Learning SQL 2nd Edition Alan Beaulieu -

Downloadable PDF 2025

https://ebookfinal.com/download/learning-sql-2nd-edition-alan-beaulieu/

Visit ebookfinal.com today to download the complete set of

ebooks or textbooks
Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

Learning SQL 1st Edition Alan Beaulieu

https://ebookfinal.com/download/learning-sql-1st-edition-alan-
beaulieu/

Murach s Oracle SQL and PL SQL for Developers 2nd Edition

Joel Murach

https://ebookfinal.com/download/murach-s-oracle-sql-and-pl-sql-for-
developers-2nd-edition-joel-murach/

Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2005 T SQL Querying Solid

Quality Learning 1st Edition Itzik Ben-Gan Lubor Kollar
Dejan Sarka
https://ebookfinal.com/download/inside-microsoft-sql-
server-2005-t-sql-querying-solid-quality-learning-1st-edition-itzik-
ben-gan-lubor-kollar-dejan-sarka/

Beginning T SQL 2012 2nd Edition Scott Shaw

https://ebookfinal.com/download/beginning-t-sql-2012-2nd-edition-
scott-shaw/
Database Systems Using Oracle A Simplified Guide to SQL
and PL SQL 2nd Edition Nilesh Shah

https://ebookfinal.com/download/database-systems-using-oracle-a-
simplified-guide-to-sql-and-pl-sql-2nd-edition-nilesh-shah/

SQL A Beginner s Guide 2nd Edition Robert Sheldon

https://ebookfinal.com/download/sql-a-beginner-s-guide-2nd-edition-
robert-sheldon/

SQL injection attacks and defense 2nd ed. Edition Clarke

https://ebookfinal.com/download/sql-injection-attacks-and-defense-2nd-
ed-edition-clarke/

Impact Techniques for Therapists 1st Edition Danie

Beaulieu

https://ebookfinal.com/download/impact-techniques-for-therapists-1st-
edition-danie-beaulieu/

PROC SQL Beyond the Basics Using SAS 2nd edition Edition
Lafler

https://ebookfinal.com/download/proc-sql-beyond-the-basics-using-
sas-2nd-edition-edition-lafler/
Learning SQL 2nd Edition Alan Beaulieu Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Alan Beaulieu
ISBN(s): 9780596555580, 059655558X
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 2.10 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
 SECOND EDITION

Learning SQL

Alan Beaulieu

Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo

Learning SQL, Second Edition
by Alan Beaulieu

Copyright © 2009 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions
are also available for most titles (http://safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/
institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or [email protected].

Editor: Mary E. Treseler Indexer: Ellen Troutman Zaig

Production Editor: Loranah Dimant Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Copyeditor: Audrey Doyle Interior Designer: David Futato
Proofreader: Nancy Reinhardt Illustrator: Robert Romano

Printing History:
August 2005: First Edition.
April 2009: Second Edition.

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of
O’Reilly Media, Inc. Learning SQL, the image of an Andean marsupial tree frog, and related trade dress
are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a
trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume
no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information con-
tained herein.

TM

This book uses RepKover™, a durable and flexible lay-flat binding.

ISBN: 978-0-596-52083-0

[M]

1239115419
 Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

1. A Little Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction to Databases 1
Nonrelational Database Systems 2
The Relational Model 4
Some Terminology 6
What Is SQL? 7
SQL Statement Classes 7
SQL: A Nonprocedural Language 9
SQL Examples 10
What Is MySQL? 12
What’s in Store 13

2. Creating and Populating a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Creating a MySQL Database 15
Using the mysql Command-Line Tool 17
MySQL Data Types 18
Character Data 18
Numeric Data 21
Temporal Data 23
Table Creation 25
Step 1: Design 25
Step 2: Refinement 26
Step 3: Building SQL Schema Statements 27
Populating and Modifying Tables 30
Inserting Data 31
Updating Data 35
Deleting Data 35
When Good Statements Go Bad 36
Nonunique Primary Key 36
Nonexistent Foreign Key 36

iii
 Column Value Violations 37
Invalid Date Conversions 37
The Bank Schema 38

3. Query Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Query Mechanics 41
Query Clauses 43
The select Clause 43
Column Aliases 46
Removing Duplicates 47
The from Clause 48
Tables 49
Table Links 51
Defining Table Aliases 52
The where Clause 52
The group by and having Clauses 54
The order by Clause 55
Ascending Versus Descending Sort Order 57
Sorting via Expressions 58
Sorting via Numeric Placeholders 59
Test Your Knowledge 60

4. Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Condition Evaluation 63
Using Parentheses 64
Using the not Operator 65
Building a Condition 66
Condition Types 66
Equality Conditions 66
Range Conditions 68
Membership Conditions 71
Matching Conditions 73
Null: That Four-Letter Word 76
Test Your Knowledge 79

5. Querying Multiple Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

What Is a Join? 81
Cartesian Product 82
Inner Joins 83
The ANSI Join Syntax 86
Joining Three or More Tables 88
Using Subqueries As Tables 90
Using the Same Table Twice 92

iv | Table of Contents
 Self-Joins 93
Equi-Joins Versus Non-Equi-Joins 94
Join Conditions Versus Filter Conditions 96
Test Your Knowledge 97

6. Working with Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Set Theory Primer 99
Set Theory in Practice 101
Set Operators 103
The union Operator 103
The intersect Operator 106
The except Operator 107
Set Operation Rules 108
Sorting Compound Query Results 108
Set Operation Precedence 109
Test Your Knowledge 111

7. Data Generation, Conversion, and Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Working with String Data 113
String Generation 114
String Manipulation 119
Working with Numeric Data 126
Performing Arithmetic Functions 126
Controlling Number Precision 128
Handling Signed Data 130
Working with Temporal Data 130
Dealing with Time Zones 131
Generating Temporal Data 132
Manipulating Temporal Data 137
Conversion Functions 141
Test Your Knowledge 142

8. Grouping and Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Grouping Concepts 143
Aggregate Functions 145
Implicit Versus Explicit Groups 146
Counting Distinct Values 147
Using Expressions 149
How Nulls Are Handled 149
Generating Groups 150
Single-Column Grouping 151
Multicolumn Grouping 151
Grouping via Expressions 152

Table of Contents | v
 Generating Rollups 152
Group Filter Conditions 155
Test Your Knowledge 156

9. Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
What Is a Subquery? 157
Subquery Types 158
Noncorrelated Subqueries 159
Multiple-Row, Single-Column Subqueries 160
Multicolumn Subqueries 165
Correlated Subqueries 167
The exists Operator 169
Data Manipulation Using Correlated Subqueries 170
When to Use Subqueries 171
Subqueries As Data Sources 172
Subqueries in Filter Conditions 177
Subqueries As Expression Generators 177
Subquery Wrap-up 181
Test Your Knowledge 181

10. Joins Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Outer Joins 183
Left Versus Right Outer Joins 187
Three-Way Outer Joins 188
Self Outer Joins 190
Cross Joins 192
Natural Joins 198
Test Your Knowledge 200

11. Conditional Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

What Is Conditional Logic? 203
The Case Expression 204
Searched Case Expressions 205
Simple Case Expressions 206
Case Expression Examples 207
Result Set Transformations 208
Selective Aggregation 209
Checking for Existence 211
Division-by-Zero Errors 212
Conditional Updates 213
Handling Null Values 214
Test Your Knowledge 215

vi | Table of Contents
12. Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Multiuser Databases 217
Locking 217
Lock Granularities 218
What Is a Transaction? 219
Starting a Transaction 220
Ending a Transaction 221
Transaction Savepoints 223
Test Your Knowledge 225

13. Indexes and Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Indexes 227
Index Creation 228
Types of Indexes 231
How Indexes Are Used 234
The Downside of Indexes 237
Constraints 238
Constraint Creation 238
Constraints and Indexes 239
Cascading Constraints 240
Test Your Knowledge 242

14. Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

What Are Views? 245
Why Use Views? 248
Data Security 248
Data Aggregation 249
Hiding Complexity 250
Joining Partitioned Data 251
Updatable Views 251
Updating Simple Views 252
Updating Complex Views 253
Test Your Knowledge 255

15. Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Data About Data 257
Information_Schema 258
Working with Metadata 262
Schema Generation Scripts 263
Deployment Verification 265
Dynamic SQL Generation 266
Test Your Knowledge 270

Table of Contents | vii

 A. ER Diagram for Example Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

B. MySQL Extensions to the SQL Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

C. Solutions to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

viii | Table of Contents

 Preface

Programming languages come and go constantly, and very few languages in use today
have roots going back more than a decade or so. Some examples are Cobol, which is
still used quite heavily in mainframe environments, and C, which is still quite popular
for operating system and server development and for embedded systems. In the data-
base arena, we have SQL, whose roots go all the way back to the 1970s.
SQL is the language for generating, manipulating, and retrieving data from a relational
database. One of the reasons for the popularity of relational databases is that properly
designed relational databases can handle huge amounts of data. When working with
large data sets, SQL is akin to one of those snazzy digital cameras with the high-power
zoom lens in that you can use SQL to look at large sets of data, or you can zoom in on
individual rows (or anywhere in between). Other database management systems tend
to break down under heavy loads because their focus is too narrow (the zoom lens is
stuck on maximum), which is why attempts to dethrone relational databases and SQL
have largely failed. Therefore, even though SQL is an old language, it is going to be
around for a lot longer and has a bright future in store.

Why Learn SQL?

If you are going to work with a relational database, whether you are writing applica-
tions, performing administrative tasks, or generating reports, you will need to know
how to interact with the data in your database. Even if you are using a tool that generates
SQL for you, such as a reporting tool, there may be times when you need to bypass the
automatic generation feature and write your own SQL statements.
Learning SQL has the added benefit of forcing you to confront and understand the data
structures used to store information about your organization. As you become com-
fortable with the tables in your database, you may find yourself proposing modifica-
tions or additions to your database schema.

ix
Why Use This Book to Do It?
The SQL language is broken into several categories. Statements used to create database
objects (tables, indexes, constraints, etc.) are collectively known as SQL schema state-
ments. The statements used to create, manipulate, and retrieve the data stored in a
database are known as the SQL data statements. If you are an administrator, you will
be using both SQL schema and SQL data statements. If you are a programmer or report
writer, you may only need to use (or be allowed to use) SQL data statements. While
this book demonstrates many of the SQL schema statements, the main focus of this
book is on programming features.
With only a handful of commands, the SQL data statements look deceptively simple.
In my opinion, many of the available SQL books help to foster this notion by only
skimming the surface of what is possible with the language. However, if you are going
to work with SQL, it behooves you to understand fully the capabilities of the language
and how different features can be combined to produce powerful results. I feel that this
is the only book that provides detailed coverage of the SQL language without the added
benefit of doubling as a “door stop” (you know, those 1,250-page “complete referen-
ces” that tend to gather dust on people’s cubicle shelves).
While the examples in this book run on MySQL, Oracle Database, and SQL Server, I
had to pick one of those products to host my sample database and to format the result
sets returned by the example queries. Of the three, I chose MySQL because it is freely
obtainable, easy to install, and simple to administer. For those readers using a different
server, I ask that you download and install MySQL and load the sample database so
that you can run the examples and experiment with the data.

Structure of This Book

This book is divided into 15 chapters and 3 appendixes:
Chapter 1, A Little Background, explores the history of computerized databases,
including the rise of the relational model and the SQL language.
Chapter 2, Creating and Populating a Database, demonstrates how to create a
MySQL database, create the tables used for the examples in this book, and populate
the tables with data.
Chapter 3, Query Primer, introduces the select statement and further demon-
strates the most common clauses (select, from, where).
Chapter 4, Filtering, demonstrates the different types of conditions that can be used
in the where clause of a select, update, or delete statement.
Chapter 5, Querying Multiple Tables, shows how queries can utilize multiple tables
via table joins.

x | Preface
 Chapter 6, Working with Sets, is all about data sets and how they can interact within
queries.
Chapter 7, Data Generation, Conversion, and Manipulation, demonstrates several
built-in functions used for manipulating or converting data.
Chapter 8, Grouping and Aggregates, shows how data can be aggregated.
Chapter 9, Subqueries, introduces the subquery (a personal favorite) and shows
how and where they can be utilized.
Chapter 10, Joins Revisited, further explores the various types of table joins.
Chapter 11, Conditional Logic, explores how conditional logic (i.e., if-then-else)
can be utilized in select, insert, update, and delete statements.
Chapter 12, Transactions, introduces transactions and shows how to use them.
Chapter 13, Indexes and Constraints, explores indexes and constraints.
Chapter 14, Views, shows how to build an interface to shield users from data
complexities.
Chapter 15, Metadata, demonstrates the utility of the data dictionary.
Appendix A, ER Diagram for Example Database, shows the database schema used
for all examples in the book.
Appendix B, MySQL Extensions to the SQL Language, demonstrates some of the
interesting non-ANSI features of MySQL’s SQL implementation.
Appendix C, Solutions to Exercises, shows solutions to the chapter exercises.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
Italic
Used for filenames, directory names, and URLs. Also used for emphasis and to
indicate the first use of a technical term.
Constant width
Used for code examples and to indicate SQL keywords within text.
Constant width italic
Used to indicate user-defined terms.
UPPERCASE
Used to indicate SQL keywords within example code.
Constant width bold
Indicates user input in examples showing an interaction. Also indicates empha-
sized code elements to which you should pay particular attention.

Preface | xi
 Indicates a tip, suggestion, or general note. For example, I use notes to
point you to useful new features in Oracle9i.

Indicates a warning or caution. For example, I’ll tell you if a certain SQL
clause might have unintended consequences if not used carefully.

How to Contact Us
Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher:
O’Reilly Media, Inc.
1005 Gravenstein Highway North
Sebastopol, CA 95472
800-998-9938 (in the United States or Canada)
707-829-0515 (international or local)
707-829-0104 (fax)
O’Reilly maintains a web page for this book, which lists errata, examples, and any
additional information. You can access this page at:
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/9780596520830
To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to:
[email protected]
For more information about O’Reilly books, conferences, Resource Centers, and the
O’Reilly Network, see the website at:
http://www.oreilly.com

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in
this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for
permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example,
writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require
permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does
require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example
code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code
from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission.
We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title,
author, publisher, and ISBN. For example, “Learning SQL, Second Edition, by Alan
Beaulieu. Copyright 2009 O’Reilly Media, Inc., 978-0-596-52083-0.”

xii | Preface
If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above,
feel free to contact us at [email protected].

Safari® Books Online

When you see a Safari® Books Online icon on the cover of your favorite
technology book, that means the book is available online through the
O’Reilly Network Safari Bookshelf.
Safari offers a solution that’s better than e-books. It’s a virtual library that lets you easily
search thousands of top tech books, cut and paste code samples, download chapters,
and find quick answers when you need the most accurate, current information. Try it
for free at http://my.safaribooksonline.com.

Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my editor, Mary Treseler, for helping to make this second edition
a reality, and many thanks to Kevin Kline, Roy Owens, Richard Sonen, and Matthew
Russell, who were kind enough to review the book for me over the Christmas/New
Year holidays. I would also like to thank the many readers of my first edition who were
kind enough to send questions, comments, and corrections. Lastly, I thank my wife,
Nancy, and my daughters, Michelle and Nicole, for their encouragement and
inspiration.

Preface | xiii
 CHAPTER 1
A Little Background

Before we roll up our sleeves and get to work, it might be beneficial to introduce some
basic database concepts and look at the history of computerized data storage and
retrieval.

Introduction to Databases
A database is nothing more than a set of related information. A telephone book, for
example, is a database of the names, phone numbers, and addresses of all people living
in a particular region. While a telephone book is certainly a ubiquitous and frequently
used database, it suffers from the following:
• Finding a person’s telephone number can be time-consuming, especially if the
telephone book contains a large number of entries.
• A telephone book is indexed only by last/first names, so finding the names of the
people living at a particular address, while possible in theory, is not a practical use
for this database.
• From the moment the telephone book is printed, the information becomes less and
less accurate as people move into or out of a region, change their telephone num-
bers, or move to another location within the same region.
The same drawbacks attributed to telephone books can also apply to any manual data
storage system, such as patient records stored in a filing cabinet. Because of the cum-
bersome nature of paper databases, some of the first computer applications developed
were database systems, which are computerized data storage and retrieval mechanisms.
Because a database system stores data electronically rather than on paper, a database
system is able to retrieve data more quickly, index data in multiple ways, and deliver
up-to-the-minute information to its user community.
Early database systems managed data stored on magnetic tapes. Because there were
generally far more tapes than tape readers, technicians were tasked with loading and
unloading tapes as specific data was requested. Because the computers of that era had
very little memory, multiple requests for the same data generally required the data to

1
be read from the tape multiple times. While these database systems were a significant
improvement over paper databases, they are a far cry from what is possible with today’s
technology. (Modern database systems can manage terabytes of data spread across
many fast-access disk drives, holding tens of gigabytes of that data in high-speed mem-
ory, but I’m getting a bit ahead of myself.)

Nonrelational Database Systems

This section contains some background information about pre-

relational database systems. For those readers eager to dive into SQL,
feel free to skip ahead a couple of pages to the next section.

Over the first several decades of computerized database systems, data was stored and
represented to users in various ways. In a hierarchical database system, for example,
data is represented as one or more tree structures. Figure 1-1 shows how data relating
to George Blake’s and Sue Smith’s bank accounts might be represented via tree
structures.

George Blake Sue Smith

Customers

Checking Savings Checking MoneyMkt Line of credit

Accounts

Debit of $100.00 Debit of $250.00 Debit of $1000.00 Debit of $500.00

on 2004-01-22 on 2004-03-09 on 2004-03-25 on 2004-03-27

Credit of $25.00 Credit of $138.50

on 2004-02-05 on 2004-04-02

Credit of $77.86
on 2004-04-04
Transactions

Figure 1-1. Hierarchical view of account data

George and Sue each have their own tree containing their accounts and the transactions
on those accounts. The hierarchical database system provides tools for locating a par-
ticular customer’s tree and then traversing the tree to find the desired accounts and/or

2 | Chapter 1: A Little Background

transactions. Each node in the tree may have either zero or one parent and zero, one,
or many children. This configuration is known as a single-parent hierarchy.
Another common approach, called the network database system, exposes sets of records
and sets of links that define relationships between different records. Figure 1-2 shows
how George’s and Sue’s same accounts might look in such a system.

Customers Accounts Transactions Products

Debit of $100.00
Checking on 2004-01-22

Checking
George Blake Credit of $25.00
on 2004-02-05

Savings
Debit of $250.00
on 2004-03-09 Savings

Debit of $1000.00
on 2004-03-25

Checking MoneyMkt
Credit of $138.50
on 2004-04-02
Sue Smith MoneyMkt
Credit of $77.86
on 2004-04-04
Line of credit Line of credit
Debit of $500.00
on 2004-03-27

Figure 1-2. Network view of account data

In order to find the transactions posted to Sue’s money market account, you would
need to perform the following steps:
1. Find the customer record for Sue Smith.
2. Follow the link from Sue Smith’s customer record to her list of accounts.
3. Traverse the chain of accounts until you find the money market account.
4. Follow the link from the money market record to its list of transactions.
One interesting feature of network database systems is demonstrated by the set of
product records on the far right of Figure 1-2. Notice that each product record (Check-
ing, Savings, etc.) points to a list of account records that are of that product type.
Account records, therefore, can be accessed from multiple places (both customer records
and product records), allowing a network database to act as a multiparent hierarchy.

Introduction to Databases | 3
Both hierarchical and network database systems are alive and well today, although
generally in the mainframe world. Additionally, hierarchical database systems have
enjoyed a rebirth in the directory services realm, such as Microsoft’s Active Directory
and the Red Hat Directory Server, as well as with Extensible Markup Language (XML).
Beginning in the 1970s, however, a new way of representing data began to take root,
one that was more rigorous yet easy to understand and implement.

The Relational Model

In 1970, Dr. E. F. Codd of IBM’s research laboratory published a paper titled “A
Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks” that proposed that data be
represented as sets of tables. Rather than using pointers to navigate between related
entities, redundant data is used to link records in different tables. Figure 1-3 shows how
George’s and Sue’s account information would appear in this context.

Customer Account
cust_id fname lname account_id product_cd cust_id balance
1 George Blake 103 CHK 1 $75.00

2 Sue Smith 104 SAV 1 $250.00

105 CHK 2 $783.64

106 MM 2 $500.00

107 LOC 2 0

Product Transaction
product_cd name txn_id txn_type_cd account_id amount date
CHK Checking 978 DBT 103 $100.00 2004-01-22

SAV Savings 979 CDT 103 $25.00 2004-02-05

MM Money market 980 DBT 104 $250.00 2004-03-09

LOC Line of credit 981 DBT 105 $1000.00 2004-03-25

982 CDT 105 $138.50 2004-04-02

983 CDT 105 $77.86 2004-04-04

984 DBT 106 $500.00 2004-03-27

Figure 1-3. Relational view of account data

There are four tables in Figure 1-3 representing the four entities discussed so far:
customer, product, account, and transaction. Looking across the top of the customer

4 | Chapter 1: A Little Background

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
promoted second lieutenant in May, 1862, resigned in October; W.
H. H. Hursh, second lieutenant transferred to the Fifty-seventh in
1865; Sergt. James Tliayer died at Cumberland, Md. , February 22,
1862; Judson Beers is not accounted for, but died here in 1887; J.
Hutchison is alleged to have deserted December 31, 1861; Thomas
Carr is not accounted for, and Franklin Hausler wounded at
Winchester, Va. , March 23, 1862, was discharged on that account.
Sergts. Frank J. Moore (dead), Horace Stiles and W. C. Wolf are not
accounted for. Sergts. William Pickering and Corp. Jacob Burr were
mustered out December 6, 1804; Penrose Chadwick, wounded at
Winchester, March 23, 1862, is not accounted for, also John Adams,
Amos A. Foster. Elisha Housler, William Hamilton, Leroy E. Leggitt
and Alex M. Smith, all corporals, although subsequent records show
regular discharge. Corp. John R. Wilson was captured at
Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863, was transferred to the Fifty-seventh in
1865. Musician Jacob Storm deserted March 11, 1862, and John
Dunn, Sr. , is not accounted for. Among the private troops of this
command were the following named, captured at Chancellorsville,
May 3, 1863: *Charles Burkholder, *S. D. Brownwell, Peter Darr
(dead), *Jeremiah Gardner, Elias Goodman, Benjamin Getz (dead),
Matthias Kern, *Joseph Krall, Joe J. Konklin, H. B. Roliinson, John
Ritsan (dead), *David Scheaffer, *Adam Scheaffer, Chris Smith, *
Joseph Swords, *John G. Stern, *Franklin Stoner, *Thomas Snoddy,
John Shugas, *Daniel Shindel and Henry A. Walters. * The names
niarke.l thus* return. •(! tc. tin innian.l and were tninsferre,! to the
Fifty-seventh Keyi 
 HISTORY OF CAMERON CODNTY. 800 Austin Bliss,
wounded at Spottsylvania, in May, 1864, was discharged; Samuel
Drew was missed at Port Republic, June 9, 1S6"2; Allen Freeman
died at Camp Kelley, February 10, 1862; Samuel T. Kmklin and
Reuben Lane were killed at Chancellorsville; Joseph McGlaran was
killed at Winchester, March 23, 1862; Albert Walthers was wounded
and captured at Port Republic, and Abram White died in August,
1862. George Anderson, Harrison Barr, Smith Beers, P. S. Culver,
Nelson Cutler, William Craven, Martin Carrigan, William Cassidy,
Horace M. Duel. D. Daughenbaugh, Ed. Fletcher, George Fair, A. A.
Foster, Isaac Holley, Theo. Hmey, William Jones, Michael Kernan,
Thomas Letts, Rufns Lucore, William J. Lucore, John Moore, John
Mahood, Herman E. Morgan, Michael Monaghan, Henry Mis, Robert
Miller, John McClanahan, John McKee, F. Nickerbocker, Chester
Nerrigan, James Nolan, James L. Pepper. Dwight Roberts, Charles
Sponsler, Henry Strickland, James J. Shaffer, Henry Stitler, D. P.
Smith. Isaac Smith, John Stimer, John Sullivan, Samuel Sponogle,
Amos J. Virgison, Silas Wheaton (died a few years ago), and Waldo
Whitehead (since dead), were not accounted for at date of muster
out. Among others transferred to the 57th, January 13, 1865, were
Thomas Daley, George Detmore, Josiah Daron, Levi Eicholtz, James
L. Fisk, Epraim Horner, G. J. Kunkle and Jacob Wilson. Edmund
Robinson was discharged December 5, 1864, and Robert Johnston
was transferred to Company E. The alleged deserters are named as
follows: William Lyons and Val. Stonebraker, in 1861. ONE HUNDRED
AND NINETIETH REGIMENT, P. V. I. This regiment was raised
immediately after the affair of Bethesda Church, May 30, 1864,
when the recruits and members, willing to re enlist, of the 1st, 7th
and 9th Regiments, and two companies of the 10th, 11th, li'th and
13th Regiments of the Pennsylvania Reserves, were orgainized under
this title with Maj. W. R. Hartshorn, of the 13th, colonel; Capt.
Joseph B. Pattee, of the 10th, lieut. col., and Capt. John A. Wolfe, of
the 13th, major. The new command participated in the engagements
at Cold Harbor, and on June 13 was present at Charles City with the
191st. At Petersburg Lieut. Christnot was killed, and Lieuts.
Greenfield and Bletts mortally wounded. Near Yellow House Lieut.
Stock was killed July 19, and Hartshorn's brigade captured, except a
few on detached duty, who subsequently represented the 190tli,
under Lieut. -Col. Pattee, the main force being guests of the
Confederacy, until Lee's surrender. ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY-
FIRST REGIMENT, P. V. I. The history of the 191st Regiment is
almost identical with that of the 190th, both regiments meeting at
Washington for muster out, June 28, 1865. Moses W. Lucore served
in this command with other comrades from this county. His
confinements in several Confederate prisons destroyed his health
and caused his death. ONE HUNDRED AND NINETT-NINTH
REGIMENT, P. V. I. Company K of this regiment claimed the following
Cameron county men ; H. E. Coleman, H. E. Chamberlin, Ira Fuller,
G. W. Gore, Samuel D. Jordan, Michael Nugent and Royal Smith.
:miscellanecus. Charles Evans, a soldier, was killed at Keating
Summit mill; Jesse Hart, Company H, 46th Pennsylvania Infantry,
died on the Sinnemahoning in 1871;
 8R6 HISTORY OF CAMERON COUNTY. Virgil Holbrook,
Company H, loStb, died during the war; and Don Jones, of Company
F, 58th, also died; Elmer and Ira Lewis, of the gunboat "Victor," No.
33, died on the Mississippi; William Lewis, Company I, 76th, is dead;
Clarence Lindsley, Company I, 148th New York, was murdered by
Preston Gowers in 1883, the murderer killing Mrs. Gower and himself
immediately thereafter; Thomas and James B. Logue, Company F,
211th, were killed at the wilderness; DeLoss Mumford, Com])any D,
53d Pennsylvania Infantry, was killed in action; Martin McMahon is
buried at Driftwood; David and Josiah Miller died after the war;
Osman Ostrander, Company D, 53d Pennsylvania Infantry, was
accidently killed some years ago; in Company F, of the 58th
Pennsylvania Infantry, were James Peasley, George Peasley,
Philander Peasley and Hiram Peasley who died in the service; C. C.
Peasley, of Company H, Ulst Regiment, died in 1880; Parker,
Company I, 131st, died in 1882, and was buried at Sterling; James
R. Ritchey, Company F, 211th, was killed at the wilderness; John H.
Smith, of Company F, l-t8th, died during the war; George Trump, of
the 137th, died at Driftwood after the war; Charles Wykoff. of
Company H, 46th, is dead; Matthew Phoenix, of the 86th New York
Infantry, was wouaded at Locust Grove, Va. Harry Dutcher, Battery
A, 4th United States Artillery, died at Driftwood about 1882. The
status of the Cameron county men in the war was truly rated by
Representative J. C. Johnson, in his reply to Kreps, of Franklin
county, during the debate on the bill authorizing suits against the
commonwealth in 1889. Addressing the speaker, Mr. Johnson said: "I
cannot let my youthful friend from Franklin attack my county without
replying to him. He makes no reply to my argument whatever, but
says my county was a young county when the border raids occurred.
That is true. But young as she was, she sent volunteers to help
defend the gentleman's border county. I had myself the honor and
the pleasure to come from the northern boundary of the State to
this southern boundary with the men of that part, and aid in
protecting the widows and their infants and their homes; and the
men of that county he so weakly attacks stood with me on the field
of Gettysburg, and went thence to rebel prisons because of that
defense, while the gentleman himself was an infant, or, to use his
own words, ■ a puny, weakly baby, ' about the door-sill of his father"
s store.
 HISTORY OF CAMERON COUNTY. 857 CHAPTER VII.
JOURNALISM— EDUCATION— PHYSICIANS— COUNTY
ASSOCIATIONS— RAILROADS. Journalism The Citizen— The Press—
The Independent— The HeraldThe Gazette (Sterling and Driftwood)
— Literature. Education — Early Schools— Teachers and County
SuperintendentsReport OF Superintendent Pearsall Year Ending June
4, 1888 — The Teacher.'^' Institute. Physicians Dr. Kincaid and
Others— The Cameron County Medical Society. County Associations
Agricultural Societies— Centennial Association — Semi-Keligious
Societies. Railroads Road to Salt Spring Run— The P. & E. II. R.—
The B., N. Y. & P. R. R.— Miscellaneous. JOURNALISM. On July 14,
1S60, the Citizen ceased publication at Smethport, the issue being
the forty-third number of the sixth volume. Capt. Rogers, in his
sketch of the removal of the office to Emporium, addressed to Mr.
Gould in 1888, says: "For reasons which I cannot now recall, the
publication of the Citizen was not resumed in Shippen until
December 28 following. It was probably owing to my being engaged
in the oil business on Oil creek and at Tidioute that season. On the
day mentioned the first number of the Cameron Citizen made its
appearance, and in the salutatory occurs the following passage: 'We
have finally made the commencement which we promised you
should be made in July or August last. In explanation of our course
in not issuing a paper in this county at the time we originally
intended, we have only to say that circumstances of a business
nature, which we consider of far more importance than publishing a
country newspaper, demanded our personal attention.' In the first
paper (December 28, 1860), is announced the 'gratifying fact that
the court-house will be ready for occupancy one week from next
Monday," when the first court in the county was to be held. The first
work on the court-house was not commenced until after September
1. In the same paper appears the ordinance of secession passed by
the South Carolina convention on December 20. In the issue of the
Citizen of April 19 appears the startling news of the surrender of Fort
Sumter. The Kane Rifles, or ' Bucktails,' left Shippen for Harrisburg
on the 28th. On the 30th the legislature convened in extraordinary
session in response to the call of Gov. Curtin. Recruiting officers
were frequently seen, their business being to gather into the ranks
of the nation's defenders the ' bone and sinew ' of the land. It was
one of these, I think the late J. K. Hafley, a former resident of
Bradford, who took from the Citizen office Thomas Malone, a young
man who had learned his trade in my office, who had resided in my
family for years, and who was as near to me as a brother. Malone
left some time in July. Early in August S. D. Barrows, of Lock Haven,
came to Shippen for cavalrymen recruits, and one of the first men to
enlist with him was my brother, William R. Rogers, who, up to that
time was a partner in the business. Very soon after my brother left
 858 HISTORY OP CAMERON COUNTY. I received an
appointment from Col. Carlton B. Curtis, of Erie, to raise a company,
he having lieen commissioned by Gov. Curtin to raise a regiment of
volunteers in the northwestern counties. I commenced recruiting in
the latter part of August, and I think the last Citizen was published in
the first or second week of September. Some time after I was
mustered into the service the printing office was sold to a committee
of the citizens of the town, and I believe what remained of it
subsequently passed into your hands. ' ' There was no effort made
to revive the paper until the suramec of 1S65, when two young men,
Stacy and Young, came from Ohio and started the Citizen again, but
continued its publication only a few weeks, and left suddenly, leaving
many unpaid bills behind them. The paper could have been made a
sixceess with the proper labor and enterprise, but the young men
lacked experience, and, it is said, greatly neglected their business.
The Press. — The story of the establishment of this excellent journal
was told by the owner, C. B. Gould, in 1888: " In 1866, an
association of gentlemen, residents of the county, purchased the
printing material of the defunct Citizen, with a view of establishing a
Republican paper, and sent to us, then in Binghamton, N. Y., to come
and publish it. We arrived here the last day of February, 1866, and a
more desolate looking place, or one more uninviting to embark in
the enterprise of establishing a newspaper, could rarely be found.
The only view that met our eye, on stepping from the cars, was the
towering mountains, woods aud stumps, with a few scattering
houses, including the Biddle House, then kept by J. L Cook. Our first
impulse was to take the return train, then due, for New York State,
and not show ourself to the committee that we felt had imposed
upon lis, but just then Frank McCollum, who had preceded us here,
and was engaged to work in the printing office, put in an
appearance and informed us that James G, Clark (an old
acquaintance from Uticaj was to give a concert in the court-house
that evening, and desired to see us. After supper at the Biddle
House, we were piloted to the court house, meandering between
stumps (sidewalks were a luxury unknown), and through mud we
imagined to be about three feet deep, and at la■^t arrived at the
temple of justice, a thoroughly disgusted individual. To our surprise
we found a large audience of intelligent, fashionably dressed men
aud women, and a better class of people we nevei- met. But whei'e
did they come from? was a query we could not answer. There were
but a few dilapidated dwelling houses to be seen, but woods and
stumps, and stumps and woods everywhere. Did these fieople live in
hnllow trees or behind stumps? Where else could they live? We did
not then know that the woods were full of the best kind of people,
engaged in lumbering — living in their own lumber camps — a
wealthy, prosperous class, and many of them educated and refined.
After the concert, we were taken through the audience and
introduced to the people, very much as a new minister would be
exhibited to his flock. We then made the acquaintance of many who
have been our most valued friends these many years. Some of them
still reside here, a few have made their residence in other places,
and many have ceased from their labors and gone to their eternal
rest. The next morning after our arrival in Emporium, we went to the
printing office, then in the old Gibson House, at the lower end of the
borough, and found a sorry looking concern. There was a hand-
press, some newspaper type, aud very little material for job work.
The forms of the Citizen had been left without washing, and having
been in that condition for nearly a year, printers can readily
understand the labor required to clean the type and get it ready for
use. The office was in a terrible condition, and almost a complete
mass of ' pi. ' However, we went to work, and in about ten days put
the office in good
 HISTORY OF CAMERON COUNTY. 859 shape, and issued
the first number of the Press. The paper was a six-column folio (
ju&t half the present size), set in long primer, but a creditable
looking sheet, and the enterprise proved a financial success from the
start. It was then the only paper published on the line of the P. & E.
Railroad, between Lock Haven and Warren, and our business
increased so rapidly that we were compelled, in a few weeks, to put
in the establishment a Gordon job press, and add largely to our
jobbing facilities. The business steadily increased, and the Press had
been enlarged to an eight- column paper; the establishment was
complete in every department, when, in November, 1877, it was
completely destroyed by fire, without a dollar of insurance; the hard
earnings of eleven years went uj) in flame and smoke, and we were
compelled to start at the bottom round again; and now, after eleven
years more of toil, and many discouragements, we have a better
office, one of the most complete newspaper and job establishments
in Northern Pennsylvania; a lai-ge and rapidly growing business, and
brighter prospects for the future. " ' H. H. Mullen is the indefatigable
assistant editor, and to him particularlj' the readers of the Press are
indebted for the extent and interesting character of the local pages.
The Independent. — In 1860 the Emporium Independent was
established by S. S. Hacket. This enterprise has continued to the
present time, and The Independent is classed among the largest
coiintry paj^ers in the State. While Mr. Hacket devotes the greater
part of his attention to his lumber and other interests, he controls
the policy of this journal; Jonathan Gifford, however, is the de jacto
editor. The Herald. — In 1869 J. B. Newton, commenced the
publication of the Cameron Herald. This was ably conducted till
1873, when, at the burning of the ■Cook Block" on July 8, the press
and all the material were burned, and the career of the paper
terminated. John B. Newton, said to have been born at Franklinville,
N. Y. , January 4, 1839, studied law under Judge Spring, after
graduating from the Tenbrook Academy. He was admitted to the bar
at Buffalo, X. Y. , May 7, 1862, and same year came to Emporium,
where, in October. 1862, he was admitted to the bar of Cameron, as
related in the transactions of the district court. After the war he
married Miss Emily J. Mercereau, of this county, who still resides
here. Mr. Newton died December 8, 1887, after a quarter of a
century of services to the county. The Pre.ss, noticing his death,
says: "The deceased was, perhaps, more closely identified with the
prosperity of Emporium than any other city," The Sterling Gazette
was issued at Sterling in March, 1877, by H. D. Earl & Co. This was a
very small journal, indeed, until it was enlarged in March, 1879. and
converted into a newspaper. In 1880 the office was moved to
Driftwood. The Driftwood Gazette was issued June 16, 1880, by H.
D. Earl & Co., who continued until December 8, 1885, when J. T. Earl
& Co. issued their salutatory as publishers. Daily editions were
issued during meetings of the institute in 1887-88. John Brooks, the
first historian of the county, as well as Dr. Lanning and J. B. Newton,
who contributed valuable historial sketches in Centennial year,
deserve a first place in the history of letters in this section of the
State. Mrs. E. Mercereau Newton, widow of J. B. Newton, is the
authoress of "Boscobel'' and other stories. EDUCATION.* The first
school taught on the Sinnemahoning river was taught in 1818 by
one William Boyd, a native of Chester county, Penn., who was a
gradu'F. .J. I'liiulwifk writes with re!,':ni.l to tlie soliools of Camerou
county that t\w sclioul tliat Will 
 860 HISTOKY OF CAMERON COUNTY. ate of one of the
Philadelphia colleges. This school was held in a round log house,
built by one Peter Walters, for a dwelling, and stood on the Devling
farm, near a spring, and near where the Lumber school-house No 1
now stands. About the year 1S20 the first school-house within the
county limit was bviilt. This house was erected on the Mason farm,
near the Pine Street Church; it was built of roiind logs, was chinked
and daubed with mud mortar made from the clay soil. The roof
consisted of rough clapboards, put on without nails, and kept in
place by round logs called "weight poles." The schoolhouse in
question, thus built of round logs, chinked and daubed with
mudmortar made from the clay soil on which it stood, with rough
clapboard roof, held on by weight poles, instead of nails, was built in
the year 1820, on the Mason farm near the cemetery. The gables
wore cabined off with round logs, the door made of rough pine
boards fastened upon long wooden hinges, and with wooden
latches, the buckskin latch strings pendent on the outside. The
windows were made of rough sash, with oiled paper substituted for
glass. The floor was of rough boards laid loose upon hewn sleepers.
The house was heated from an immense corner chimney,
constructed with rough stones and mud, with a wooden mantel over
the wide fire-place, in front of which was an extended hearth of flag-
stones. Occasionally, the huge pile of logs in the fireplace, in full
combustion, would set on tire the wooden mantel, and then boys
and girls, eager for the fray, at the command of the master, would
bring snow from the yard, or water from the spring, to play upon the
ignited mantel, until the fire was extinguished. The house was
seated with rows of long benches made of slabs or plank, in which
holes were bored and round sticks fitted in them, for legs, and were
without backs. The desks were boards or plank, placed at proper
angles along the walls, and maintained in positions by pins driven
into the walls. The pupils who were being taught to write and cypher
occupied these desks. The wood in the fire-place was ignited by
light-wood shavings set on fire by "punk," which was ignited by
sparks obtained by striking a steel upon a flint. There were no lucifer
matches in those days, though it was thought some of the natives
were a match for Lucifer himself. The first teacher employed in this
school-house was one Dennis Lynch, a native of Ireland. He taught
in 1821 and 1822. Succeeding him were Elihu Chadwick, Jr., of New
Jersey, and who now is a resident of the city of Cleveland, Ohio, and
a worthy and excellent man; afterward William Boyd, already
referred to, and Dr. Joseph T. Hunt, of Lycoming county, Penn., and
others, among whom some were exceedingly illiterate, and were
discharged for incompetency after a short trial. The schools were all
subscription schools prior to 1838, when the common-school system
was introduced. The next schoolhouse was built in 1819, on ground
now occupied by the Tannery school, a very short distance above
Emporium on the road to Rich Valley. This was first taught by John
Chadwick, the father of -Richard Chadwick, the first county
superintendent of the county of Cameron after its organization. It is
contended, indeed, by some, that the latter school-house was really
the first in the county. English grammar was not taught in the
schools until about 1836. About the years 1834-35 the science of
land surveying was taught by a teacher named Baker, in a hewedlog
school-house which was erected near the mouth of the first forks of
the Sinnemahoning. This school-house and
The text on this page is estimated to be only 0.00%
accurate

OAyyiJ^
 HISTORY OF CAMERON COUNTY. 863 the Pine Street
Church, also built of hewn logs, were erected about IS'26. The first
high-grade schools in the coirnty were established at
Sinnemahoning, in 1864-65. These schools were founded by John
Brooks, who employed principals and teachers and among these
mentioned are Miss Henrietta Baker (a graduate of Oxford College,
Penn. ), Prof. J. H. Vosburg and Mrs. J. H. Vosburg, of Binghamton,
N. Y., Miss Alice M. Lindsley (preceptress of the Waverly Institute, N.
Y.), Miss E. Baldwin, of London, Rev. A. B. Miller, of Gettysburg
College, Penn., and Profs. A. B. Clough, of Poughkeepsie. N. Y.. and
B. W. Hollen, of Iron City College, Penn. The last two named were
principals of the commercial department. These schools were
suspended in 1873, on account of financial embarrassment. The first
county su])erintendent of common schools in the county of Cameron
was Richard Cbadwick, who was elected to office in 1861 for two
years. The second was Francis J. Chadwick, elected in 1863 for a
term of three years. The third was J. B. Johnson, who was elected in
1866 and re-elected in 1869, and again in 1872, holding it altogether
for three consecutive, or during nine, years. The next was N. H.
Schenck, who was elected in 1875. Prof. Pearsall is now
superintendent of schools. In November, 1866, Mrs. J. B. Johnson
opened a select school in Felt's block. The district school was then
presided over by Miss Anna Hendry and Miss Williamson. The report
of Supt. Pearsall for year ending June 4, 1888, gives the fol lowing
statistics: School-houses, 34; school rooms, 44; schools, 43; graded
schools, 14; number of districts supplying text-books free, 1 ;
number in which Bible is read, 36; number of male teachers, 6; of
female, 48, of whom 8 held professional certificates; male pupils,
711, female pupils. 716— total 1,427, of whom 1,1 14 attended
school; school tax, §11,987.50; State moneys, 81,429.61, of which
the sum of $8,980.39 was paid teachers, the total expenditure being
812.446.59. The Teachers' Institute was organized in 1867, and the
seventh annual meeting held December 2, 1873, with J. B. Johnson,
superintendent of schools, presiding. Miss M. C. Simpson presided
over the business meeting with J. W. Eldred, secretary. PHYSICIANS.
In the history of Elk county reference is made to the first physician
who settled on Bennett's branch. The first physician who practiced
within the limits of this county was Dr. Kincaid. *He settled near the
present village of Sterling Run, and for years treated the various
diseases that flesh is heir to. One incident occurred in his practice,
that is remembered distinctly by the people who were living in the
country at that time, that is somewhat amusing. He was treating a
patient at the old Dent place on Bennett's branch. Leaving his
saddle-bags outside, near the creek, while he went within the house,
a cer tain cow, not having the fear of the god ^Esculapius before
her eyes, and instigated by the verj' spirit of mischief and with
malice aforethought proceeded to eat the saddle bags and all their
contents, and when the Doctor returned she was quietly chewing the
cud. If the proof of the pudding is in the chewing of the bag, by a
parity of reasoning that cow should have obtained the full benefit of
the medicine, but what was the actual effect upon the animal or
what became of her, or how the Doctor replenished his stores, this
deponent sayeth not, as history is entirely silent upon those points.
We have to add * From .John Brooks' Centeuiiial sketch.
 864 HISTOKY OF CAMEKON COUNTY. that the Doctor was
the father of the great Baptist missionary to India, Eugenio Kincaid.
In the sketches of the several townships, villages and boroughs
mention is also made of the old physicians who practiced within
what is now Cameron county. The Cameron County Medical Society
was organized July 25, 1879, and the following ofScers elected:
President, W. H. DeLong, M. D., Emporium; vice-president, S. S.
Smith, M. D. , Driftwood; secretary, E. O. Bardwell, M. D., Emporium;
treasurer, R. P. Heilman, M. D. , Emporium. The list of members
comprises AV. H. DeLong, R. P. Heilman, E. O. Bardwell and S. S.
Smith, of Emporium; E. G. Torbert, of Driftwood, and C. S. French,
of Sterling. February 16, 1882, the by-laws were approved by the
State Society, and in May, 1882, the society was represented in the
Pennsylvania State Society by E. O. Bardwell. In 1883, owing to the
paucity of the membership, the society voted to join and did join the
Elk County Medical Society. At the present time all the regular
physicians in Cameron county are members in good standing of the
Elk County Medical Society. John C. McAllister, Jr. . registered in
December, 1889, as a physician of Cameron county. In ]\Iarch of
that year he graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
Baltimore, Md. Dr. J. G. Bryan died at Jacksonville, Fla. , in
December, 1889. COUNTY ASSOCIATIONS. Agricultural Societies —
.The first agricultural society was organized September 20, 1876,
with the following named officers: President, John Brooks; vice-
presidents, J. L. Cook, C. H. Sage; secretary, A. H. Boynton;
treasurer, J. Henry Cochran. With a view to the holding of a county
fair early in October, the following gentlemen were selected as a
committee of arrangements: Emporium — Dr. J. G. Bryan, J. W.
Cochran, J. B. Newton, George \V. Warner, John Day, J. W. Phelps, C.
B. Gould, Jonathan GifFord, L. G. Cook, S. Kirk, C. C. Fay, J. C.
Johnson, George Metzger, H. C. Olmsted, L. Taggart, D. P. Catlin,
Joel Shives, Henry Edgcomb, J. M. Judd. Riley Warner, Dr. J. T.
Lanning. J. W. Frank, R. M. Overhiser, E. R. Mayo, C. Sweazey, M. M.
Larrabee, Seneca Freeman. James Matteson, A. G. Holbrook, J. F.
Parsons, H. C. Rockwell, G. A. Walker, I. Morro, Amos Finton, J. P.
Felt, Edward J. Ralph, N. Seger, F. D. Leet, M. C. Tulis. Shippen— J.
S. Wiley, W. Russell, Allen Russell, Sol. Ross, John Jackson, Charles
Weller, L. B. Jones, L. A. Freeman, Noah Parker, Karl Zimmer, N. P.
Minard, I. L. Craven, George Thayer, R. E. Thompson, Gillis Bliss, B.
S. Morrison, John Morrison, L. T. More, J. R. Biickwalter, W. C. Clark,
C. C. Craven. George Dodge, B. Sweazey, Philip Lewis, Morris Lewis,
John C. Lewis. William Lewis. Aden Housler, Joseph Housler, B. L.
Emery, Franklin Hausler, John Chandler, Henry Haines, Henry Lewis,
Penrose Chadwick. Portage — L. Lucore, D. Burlingame, AV. L.
Ensign, N. D. Sizer, E. D. Sizer. Lumber— P. W. Whiting. W. P. Herrick,
Philip Smith, John Chapman, C. C. Devliug. C. C. Lyman, E. P. Lester,
J. H. Barrows, G. H. Mayo, Matt. Phoenix, V. A. Brooks, Milo Bull. D.
D. Alderfer, H. J. Smith. Joseph Ritchie, John Summerson. Gibson —
John Mason, James Wylie, B. V. Wykoff, Hezekiah Mix, Levi Hicks,
Adam Smith, Darius Barr, Reuben Collins, Harrison Logue, William
Dent, G. W. Huntley, Isaac Smith, William Wylie, Washington Mason,
William Miller. Driftwood—Col. J. S. Bates. C. Y. White, D. J.
McDonald. Levi Musser. J. B. Earl. R. Rothrock. Grove— R. M.
Williams, G. A. Barclay, Josiah Fink.
 HISTORY OF CAMEKOX COUNTY. 865 Jacob Shafer,
Washington Bailey, J. W. Phillips. George Goss, John A. Wykoff, John
C. Logue, Isaac Ramage, Joseph M. Shafer, A. P. Floyd. The Cameron
County Agricnltiiral Society was incorporated November 19, 1881,
with G. A. Walker, Joel Shives, J. "B. Newton, Allen Russell, J. G.
Bryan and J. W. Cochran, trustees. They, with the following named,
were the stockholders: J. D. Logan, H. Edgcomb, R. P. Heilman, L. G.
Cook, Frank Shives, H. C. Olmsted, William Frane, A. A. McDonald,
C. C. Fav and B. W. Green. Centennial Association. — The county
organization, for the purpose of making arrangements for and
carrying out the celebration of the Centennial Fourth in 1876,
comprised: President : 'Ei. R. Mayo; vicp-jyresidents: Shippen — J.
S. W'iley. W. C. Clark, L. T. More, Benjamin Emery, Joseph Housler;
Portage— William L. Ensign, L. Lucore; Lumber — P. W. Whiting, D.
R. Nelson; Driftwood — Henry Cochran, Levi Musser: Gibson — John
Brooks, Hezekiah Mix, G. W. Huntley; Grove — Charles Barclay, Isaac
Ramage, R. M. Williams. Marshal, J. W. Phelps; assistant marshals,
L. Taggart, J. O. Brookbank, J. M. Shafer. Committee of
arrangements: Emporium — C. B. Gould, William Howard, G. A.
Walker. J. W. Cochran. S. S. Hacket, F. D. Leet, L. G. Cook, Samuel
Kirk; Shippen — W. C. Clark, Franklin Hausler, Charles Weller;
Lumber — Green Mayo, R. and J. Barrows, Milo Bull; Driftwood —
Col. Bates, Thomas Dougherty, Daniel McDonald; Gibson — M. J. B.
Brooks. James Wylie, Isaac Smith; Grove— Joseph Shafer, Josiah
Fink, Alonzo Bailey. Semi- Religious Societies. — The County
Temperance Convention was organized at Sterling, April 10, 1874,
with Levi Musser. president, and Thomas M. Lewis, secretary. The
delegates present wei'e Miss Frances Pinney, Rev. L. H. Schenck, L.
H. Chase, James Estes, William Herring, William Arnold, Rev. M. H.
Moyer, David Chapman, Mrs. Jinks, Ella Herrick, John Lane, A. R.
Smith, T. C. Page, Annie Page, Revs. A. E. Taylor, Washington Shaffer
and J. W'. Bell. The County Sabbath school Association was
organized in May, 1874, with L. Taggart, president; J. H. Cole,
secretary; Philip Smith, treasurer; L. Musser, H. C. "WhSner, Joseph
Shaffer, Sr., D. R. Nelson, D. Burlingame. J. C. Chandler and George
Metzger, vice-presidents. RAILHO.iDS. In August, 1850, Lemuel
Lucore sold to Cameron & Stanton the right of way for their railroad,
then built as far as Salt Spring run. Work on the Philadelphia & Erie
Railroad was commenced in 1859, but suspended for a time. In
January, 1862, the company entered into a contract with the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company to lease to the latter their partly-
constructed road from Erie to Sunbury for a term of 999 years,
subject to all incumbrances. The road was completed to Emporium
October 20, 1868, and opened throughout its entire length in 1864.
In December, 1881, the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad depot, above
the junction of Bennett's branch extension of the Allegheny Valley
Railroad, was moved to the junction, the last named company
agreeing to leave title of building in the Philadelphia & Erie
Company. The Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia Railroad was
completed to Emporium December 23, IS (2. The first rail was
placed in October, 1867, on the old Buffalo & Washington Railroad,
and completed to East Aurora January 23. 1868. Work was resumed
September 15, 1870, and the road was formally opened to
Emporium December 28, 1872, the borough entertaining the visitors.
J. F. Parsons purchased the first ticket, and received the first bill of
goods from Buffalo via this
 »bb HISTORY OF CAMERON COUNTY. road. This end of the
road was called, in 18G6, " The Sinnemahoning Portage Railroad."
The historj' of the Low Grade Division of the Allegheny Valley
Railroad shows its completion from Driftwood to Red Bank in 1874. .
. .Lumber railroads riTn through several valleys, as noted in the
township sketches. CHAPTER VIII. SHIPPEN TOWNSHIP—
BOROUGH OF EMPORIUM. ShippenTownsiiip Boundary and Area—
Genkkal Topoorapiiv— Population AND Assessments — March
Elections, 1861— Pioneer Days and Homes— Lumber and Mills— Oil
Well, Coal Mining and Other Ventures—Internal Improvements—
Miscellaneous. BoRou
 HISTORY OF CAMERON COUNTY. 867 Chadwick, Elihu
Chadwick, Elizabeth Cummings, John Chandler, Elihu Chandler,
Jonathan Colegrove, John Earl (the Cox heirs had sixteen acres
improved), Benjamin Freeman, Brewster Freeman (owner of saw-mill
and thirty-three acres improved) Samuel, Thomas and Joseph
Hollon, Abram Honsler (eleven acres). Joseph and Aden Honsler,
Stephen Lucore, Luther and Rufus Lucore, Lemuel Lucore, Robert,
Daniel, William, Henry Lewis and William Lewis, Jr.* (had forty acres
improved) and William Shields. David Crow (who had moved to
Keating township), Ira Smith and Sylvester Squier had no
improvements made on their lands. All the property, real and
personal, of the above named, was valued at §8,456. The March
elections of 1861 for Shippen township, resulted as follows: Justice
of the Peace: Philip Lewis, 70; Joseph Housler, 46; Franklin Cole, 81;
John Beers, 59. Constable: Morris Lewis, 71; S. Ross, 76.
Stqjervisor: William Lewis, 62; L. G. Cook, 85; Rob. Warner, 110.
Auditors: George Thayer, 111; H. T. Taggart, 115; W. B. Jenks, 114.
Election Inspectors: James Ingram, 10; D. Haas, 44. Assessors:
Richard Chadwick. 61 ; M. C. Lucore, 48. Assistant Assessors: H.
Havens, 98; William Pepper, 63; John Beers, 34. Clerk: J. M. Judd,
57; I. L. Craven, 43. Treasurer: C. C. Freeman, 65. School Directors:
S. S. Hacket, 69; H. Lewis, 120; N. P. Housler, 109; H. F. GifPord,
113; J. Morrison, 114; N. P. Minard, 111; J. W. Morton, 48. Ira Jenks
was judge, S. Stiles and Daniel Haas, inspectors, with C. H. Ives and
E. L. Bradley, clerks, of this first meeting. From the beginning of 1
876 to the close of 1882, no less a sum than $40,682. 1 1 was
expended on the forty or fifty miles of roads in Shippen township,
and a debt of $27,000 created. In this township the second series of
settlements was made. Indeed, F. J. Chadwick groups the
settlements together, and in his reply to John Brooks saj-s: ■■ The
phrase ' first settlers ' includes Squire Freeman, Squire Crow, Col.
Chadwick, Hiram Sizer, William Sterling. Joseph Ritchie. Joseph
Mason, James Wylie, Benjamin Brooks, William Barr, Daniel Miller,
James Mix, Hugh Coleman, James Shafer, William A. Wykoff, John
Ramage, and others whose names do not at this moment come to
my recollection. It is not disparaging to our forefathers to admit that
as a class they did not become wealthy, for individual energy was
insufficient to overcome the natural obstacles that hindered success,
but to represent them as a class of profane, drunken boors, with less
sense than the contemptible, disgusting savages, is worthy of a
sharp rebuke, and if that is the way the ' rubric mothers ' taught,
may goodness save us from any more of that kind of teachings."
John Brooks, speaking of the pioneers, says: " Occupying, as they
did, the remote outskirts of civilization, they were subjected to many
privations incident to this rugged section of country. Several of these
early immigrants had done efiicient service in the Revolutionary war,
and in the war of 1812. Almost all the vocations of the industrial
classes were represented, and all could aid in the work of
extemporizing a cabin for the accommodation of the recent
immigrant. Among these early pioneers there were but few who
professeil Christianity, practically; most of them, however, held some
theory of religion, mostly Baptist or Presbyterian in their views.
Profanity was the common spice of conversation, and God was, if
'not in all their thoughts,' in all their mouths, and invoked in
execrations and imprecations more frequently than by benedictions.
The use of whisky was general; used by clergymen and
 868 HISTORY OF CAMERON COUNTY. at funerals, and upon
all occasions; some more recent immigrants kept no cow, but always
kept whisky in their houses, alleging that a barrel of whisky was of
more value in a family than a cow." Some of the descendants of the
early settlers yet have a remarkable prescience, and they
prognosticate seasons and storms, with great assurance. Their
prevision enables them to anticipate all the changes of the weather,
and they are remarkable for their generosity, essaying upon every
opportunity to gratuitously advise all who may hear their converse of
the future approaching vicissitudes, and mutations, that so much
concern the lunatics. Some consult the milt or spleen of the hog,
that organ situate in the left hypochondriuru, and which was
supposed by the ancients to be the seat of anger and melancholy;
and from this organ they augur the severity of the approaching
winter. Some would quench their tires to p;revent the generation of
salamandies. The shrunken sinews in the shoulders of a horse were
cured by placing some of the hair in augur holes, in some peculiar
places, at some peculiar lunation. Incised wounds also were more
readily healed by anointing the instrument that made the wound.
Blood was stayed, pain mitigated, and bots in horses cured by pow-
wowing, or reciting some cabalistic phrase. J. J. Chadwick, in his
sketch of the Mt^thodist Church, states: "About 1806, Joseph Ellicott
opened a road from Dunstown, opposite Big Island, on the
Susquehanna, to Ellicottsville, N. Y. Along its course, through the
valley of the Sinnemahoning, twenty or thirty families settled
previous to the general survey of the region, and as hunting was the
general amusement, every adult male had a rifle, and every family a
supply of hounds. In 1810 Cox, McMurtrie & Co. sent James Allen to
lay out their town of Rich Valley." Surveyor Adlum ran the lines here
years before, as related in the general history. John Chadwick' s
home, burned in September, 1884. was built, mainly, in 1822, being
the pioneer house of Rich Valley The forest lire of May. 188-4,
confined itself in this township to the destruction of standing timber,
fences, etc. Payne, Cochran & Co.'s mill, and Hubbard's mill, at
Cochran Station, were only saved by the greatest exertion.
Buckwalter'a mill, at Howard, had a narrow escape, while Judge
More's residence and barn and other buildmgs at that place were
several times on fire. In July, 1876, the seven-year-old son of Denis
Heher left home (Emporium) and lost his way. The people turned out
en masse to search for the little traveler, but, after two days, the
searchers returned unrewarded. Five days after the boy's
disappearance, John Norris started for the woods, determined to
make one more effort. On his way Norris overtook Peter Norton and
Ed Mills, and the three went together. They proceeded up what is
known as the Little George run, and when about a mile and a half
from Plank Road Hollow, through a thick growth of underbrush and
briars, Norris saw a place tramped down, and a number of little play-
houses, apparently recently made, and a short distance from there,
close by a log, under some bushes, the little fellow was discovered
asleep. Mr. Norris immediately took him in his arms, and hurried to
restore him to his frantic parents. He carried the boy fully three
miles, only stopping once to give the child some water, which the
little fellow piteously begged for. The news soon spread through the
town, and there was general rejoicing. The child said he went to the
place where found, the first night, and remained there during the
time he was in the woods. He found plenty of berries, but got no
water. He heard parties calling him, some of the party coming within
a few feet of him, yet he kept quiet, probably through fear. The poor
child was in a very weak condition, and probably would have been
unable to even pick berries after that day. on account of having no
water during the time he was lost.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookfinal.com