Computer Organization & Architecture (COA)

GTU # 3140707

Unit-7
Computer Arithmetic
 Outline
Looping
• Addition and Subtraction
• Multiplication Algorithms (Booth Multiplication Algorithm)
• Decimal Arithmetic Unit
• Questions asked in GTU exam
Section - 1
Addition and Subtraction

Add Subtract Magnitudes

Operation
Magnitudes When A > B When A < B When A = B
(+A) + (+B) + (A + B)
(+A) + (-B) + (A - B) - (B - A) + (A - B)
(-A) + (+B) - (A - B) + (B - A) + (A - B)
(-A) + (-B) - (A + B)
(+A) - (+B) + (A - B) - (B - A) + (A - B)
(+A) - (-B) + (A + B)
(-A) - (+B) - (A + B)
(-A) - (-B) - (A - B) + (B - A) + (A - B)

#3140707 (COA)  Unit 7 – Computer Arithmetic 4

Flowchart for Addition & Subtraction
Subtract operation Add operation

As = Sign bit of A Minuend in A Augend in A

Bs = Sign bit of B Subtrahend in B Addend in B

=0 =1 =1 =0
As⊕Bs As⊕Bs
As = Bs As ≠ Bs As = Bs
EA ← A+B’+1 As ≠ Bs EA ← A+B
AVF ← 0
=0 =1
E
A<B A≥B AVF ← E
A ← A’ ≠0 =0
A

A ← A+1 As ← 0 E = Carry
As ← As’ AVF = add overflow
flip-flop
END
(result is in A and As)

#3140707 (COA)  Unit 7 – Computer Arithmetic 5

Section - 2
Multiplication
 Traditional way of binary multiplication Multiply operation

Multiplicand in B
23 10111 Multiplier in Q

x 19 x 10011 𝐴𝑆 ← 𝑄𝑆 ⊕ 𝐵𝑆
𝑄𝑆 ← 𝑄𝑆 ⊕ 𝐵𝑆
10111 A ← 0, E ← 0
10111 SC ← 𝑛

00000 =0 =1
00000 𝑄𝑛

10111 EA ← 𝐴 + 𝐵
shr EAQ
437 110110101 SC ← 𝑆𝐶 − 1
≠0 =0
SC

END
(PRODUCT is in AQ)
#3140707 (COA)  Unit 7 – Computer Arithmetic 7
Perform 23 x 19
Multiplicand B = 10111 E A Q SC
Multiplier in Q 0 00000 10011 101
Qn = 1; add B 10111
First partial product 0 10111
Shift right EAQ 0 01011 11001 100
Qn = 1; add B 10111
Second partial product 1 00010
Shift right EAQ 0 10001 01100 011
Qn = 0; shift right EAQ 0 01000 10110 010
Qn = 0; shift right EAQ 0 00100 01011 001
Qn = 1; add B 10111
Fifth partial product 0 11011
Shift right EAQ 0 01101 10101 000
Final product in AQ =
0110110101

#3140707 (COA)  Unit 7 – Computer Arithmetic 8

Multiply (-9) x (-13) using Booth Algorithm
𝑩𝑹 = 10111
𝑸𝒏 𝑸𝒏+𝟏 𝑨𝑪 𝑸𝑹 𝑸𝒏+𝟏 𝑺𝑪
𝑩𝑹 + 𝟏 = 01001
Initial 00000 10011 0 101
1 0 Subtract BR 01001
01001
ashr 00100 11001 1 100
1 1 ashr 00010 01100 1 011
0 1 Add BR 10111
11001
ashr 11100 10110 0 010
0 0 ashr 11110 01011 0 001
1 0 Subtract BR 01001
00111
ashr 00011 10101 1 000

#3140707 (COA)  Unit 7 – Computer Arithmetic 9

Booth Multiplication Algorithm
Multiply operation

Multiplicand in BR
Multiplier in QR

AC ← 0
𝑄𝑛+1 ← 0
SC ← 𝑛

= 10 = 01
𝑄𝑛 𝑄𝑛+1

= 00
AC ← 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝑅 + 1 AC ← 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝑅
= 11

ashr( AC & QR)

SC ← 𝑆𝐶 − 1

≠0 =0
SC
END

#3140707 (COA)  Unit 7 – Computer Arithmetic 10

Section - 3
BCD Adder
 Two BCD digits are applied to 4-bit binary
1
adder which produce result ranging from 0 to
97 1001 0111 19 i.e. 9 + 9 + 1 = 19
+ 99 + 1001 1001
 Output sum of two decimal numbers must be
196 1 0011 0000 Both groups generate carry
+0110 +0110 Add 0110 to each
represented in BCD.
1 1001 0110  Problem is to find rule by which binary
number is to be converted to correct BCD

If codes are illegal or carry is generated in

the group then we add 0110 to that
particular group

#3140707 (COA)  Unit 7 – Computer Arithmetic 12

BCD Adder

Binary Sum BCD Sum Binary Sum BCD Sum

K Z8 Z4 Z2 Z1 C S8 S4 S2 S1 Decimal K Z8 Z4 Z2 Z1 C S8 S4 S2 S1 Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 10
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 11
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 12
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 13
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 14
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 15
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 16
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 7 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 17
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 18
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 9 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 19

#3140707 (COA)  Unit 7 – Computer Arithmetic 13

BCD Adder
 Correction from binary to BCD is needed in Addend Augend
following conditions
 K=1
4-bit binary adder
 Z8 and Z4 or Z8 and Z2 must have 1
Carry Carry in
K
out
Z8 Z4 Z2 Z1

Output
𝐶 = 𝐾 + 𝑍8𝑍4 + 𝑍8𝑍2 carry

4-bit binary adder

S8 S4 S2 S1
#3140707 (COA)  Unit 7 – Computer Arithmetic 14
Section - 4
Questions asked in GTU exam
1. Explain Booth multiplication algorithm for multiplying binary integers in signed 2’s
complement representation.
2. Draw and explain flowchart for addition and subtraction operations with sign-magnitude data.
3. Explain BCD Adder with its block diagram.
4. Develop an algorithm for multiplication of two binary numbers, which are stored as per
floating point representation.
5. Draw flowchart hardware multiplication algorithm and explain it.

#3140707 (COA)  Unit 7 – Computer Arithmetic 16