1.
Number Patterns
What is a Number Pattern?
A number pattern is a sequence of numbers that follow a specific rule or
relationship. The terms in the sequence are arranged in a particular order
based on a fixed rule.
Types of Number Patterns
a) Arithmetic Sequences (Linear Sequences)
- In an arithmetic sequence, each term is found by adding or subtracting a
constant number to the previous term. This constant is called the
common difference (d).
- Look for relationships between consecutive terms and when dealing with
fractions, deal with numerators and denominators separately.
General Formula:
Tn = a + (n-1). d
Where:
- (Tn) = the nth term
- (a) = the first term
- (d) = the common difference
- (n) = the position of the term/ number
Example:
For the sequence: 2, 5, 8, 11, ...
- Common difference (d = 3)
- First term (a = 2)
- The general term is Tn = 2 + (n -1). 3
Tn = 2 + 3n – 3
Tn = 3n - 1
2. Scientific Notation
What is Scientific Notation?
Scientific notation is a way of expressing very large or very small numbers
in the form of a number between 1 and 10, multiplied by a power of 10.
General Form:
n
a × 10
Where:
- (a) is a number greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10.
- (n) is an integer (positive for large numbers, negative for small
numbers).
How to Convert Numbers to Scientific Notation:
1. For Large Numbers (greater than 10):
- Move the decimal point to the left until there is only one non-zero digit
to the left of the decimal point.
- The exponent is the number of digits after the decimal point (on the
right).
Example:
45000 = 4.5000
= 4.5×10 4
2. For Small Numbers (less than 1):
- Move the decimal point to the right until there is only one non-zero digit
to the left of the decimal point.
- The exponent is negative and represents the number of digits before
the decimal point (on the left).
Example:
0.0006 = 0000.6
= 6×10−4
Operations with Scientific Notation:
- Multiplying: Multiply the numbers in front and add the exponents of 10.
(a × 10m) × (b ×10 n ¿ = (a × b)× 10m+ n
- Dividing: Divide the numbers in front and subtract the exponents of
10.
( a × 10m ) ÷ ( b ×10 n) =(a ÷ b)×10 m−n
3. Exponential Equations
What is an Exponential Equation?
An exponential equation is an equation where the variable appears in the
exponent of a number.
General Form:
x
a =b
Where:
- (a) is the base
- ( x ) is the exponent (the variable)
- (b) is the result
Solving Exponential Equations:
Example 1:
Solve 2 x =8
1. Write 8 as a power of 2: 8=23
2. Now you have: 2 x =23
3. Since the bases are the same, equate the exponents: x=3
Example 2:
Solve 52 x =25
1. Write 25 as a power of 5: 25=52
2. Now you have: 52 x =52
3. Since the bases are the same, equate the exponents: 2 x=2
4. Solve for x : x =1
4. Algebra
Variables and Expressions
- Variables: letters or symbols representing unknown values (e.g., x, y)
- Expressions: combinations of variables, numbers, and operations (e.g.,
2x + 3)
Equations and Inequalities
- Equations: statements with equal expressions (e.g., 2x + 3 = 5)
- Inequalities: statements with unequal expressions (e.g., 2x + 3 > 5)
Solving Linear Equations
- Add or subtract the same value to both sides
- Multiply or divide both sides by the same non-zero value
Example:
Solve for x in: 2x + 3 = 7
1. Group the like terms: 2 x=7−3
2 x=4
2x 4
2. Divide by 2 on both sides: =
2 2
x=2
