Jul 23;Feb 23;Aug 13;Aug 05;Feb 05;Oct 97)
([Link]: 659)
– Etiology, Morphology of Bone Marrow
3. Iron Deficiency Anaemia (or) Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia ** (Aug
23;Aug 22) ([Link]: 655)
– Laboratory Investigations and Diagnosis
– Hematological Findings
Probable Cases:
– A 30 year old female presented with menorrhagia. She has pallor,
koilonychia.
4. Pancytopenia ** (Aug 18;Oct 00) ([Link]: 305)
– Causes
5. Polycythaemia Vera ** (Aug 12) ([Link]: 624)
– Pathogenesis, Morphology, Clinical Features
6. Reticulocyte ** (Aug 17;Aug 05) ([Link]: 637;[Link]: 385)
7. Sickle Cell Anaemia ** (Aug 22;Feb 10) ([Link]: 641)
– Sickle Cell
– Pathophysiology
Probable Cases:
– A 20 year old female had hematocrit of 20%, reticulocytosis,
hyperbilirubinemia, peripheral smear revealed anisopoikilocytosis
and target cells.
8. Auto Immune Hemolytic Anaemia (Feb 20) ([Link]: 649)
– Laboratory Investigation
– Classification of Immunohemolytic Anemia
9. G-6-PD Deficiency Anaemia (Mar 02) ([Link]: 640)
10. Hereditary Spherocytosis (Feb 22;Aug 07) ([Link]: 638)
– Pathogenesis, Morphology and Blood Picture, Clinical Features

Page: 47
 White Blood Cells

Essays

1. Leukemia ******* (Aug 19;Feb 10;Feb 05;Nov 95;Nov 93;Jan 93;Dec 90)
([Link]: 590;[Link]: 594;[Link]: 597;[Link]: 617;[Link]: 622)
– Classify leukemias, Describe peripheral blood picture and bone
marrow findings in CML
– Classify leukemias, Describe peripheral blood picture and bone
marrow findings in ALL
– Classify leukemias, Describe blood and bone marrow findings in AML
2. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) **** (Jul 23;Aug 12;Aug 11;Aug 09) ([Link]:
622)
– Diagnosis, Peripheral smear findings, Course of disease,
Chromosomal abnormality involved
– Clinical features, Peripheral smear and bone marrow findings,
Clinical outcome
– Diagnosis, Molecular basis of this disease, Morphological features,
Classify myeloproliferative neoplasms
Probable Cases:
– A 40 year old male with H/O chronic fatigue, weight loss since 6
months. O/E pallor, marked splenomegaly+, laboratory report shows
Hb 10 gm%, Total leukocyte count 215000/[Link] Platelets 4
lakhs/[Link].
3. Multiple Myeloma ** (Feb 12;Feb 11) ([Link]: 607)
– Diagnosis, Etiopathogenesis, Bone marrow changes, Lab
investigations, Complications
– Diagnosis, Molecular pathogenesis, Morphology, Clinical features
Probable Cases:
– A 60 year old male presented with normocytic normochromic
anaemia, pathological fracture of femur and proteinuria. X-ray skull
revealed punched out lesions in the calvarium and peripheral smear
studied show rouleaux formation.
– A 60 year old male presented with low back ache. He had multiple
lytic lesions of bones on skeletal survey. Serum electrophoresis and
bone narrow was done to establish diagnosis.

Page: 48
 4. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (Aug 06) ([Link]: 617)

– Etiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Lab investigations

5. Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders (Aug 07) ([Link]: 621)

Short Notes

1. Multiple Myeloma ******* (Jul 23;Feb 23;Mar 22;Feb 22;Feb 19;Aug 13;Aug 11)
([Link]: 607)
– Blood and bone marrow picture
– -Morphology
Probable Cases:
– A 70 year old woman admitted with worsening anemia and
pathological fracture of the Humerus had an ESR of 120 mm/hr. Her
peripheral smear showed increased Rouleaux formation. X-ray of
skull showed multiple punched out osteolytic lesions.
2. Hodgkin's lymphoma ****** (Aug 22;Mar 22;Sep 21;Feb 15;Aug 13;Aug 07)
([Link]: 611)
– Classification of Hodgkin's lymphoma
– Morphology and types
– Pathological types
– Subtypes of Hodgkin's lymphoma
– Molecular pathogenesis and Morphology
– AETCOM: Empathising and Supporting your friend (18, M) with
Hodgkin's lymphoma
3. Leukemoid Reactions (or) Leukocytosis ****** (Aug 12;Aug 08;Aug 05;Apr
00;Apr 99;Nov 95) ([Link]: 587;[Link]: 102)
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) ***** (Mar 22;Nov 20;Feb 20;Aug 16;Apr
98) ([Link]: 622)
– Blood picture of CML
– Mutations in CML
– Diagnosis, Diagram of peripheral smear, Common genetic
abnormality
Probable Cases:
– A 30 year old male presented with massive splenomegaly, His total
leukocyte count was 235,000 cells/[Link] with more neutrophil
precursors. Platelet count was 1,80,000 cells/[Link].

Page: 49
5. Reed Sternberg Cell ***** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Aug 16;Feb 13;Aug 10) ([Link]: 612)

– Variants
– Types
6. Acute Leukemia **** (Feb 20;Feb 11;Oct 00;Apr 97) ([Link]: 594;[Link]: 617)

– Classification
– Cytochemistry
– FAB classification
7. Agranulocytosis **** (Aug 22;Feb 16;Feb 13;Apr 98) ([Link]: 586)

– Diagnosis, Pathogenesis
– Definition
Probable Cases:

– A 20 year old male following antibiotic intake had total leukocyte

count of 1200 cells/[Link] and absolute neutrophil count of 120 cells.
8. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) *** (Aug 22;Aug 13;Apr 96) ([Link]: 617)

– Classification
– WHO Classification
– Morphological classification
9. Leucocytes ** (Feb 12;Nov 94) ([Link]: 241)

– Morphological disorder
– Defects in leucocyte function
10. Leukemia ** (Aug 09;Aug 08) ([Link]: 590)

– Definition, FAB classification of leukemia

11. Myelodysplastic Syndrome ** (Feb 16;Aug 07) ([Link]: 620)

12. Primary Myelofibrosis ** (Aug 15;Feb 12) ([Link]: 626)

13. Russell Bodies ** (Feb 17;Aug 14) ([Link]: 608)

14. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Aug 15) ([Link]: 627)

15. Leucocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (Aug 14)

16. Nodular Sclerosis (Feb 06) ([Link]: 612)

17. Pseudo Pelger-Huët Anomaly (Feb 12) ([Link]: 620)

Page: 50
 Platelets

Essays

1. Thrombocytopaenia *** (Feb 14;Mar 02;Apr 98) ([Link]: 663)

– Causes of thrombocytopaenia, Classification, Etiopathognenesis,
Enlist various tests for bleeding disorders
2. Bleeding Disorders (Nov 94) ([Link]: 662)
– Classification, Discuss the laboratory investigation of these disorders

Short Notes

1. Idiopathic Thrombocytopaenic Purpura ****** (Aug 17;Feb 11;Aug 08;Feb

08;Feb 07;Mar 02) ([Link]: 664)
2. Von Willibrand's Disease ****** (Jul 23;Aug 18;Feb 16;Feb 09;Feb 06;Oct 97)
([Link]: 668)
3. Hemophilia **** (Feb 17;Aug 14;Aug 11;Aug 10) ([Link]: 668)
– Hemophilia A, Investigations necessary for diagnosis of Hemophilia
4. Anticoagulants *** (Feb 22;Aug 19;Feb 12)
– Various anti-coagulants utilized in clinical pathology lab for routine
blood investigations, Write about their mechanism, Uses
5. Cross Matching *** (Jul 23;Feb 12;Feb 10)
6. Complications of Blood Transfusion ** (Dec 23;Feb 05) ([Link]: 671)
7. Bombay Blood Group ** (Nov 20;Aug 09)
8. Chronic Immune Thrombocytopaenic Purpura ** (Aug 22;Feb 12) ([Link]:
664)
9. Prothrombin Time ** (Aug 13;Apr 98) ([Link]: 662)
10. Transfusion Reactions ** (Aug 22;Feb 11) ([Link]: 671)
– Classification, Investigation, Infection transmitted by blood
transfusion
11. Blood Bank (Feb 10)
– Blood components prepared in the blood bank
12. Christmas disease (or) Hemophilia B (Factor IX Deficiency) (Aug 12)
([Link]: 669)
13. Coagulation Disorders (Feb 20) ([Link]: 667)
14. Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia and Bernard-Soulier syndrome (Sep 21)
([Link]: 666)
15. Pancytopaenia (Feb 18)

Page: 51