Geographic Information Systems

Pre-processing of spatial datasets-01

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 GIS Analytical Operations
Primary:
Basic GIS functions (usually refers as GIS Tools, e.g.
• Area and distance measurements
• Buffer generation
• Reclassification etc.

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 Area and distance measurements
• Manual
• Auto population in attribute table

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 Area and distance measurements

https://doc.arcgis.com/search/?q=measure&collection=all&product=arcgis-online&language=en
Measurement types
• Planar measurement use 2D Cartesian mathematics to calculate lengths
and areas.
• This is only possible available when measuring in a projected
Planar
coordinate system and the 2D plane of that coordinate system will be
used as the basis for the measurements.
• Generally, all area measurements calculated are planar.
• The shortest line between any two points on the earth's surface on a
spheroid (ellipsoid).
• One use for a geodesic line is when you want to determine the shortest
Geodesic
distance between two cities for an airplane's flight path.
• This is also known as a great circle line if based on a sphere rather than
an ellipsoid.

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 Area and distance measurements

https://doc.arcgis.com/search/?q=measure&collection=all&product=arcgis-online&language=en
Measurement types
• A loxodrome is not the shortest distance between two points but
instead defines the line of constant bearing, or azimuth.
Loxodrome • Great circle routes are often broken into a series of loxodromes, which
simplifies navigation.
• This is also known as a rhumb line.
• The line on a spheroid (ellipsoid) defined by the intersection at the
surface by a plane that passes through the center of the spheroid and
Great
the start and endpoints of a segment.
Elliptic
• This is also known as a great circle when a sphere is used.
• The great elliptic type allows you to create lines only.

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 Measuring direction of aspect
• Aspect identifies the downslope direction of the

http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/3d-analyst-toolbox/measuring-aspect.htm
maximum rate of change in value from each cell to its
neighbors.
• It can be thought of as the slope direction.
• The values of each cell in the output raster indicate
the compass direction that the surface faces at that
location.
• It is measured clockwise in degrees from 0 (due north)
to 360 (again due north), coming full circle.
• Flat areas having no downslope direction are given a
value of -1.
• The value of each cell in an aspect dataset indicates
the direction the cell's slope faces.

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 Measuring slope
• Slope is the maximum rate of change

http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Calculating_slope
between each cell and its neighbors, for
example, the steepest downhill descent for
the cell (the maximum change in elevation
over the distance between the cell and its
eight neighbors).
• Every cell in the output raster has a slope
value.
• The lower the slope value, the flatter the
terrain; the higher the slope value, the
steeper the terrain.
• The output slope raster can be calculated as
percent of slope or degree of slope.

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Secondary:

Advanced compound procedures using macro

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 GIS Operations

• Preprocessing
• Processing / Analysis

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 Preprocessing
• Format conversion
• Data reduction and generalization
• Error detection and editing
• Merging
• Edge matching
• Rectification/ registration/ georeferencing
• Interpolation
• Image / photo interpretation

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Data generalization

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Source: http://maps.unomaha.edu/Peterson/gis/notes/GISAnal1.html

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Source: http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/gis_poster/

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Source: http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/error/error.html

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Source: http://theses.ulaval.ca/archimede/fichiers/24670/ch05.html

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 Source: http://theses.ulaval.ca/archimede/fichiers/24670/ch05.html
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17

Source: http://theses.ulaval.ca/archimede/fichiers/23356/ch02.html
 Generalization
• Generalization is a holistic process due to its subjective nature,
and the lack of well-defined rules to guide decision-making
necessary to compensate for the visual problems
• During this challenging process, it is important to
understand why to generalize, when to generalize, and how to
generalize, in order to choose and apply the relevant
operators to spatial objects
• These operators differ in terms of accuracy, quickness, and
complexity.
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 Data Generalization
Type of
Description
Generalization
Creates polygon features around clusters of proximate point
Aggregate Points
features.
Aggregate Combines polygons within a specified distance of each other
Polygons into new polygons.
Collapse Dual Lines Derives centerlines from dual-line (or double-line) features,
To Centerline such as road casings, based on specified width tolerances.
Collapses small, open configurations of road segments that
Collapse Road interrupt the general trend of a road network, such as traffic
Detail circles, for example, and replaces them with a simplified
depiction.

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 Data Generalization
Type of
Description
Generalization
Delineate Built- Creates polygons to represent built-up areas by delineating
Up Areas densely clustered arrangements of buildings on small-scale maps.
Creates a mesh of polygon features that cover the input feature
Create
class where each polygon encloses no more than a specified
Cartographic
number of input features, determined by the density and
Partitions
distribution of the input features.
Merge Divided Generates single-line road features in place of matched pairs of
Roads divided road lanes.
Simplifies the boundary or footprint of building polygons while
Simplify Building
maintaining their essential shape and size.

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 Data Generalization
Type of
Description
Generalization
Simplifies lines by removing extraneous bends while preserving
Simplify Line
essential shape.
Simplify Simplifies polygons by removing extraneous bends while
Polygon preserving essential shape.
Smooths sharp angles in lines to improve aesthetic or cartographic
Smooth Line
quality.
Smooth Smooths sharp angles in polygon outlines to improve aesthetic or
Polygon cartographic quality.
Thin Road Generates a simplified road network that retains connectivity and
Network general character for display at a smaller scale.

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Digitizing errors

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THANKS

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