ASME PTC 4.

4-2023
[Revision of ASME PTC 4.4-2008 (R201 3)]

Gas Turbine
Heat Recovery
Steam Generators
Performance Test Codes

A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L S TA N D A R D
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023
[Revision of ASME PTC 4.4-2008 (R2013)]

Gas Turbine
Heat Recovery
Steam Generators
Performance Test Codes

AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 1 001 6 USA

 Date of Issuance: March 2 , 2024
9

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 CONTENTS

Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Correspondence With the PTC Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Section 1 Object, Scope, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1-1 Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1-2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1-3 Test Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1-4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 2 Definitions of Terms, Symbols, and Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2-1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2-2 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2-3 Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2-4 Descriptive Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Section 3 Guiding Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3-2 Planning for the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3-3 Prior Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3-4 Test Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3-5 Conducting the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3-6 Calculation, Analysis, and Reporting of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4-2 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4-3 Temperature Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4-4 Pressure Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4-5 Flow Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4-6 Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4-7 Power Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4-8 Data Collection and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Section 5 Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5-2 Intermediate Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5-3 Gas Flow by HRSG Energy Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5-4 Gas Flow by GT Energy Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5-5 Correction of Test Conditions to Guarantee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Section 6 Report of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6-1 Section 1: Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

iii
6-2 Section 2: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6-3 Section 3: Test Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6-4 Section 4: Data Reduction, Corrections, and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6-5 Section 5: Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Section 7 Test Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7-2 Principles of an Uncertainty Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7-3 Pretest Uncertainty Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7-4 Post-Test Uncertainty Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7-5 Inputs for an Uncertainty Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7-6 Weighted Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7-7 Additional Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Nonmandatory Appendices
A Bypass Damper Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
B Fuel Sensible Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
C HRSG Heat Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
D Uncertainty Sample Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
E Sample Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Figures
2-4-1 Typical GT HRSG Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2-4-2 Typical Three-Pressure-Level HRSG With Supplementary Firing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2-4-3 Typical Two-Pressure-Level HRSG With Feedwater Heater and Supplementary Firing . 12
2-4-4 Typical Single-Pressure-Level HRSG With Feedwater Heater and Supplementary Firing 13
3-6.2-1 Repeatability of Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4-3.3.2.1-1 Four-Wire RTDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4-3.3.2.2-1 Three-Wire RTDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4-4.6.2-1 Five-Way Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4-4.6.2-2 Water Leg Correction for Flow Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5-5.2-1 Measured Capacity Comparison to Predicted Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
D-3-1 Sensitivity Calculation Table for the Measured HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example . . 67
D-3-2 Calculation Table for the Measured HP Steam Flow Post-Test Uncertainty Example . . . 68
D-4-1 Sensitivity Calculation Table for the Predicted HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example —
HRSG Energy Balance Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
D-4-2 Calculation Table for the Predicted HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example — HRSG Energy
Balance Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
D-5-1 Sensitivity Calculation Table for the Predicted HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example — GT
Energy Balance Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
D-5-2 Calculation Table for the Predicted HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example — GT Energy
Balance Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
E-1-1 Duty Summary Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
E-1-2 Sheet A: Air Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
E-1-3 Sheet C: Fuel Gas Combustion Mole Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
E-1-4 Sheet E: Inlet Gas Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
E-1-5 Sheet I: Gas Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

iv
E-1-6 Sheet H: Outlet Gas Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
E-1-7 Sheet J: Air Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Tables
2-2-1 Symbols Used in ASME PTC 4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2-3-1 Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2-4-1 Legend for Figures 2-4-1 Through 2-4-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3-1-1 Typical Ranges of Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3-5.2.2-1 Suggested Maximum Permissible Variations From Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3-5.3-1 Suggested Maximum Permissible Variations in Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4-3.2-1 List of Potential Sources and Typical Ranges of Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4-4.2-1 Potential Pressure Systematic Uncertainty Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4-5.2-1 Maximum Allowable Flow Measurement Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5-2.2.3-1 Combustion Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5-2.4.3-1 Fuel Compound Heating Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5-2.4.4-1 Gas Enthalpy Correlation Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
C-2-1 Physical Properties of Example Gas Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
D-6-1 Example of Uncertainty Weighted Average in Determination of the Predicted HP Steam
Flow Using Both the HRSG and GT Energy Balance Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
E-1-1 Main Sheet: Working Fluid Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

v
 NOTICE

All ASME Performance Test Codes (PTCs) shall adhere to the requirements of ASME PTC 1, General Instructions. It is
expected that the Code user is fully cognizant ofthe requirements ofASME PTC 1 and has read them before applying ASME
PTCs.
ASME PTCs provide unbiased test methods for both the equipment supplier and the users of the equipment or systems.
The Codes are developed by balanced committees representing all concerned interests and specify procedures, instru-
mentation, equipment-operating requirements, calculation methods, and uncertainty analysis. Parties to the test can
reference an ASME PTC confident that it represents the highest level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering
knowledge and standard practice available, taking into account test costs and the value of information obtained from
testing. Precision and reliability of test results shall also underlie all considerations in the development of an ASME PTC,
consistent with economic considerations as judged appropriate by each technical committee under the jurisdiction of the
ASME Board on Standardization and Testing.
When tests are run in accordance with a Code, the test results, without adjustment for uncertainty, yield the best
available indication of the actual performance of the tested equipment. Parties to the test shall ensure that the test is
objective and transparent. All parties to the test shall be aware ofthe goals ofthe test, technical limitations, challenges, and
compromises that shall be considered when designing, executing, and reporting a test under the ASME PTC guidelines.
ASME PTCs do not specify means to compare test results to contractual guarantees. Therefore, the parties to a commer-
cial test should agree before starting the test, and preferably before signing the contract, on the method to be used for
comparing the test results to the contractual guarantees. It is beyond the scope ofany ASME PTC to determine or interpret
how such comparisons shall be made.

vi
 FOREWORD

ASME PTC 4.4 began as an appendix. In September 1973, the ASME PTC 4 Committee planned a new appendix for ASME
PTC 4.1, Steam Generating Units, that would cover heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) for combined cycles. During
meetings in May 1976 and May 1977, the committee decided that the scope of their work was beyond the capacity of an
appendix. Consequently, the ASME Performance Test Code (PTC) Supervisory Committee approved a charter for a sepa-
rate PTC titled ASME PTC 4.4, Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam Generators. The ASME PTC 4 Committee presented the
draft of ASME PTC 4.4 to the supervisory committee in February 1980, gaining final approval of the new PTC on January
26, 1981. ASME PTC 4.4-1981 was approved as an American National Standard by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) Board of Standards Review on February 3, 1981.
In 2008, the ASME PTC 4.4 Committee revised the 1981 edition, providing a more specific HRSG testing procedure
consistent with current industry practice. ASME PTC 4.4-2008 used two independent approaches to quantify unit ca-
pacity and added new sections related to measurement uncertainty.
ASME PTC 4.4-2023 updates the 2008 edition, adding practices on instrumentation and uncertainty calculation.
ASME PTC 4.4-2023 was approved by the ASME Board on Standardization and Testing on March 7, 2023. It was
approved by the ANSI Board of Standards Review as an American National Standard on April 19, 2023.

vii
 ASME PTC COMMITTEE
Performance Test Codes
(The following is the roster of the committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)

STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

S. A. Scavuzzo , Chair
T. K. Kirkpatrick, Vice Chair
D. Alonzo , Secretary

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

P. G. Albert, Consultant J. W. Milton , Chevron, USA
D. Alonzo , The American Society of Mechanical Engineers S. P. Nuspl , Consultant
J. M. Burns , Burns Engineering Services, Inc. S. A. Scavuzzo , The Babcock & Wilcox Co.
A. E. Butler, General Electric Power and Water J. A Salvaggio , Jr., Siemens Demag Delaval Turbomachinery, Inc.
W. C. Campbell , True North Consulting, LLC T. L. Toburen , T2E3, Inc.
J. Gonzalez , Iberdrola Igenieria y Construction W. C. Wood , WW Services
R. E. Henry, Consultant R. P. Allen , Honorary Member, Consultant
D. R. Keyser, Service Engineering P. M. McHale , Honorary Member, McHale & Associates, Inc.
T. K. Kirkpatrick, McHale & Associates, Inc. R. R. Priestley, Honorary Member, Consultant
M. P. McHale , McHale & Associates. Inc. R. E. Sommerlad , Honorary Member, Consultant

PTC 4.4 — GAS TURBINE HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATORS

J. Schroeder, Chair, Nooter/Eriksen R. K. Tawney, Bechtel Power Corp.
D. Papert, Secretary, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers M. R. Bleckinger, Alternate, Black & Veatch
J. H. Bannen, McHale & Asscociates, Inc. G. L. Bostick, Alternate, Nooter/Eriksen
T. A. Craven, Vogt Power M. P. McHale, Alternate, McHale & Associates, Inc.
M. H. Dittus, Black & Veatch

viii
 CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE

General. ASME codes and standards are developed and maintained by committees with the intent to represent the
consensus of concerned interests. Users of ASME codes and standards may correspond with the committees to propose
revisions or cases, report errata, or request interpretations. Correspondence for this Code should be sent to the staff
secretary noted on the committee’s web page, accessible at https://go.asme.org/PTCcommittee.

Revisions and Errata. The committee processes revisions to this Code on a periodic basis to incorporate changes that
appear necessary or desirable as demonstrated by the experience gained from the application of the Code. Approved
revisions will be published in the next edition of the Code.
In addition, the committee may post errata on the committee web page. Errata become effective on the date posted.
Users can register on the committee web page to receive e-mail notifications of posted errata.
This Code is always open for comment, and the committee welcomes proposals for revisions. Such proposals should be
as specific as possible, citing the paragraph number, the proposed wording, and a detailed description of the reasons for
the proposal, including any pertinent background information and supporting documentation.

Cases
(a) The most common applications for cases are
(1 ) to permit early implementation of a revision based on an urgent need
(2) to provide alternative requirements
(3) to allow users to gain experience with alternative or potential additional requirements prior to incorporation
directly into the Code
(4) to permit the use of a new material or process
(b) Users are cautioned that not all jurisdictions or owners automatically accept cases. Cases are not to be considered
as approving, recommending, certifying, or endorsing any proprietary or specific design, or as limiting in any way the
freedom of manufacturers, constructors, or owners to choose any method of design or any form of construction that
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(c) A proposed case shall be written as a question and reply in the same format as existing cases. The proposal shall also
include the following information:
(1 ) a statement of need and background information
(2) the urgency of the case (e.g., the case concerns a project that is underway or imminent)
(3) the Code and the paragraph, figure, or table number
(4) the editions of the Code to which the proposed case applies
(d) A case is effective for use when the public review process has been completed and it is approved by the cognizant
supervisory board. Approved cases are posted on the committee web page.

Interpretations. Upon request, the committee will issue an interpretation of any requirement of this Code. An inter-
pretation can be issued only in response to a request submitted through the online Interpretation Submittal Form at
https://go.asme.org/InterpretationRequest. Upon submitting the form, the inquirer will receive an automatic e-mail
confirming receipt.
ASME does not act as a consultant for specific engineering problems or for the general application or understanding of
the Code requirements. If, based on the information submitted, it is the opinion of the committee that the inquirer should
seek assistance, the request will be returned with the recommendation that such assistance be obtained. Inquirers can
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ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additional information that might affect
an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by an interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME
committee or subcommittee. ASME does not “approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary
device, or activity.
Interpretations are published in the ASME Interpretations Database at https://go.asme.org/Interpretations as they are
issued.

ix
 Committee Meetings. The PTC Standards Committee regularly holds meetings that are open to the public. Persons
wishing to attend any meeting should contact the secretary of the committee. Information on future committee meetings
can be found on the committee web page at https://go.asme.org/PTCcommittee.

x
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Section 1
Object, Scope, and References

1-1 OBJECT (1 ) fired steam generators whose primary function

does not include the recovery of heat from GTE. Fired
The object of this Code is to establish procedures for
steam generators are addressed in ASME PTC 4 and
conducting performance tests of heat recovery steam
ASME PTC 34.
ge n e ra to rs ( H RS G s ) u s e d to re c o ve r ga s tu rb i n e
(2) auxiliary equipment such as pumps and fans,
e xh a u s t (G T E ) e n e rgy. T h e s te a m ge n e ra to r m a y
which are addressed in ASME PTC 8.2 and ASME PTC
include supplemental firing. This Code provides standard
11, respectively.
test procedures yielding the highest level of accuracy
(3) deaerator performance, which is addressed in
consistent with current engineering knowledge and prac-
ASME PTC 12.3.
tice.
(4) equipment noise emissions, which are addressed
(a) The purpose of this Code is to determine the in ASME PTC 36.
following:
(5) gaseous emissions to atmosphere.
(1 ) capacity of the unit at specified conditions
(6) steam purity.
(2) energy input from GTE and supplementary firing
(3) gas-side pressure drop
(4) steam- and water-side pressure drops
1-3 TEST UNCERTAINTY
(b) This Code provides methods for converting the This Code requires an uncertainty analysis in accor-
performance at test conditions to specified operating dance with ASME PTC 1 9 .1 as detailed in Section 7.
conditions. A determination of any or all of the perfor- The pretest uncertainty analysis is used to develop
mance items listed above may be used for the following unit-specific test procedures that result in meeting an
purposes: agreed-upon target uncertainty. Typical values of test
(1 ) checking the actual performance against guar- uncertainties, various unit configurations, and perfor-
antee mance parameters are presented in Sections 3 and 4.
(2) comparing these items at reference conditions
(3) comparing different conditions or methods of 1-4 REFERENCES
operation
(4) determining the specific performance of individ- The following publications are referenced in this Code.
ual parts or sections of the HRSG unit Unless otherwise specified, the latest edition shall apply.
(5) comparing the performance when firing different
AGA Report 8 (2 01 7) . Thermodynamic Properties of
fuels
N atural Gas and Related Gases — Part 1 , D E TAI L
(6) determining the effects of changes to equipment
and GROSS Equations of State. American Gas Associa-
tion.
1-2 SCOPE ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. American Society of
(a) This Code addresses steam generators whose Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers.
primary function is to recover heat from GTE. Methods ASME MFC-2M. Measurement Uncertainty for Fluid Flow
noted in this document may also be used for testing in Closed Conduit. The American Society of Mechanical
o the r h e at re co ve ry uni ts , wh i ch may i ncl ud e th e Engineers.
following: ASME PTC 4. Fired Steam Generators. The American
(1 ) units heating water only Society of Mechanical Engineers.
(2) units using working fluids other than water ASME PTC 6.2. Steam Turbines in Combined Cycles. The
(3) units obtaining hot gas heat input from sources American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
other than gas turbines (GTs) ASME PTC 8.2. Centrifugal Pumps. The American Society of
(4) HRSGs with fresh air firing capability Mechanical Engineers.
(b) This Code does not cover the following testing: ASME PTC 11. Fans. The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers.

1
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

ASME PTC 1 2 .3 . Deaerators. The American Society of ASTM MNL 12. In Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in
Mechanical Engineers. Temperature Measurement. ASTM International.
ASME PTC 19.1. Test Uncertainty. The American Society of Benedict, R. P. (1 984) . Fundamentals of Temperature
Mechanical Engineers. Pressure and Flow M easurements (3 rd ed.) . John
ASME PTC 19.2. Pressure Measurement. The American Wiley and Sons.
Society of Mechanical Engineers. Dahl, A. I. (1941). “Stability of Base-metal Thermocouples
ASME PTC 19.3-1974 (R2 004) . Temperature Measure- in Air From 800 to 2200°F.” Temperature: Its Measure-
ment. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ment and Control. Reinhold.
ASME PTC 19.5. Flow Measurement. The American Society Dittus, F. W., and Boelter, L. M. K. (1930). Heat Transfer in
of Mechanical Engineers. Automobile Radiators ofthe Tubular Type. University of
ASME PTC 2 2 . Gas Turbines. The American Society of California Publications in Engineering, 2, 443–461.
Mechanical Engineers. GPA 2145-16. Table of Physical Properties for Hydrocar-
ASME PTC 34. Waste Combustors With Energy Recovery. bons and Other Compounds of Interest to the Natural
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Gas Industry. GPA Midstream Association.
ASME PTC 3 6. Measurement of Industrial Noise. The GPA 2166. Collecting and Handling of Natural Gas Samples
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. for Analysis by Gas Chromatography. GPA Midstream
ASME PTC 46. Overall Plant Performance. The American Association.
Society of Mechanical Engineers. IAPWS R7-9 7(2 0 1 2 ) . Revised Release on the I APWS
ASTM D445. Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscos- Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic
ity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation Properties of Water and Steam. International Associa-
of Dynamic Viscosity). ASTM International. tion for the Properties of Water and Steam.
ASTM D1480. Standard Test Method for Density and Rela- http://iapws.org/relguide/IF97-Rev.html
tive Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by NASA/TP–2002-211556 (2002, September). NASA Glenn
Bingham Pycnometer. ASTM International. Coefficients for Calculating Thermodynamic Properties
ASTM D 1 9 45 . Standard Test M ethod for Analysis of of Individual Species. Glenn Research Center, National
Natural Gas by Gas Chromatography. ASTM Interna- Aeronautics and Space Administration.
tional. NIST Special Publication 811. Guide for the Use of the
ASTM D4057. Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of International System of Units (SI) . National Institute
Petroleum and Petroleum Products. ASTM Interna- o f Standards and Technology, U.S. D epartment of
tional. Commerce.
ASTM D4809. Standard Test Method for Heat of Combus- NIST Technical Note 1265. Guidelines for Realizing the
tion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter International Temperature Scale of 1 990 (ITS-90) .
(Precision Method). ASTM International. National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
ASTM D5287. Standard Practice for Automatic Sampling of Department of Commerce.
Gaseous Fuels. ASTM International. Perry, R. H., and Green, D. W. (1997) . Perry’s Chemical
ASTM E220. Standard Test Method for Calibration ofTher- Engineer's Handbook (7th ed.). McGraw Hill.
mocouples by Comparison Techniques. ASTM Interna- Steam: Its Generation and Use (40th ed.) (1992). Babcock
tional. & Wilcox.
ASTM E1 1 3 7-97. Standard Specification for Industrial
Platinum Resistance Thermometers. ASTM Interna-
tional.

2
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Section 2
Definitions of Terms, Symbols, and Conversion Factors

2-1 DEFINITIONS cascading blowdown: a blowdown system wherein the

water from a higher pressure level is blown down to a
The following terms are either not defined elsewhere in
lower pressure level.
this document or need more clarification:
CO catalyst: a catalyst that is used to reduce the carbon
absolute pressure: pressure above zero; the sum of the monoxide level in the gas turbine exhaust.
gauge and atmospheric pressures.
condensate: water coming from the condenser.
acid dew point: temperature at which the acid in the gas
condenses. Generally, sulfuric acid is the most critical condenser: the vessel that is used to condense the steam
compound in the gas for which acid dew point needs exiting the steam turbine.
to be determined. continuous blowdown: the uninterrupted discharge of
a m bien t tem pera ture: th e te m p e ra tu re o f th e a i r water from an evaporator section to control the dissolved
surrounding the heat recovery steam generator. solids concentration.

ammonia injection grid: a system of pipes to introduce deaeration: removal of oxygen and other dissolved gases
ammo nia into the gas turb ine exhaus t fo r reactio n from water.
with NOx in the presence of a catalyst to form nitrogen deaerator: the pressure vessel wherein the dissolved
and water. gases are removed from water.
approach temperature: the difference between the satura- desuperh eater: a m i xi n g ch a m b e r wh e re i n h i gh e r
tion temperature in the drum and the water temperature temperature steam is mixed with a lower temperature
entering the drum. steam or water to decrease the overall steam temperature.
attemperation: see desuperheating . desuperheating: reduction of steam temperature by
auxiliary firing: combustion of fuel in the heat recovery mixing the superheated steam with either water or
steam generator to raise the gas turbine exhaust tempera- lower temperature steam.
ture and increase steam capacity. duct burner: an in-duct burner system used for auxiliary or
auxiliary system: any system that uses fluids other than supplementary firing.
steam or water and exchanges energy with the gas economizer: a heat transfer section wherein deaerated
turbine exhaust. These systems include air heaters, air feedwater is heated before being introduced into an evap-
coolers, fuel heaters, etc. orator.
base load: a gas turbine generator operating on its control evaporator: a heat transfer section wherein feedwater is
curve wherein the power produced is nominally 100%. vaporized.
blowdown: discharge of water from an evaporator for the feedwater: water entering an evaporator or economizer
purpose of controlling the dissolved solids concentration. section.
burner auxiliary air: air introduced into the burner in addi- feedwater heater: see preheater.
tion to the gas turbine exhaust to facilitate the combustion
flashing: the process where steam is produced when satu-
process.
rated water is reduced in pressure.
bypass: a passage for a fluid, permitting a portion or all the gas approach temperature: the minimum temperature
fluid to flow around certain heating surfaces through
di ffe re nce at th e i nl e t o r o utle t to a h eat trans fer
which it would normally pass.
section between the gas and tube-side fluid.
bypass damper: a damper that is used to bypass gas turbine gas static pressure drop: the difference between the static
exhaust from the heat recovery steam generator to atmo-
pressure measured at the inlet test boundary and the
sphere.
atmos phere or the gas- side pressure dro p acro ss a
capacity: the amount of steam flow at the given steam heating section.
temperature and pressure.

3
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

gas turbine exhaust (GTE): the exhaust gas flowing through reheater: a heat transfer section where steam returning
the heat recovery steam generator from the gas turbine. from the steam turbine is heated to a higher temperature
gas turbin e gen erator (GTG): the combination of gas for return back to the steam turbine.
turbine and electric generator. remote deaerator: a standalone deaerator that is separate
GT: gas turbine. from the heat recovery steam generator.

heater: a section wherein fluid other than water or steam is saturation temperature: the temperature corresponding
heated. to a given pressure at which a fluid vaporizes.

heating surface: the surface that is exposed to the heating selective catalytic reduction system : a system used to
medium (gas turbine exhaust or hot gas) for absorption re d u c e th e n i tro ge n o xi d e s e m i s s i o n s i n th e ga s
and transfer of heat to the heated medium (water, steam, turbine exhaust.
or air). single-pressure HRSG: a heat recovery steam generator
higher heating value: the total heat obtained from the that exports steam at one pressure only.
combustion of a unit amount of fuel that is at 60 °F stack: a vertical conduit to discharge the gas turbine
when combustion products are cooled to 60 °F (GPA exhaust to atmosphere.
2145-16). stack damper: a damper located in a stack to stop air flow
HP: high pressure. thro u gh th e gas tu rb i ne and h e at re co ve ry s te am
HRSG: heat recovery steam generator. generator while not in operation.

integral deaerator: a deaerator that is directly connected standard air composition (dry air molar basis): nitrogen,
to the low-pressure drum. 78.085 8%; oxygen, 2 0.94%; argon, 0.93 42 %; carbon
dioxide, 0.04% (GPA 2145-16).
interstage: between the heating surface sections.
standard conditions: ambient conditions of 14.696 psia
IP: intermediate pressure. and 60°F.
lower heating value: the high heating value of fuel minus standard gas compound names, symbols, and molecular
the latent heat of vaporization of the combustion products weights:
when combustion products are cooled to 60°F (GPA 2145-
16). Compound Symbol Molecular Weight
LP: low pressure. Argon Ar 39.948
Butene C 4H 8 56.1063
multiple-pressure HRSG: a heat recovery steam generator
Carbon dioxide CO 2 44.0095
system that exports steam at more than one pressure.
Carbon monoxide CO 28.0101
part load: a gas turbine operating condition wherein the
Ethane C2 H 6 30.0690
power produced is less than base load.
Ethene C2 H 4 28.0532
partial pressure: the contribution to total pressure of a Helium He 4.002602
constituent of a gaseous mixture. Hexane C 6 H 14 86.1754
peak load: a gas turbine operating condition wherein gas Hydrogen H2 2.01588
turbine power production is at maximum value. Hydrogen sulfide H2S 34.081
pegging steam: higher pressure steam used to maintain a Isobutane iso -C 4H 1 0 58.1222
minimum pressure in a lower pressure system. Isopentane iso -C 5 H 1 2 72.1488
pinch point: the temperature difference between the gas Methane CH 4 16.0425
temperature exiting the evaporator section and the Nitrogen N2 28.0134
saturation temperature of the water in the drum. Normal butane n -C 4 H 10 58.1222

pinch temperature: the minimum terminal temperature Normal pentane n -C 5 H 12 72.1488

difference between gas turbine exhaust and fluid. Oxygen O2 31.9988

Pentene C 5 H 10 70.1329
preheater: heat transfer section where aerated water is
Propane C3 H 8 44.0956
heated.
Propene C3 H 6 42.0797
recirculation: use of a portion of hot water from an econ-
Sulfur dioxide SO 2 64.066
omizer or feedwater preheater to increase the incoming
Water H2O 18.0153
water temperature.
reference temperature: a selected temperature from which
steam bypass: a steam flow path bypassing a steam turbine.
all properties are based.

4
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

steam bypass: a steam flow path bypassing a superheater 2-2 SYMBOLS

or part of a superheater.
Table 2-2-1 defines variables and other symbols used in
steam purity: amount of total dissolved solids in the steam. the equations of this Standard.
steam quality: percentage by weight of steam in a mixture
of water and steam. 2-3 CONVERSION FACTORS
superheat: the temperature difference between the steam Table 2-3-1 lists factors for converting U.S. Customary
temperature and the saturation temperature for a given units to the International System (SI) of units.
pressure.
superheated steam: steam at a temperature higher than its 2-4 DESCRIPTIVE FIGURES
saturation temperature.
Figures 2 -4-1 through 2 -4-4 describe some generic
superheater: a heat transfer section where steam is super- configurations. Table 2-4-1 provides the legend for the
heated. figures. Job-specific figures should be generated in the
supplementary firing: see auxiliary firing . test procedure.
water preheater: see preheater.

5
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table 2-2-1
Symbols Used in ASME PTC 4.4
Symbol Description Units Symbol Description Units
B Systematic uncertainty of … MF i Constituent mole fraction …
temperature grid MFN2 Mole fraction of nitrogen …
BTC Systematic uncertainty of a … MFO2 Mole fraction of oxygen …
temperature element
MFSO2 Mole fraction of sulfur dioxide …
BS Spatial contribution to systematic …
MWAVG Average molecular weight …
uncertainty
MW Molecular weight of compound in ...
C Capacity lb/hr
compound gas
C Discharge coefficient …
MWFG Fuel gas molecular weight …
C1 Capacity for a given heat balance lb/hr
MWG Ref Gas molecular weight for reference …
method
conditions
C2 Capacity for a given heat balance lb/hr
MWG Test Gas molecular weight for a test …
method
MWi Constituent molecular weight …
D Flow element bore diameter in.
D Pipe diameter in.
N Number of samples …

DP Cor Corrected pressure drop lb/in. 2

N Units conversion …

DP S Corrected steam pressure drop lb/in. 2

PATM Atmospheric pressure psia
Cor

DP S Steam pressure drop for a test lb/in. 2 PATM Ref Atmospheric pressure for reference psia
Test
2
conditions
DP Test Pressure drop for a test lb/in.
PATM Test Atmospheric pressure for a test psia
DP W Cor Corrected water pressure drop lb/in. 2
PV Water vapor pressure psia
DP W Test Water pressure drop for a test lb/in. 2
PW Partial pressure of water psia
gc Gravitational constant ft/sec2
P1 Upstream pressure psig
hA Enthalpy of air Btu/lb
QAA Heat flow of augmenting air Btu/hr
h A IN Enthalpy of air entering Btu/lb
QAS Heat flow of atomizing steam Btu/hr
h A OUT Enthalpy of air exiting Btu/lb
QB Heat flow of compressor bleed Btu/hr
h Ar Enthalpy of argon Btu/lb
QDB Heat input for duct burner Btu/hr
h AS Enthalpy of atomizing steam Btu/lb
QF Heat input for fuel Btu/hr
h BLD Enthalpy of bleed air Btu/lb
QFS Fuel gas sensible heat Btu/hr
h CO2 Enthalpy of carbon dioxide Btu/lb
QG Total exhaust energy difference Btu/hr
h compound Enthalpy of compound in gas Btu/lb in and out of the HRSG
h FG Enthalpy of fuel gas Btu/lb QG IN Gas heat entering Btu/hr
hG Gas enthalpy Btu/lb QG OUT Gas heat leaving Btu/hr
h G IN Gas enthalpy into the HRSG Btu/lb QHL Heat loss Btu/hr
h G OUT Gas enthalpy out of the HRSG Btu/lb QHL% Total exhaust heat lost by heat loss %
h H20 Enthalpy of water Btu/lb to the atmosphere
hi Constituent enthalpy Btu/lb QI Injected steam or water heat flow Btu/hr
h N2 Enthalpy of nitrogen Btu/lb qM Mass flow rate lb/hr
h O2 Enthalpy of oxygen Btu/lb QP Energy of gas turbine power output Btu/hr
HR Humidity ratio … QWF IN Heat flow for entering working fluid Btu/hr
HRREL Relative humidity % QWF OUT Heat flow for leaving working fluid Btu/hr
HRSAT Saturated humidity ratio … Re Reynolds number …
h SO2 Enthalpy of sulfur dioxide Btu/lb SG Specific gravity …
HT Sensing line height in. SS Standard deviation of spatial °F
HVNET Net heating value Btu/lb temperature averages

h WC Corrected differential pressure in. H 2 O SX Standard deviation of the sample …

h WM Measured differential pressure in. H 2 O Sx Standard deviation of the sample …

average
L Length in.
t Student’s t for (N − 1) degrees of …
L/D Ratio of length to diameter …
freedom
MFAr Mole fraction of argon …
TDB Dry-bulb temperature °F
MFCO2 Mole fraction of carbon dioxide …
TF Fuel temperature °F
MFH2 O Mole fraction of water …
TR Temperature °R

6
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table 2-2-1
Symbols Used in ASME PTC 4.4 (Cont’ d)
Symbol Description Units Symbol Description Units
TWB Wet-bulb temperature °F WF Ar Weight fraction of argon …
U Uncertainty … WF C Weight fraction of carbon in fuel oil …
U1 Uncertainty based upon a heat … WF CO2 Weight fraction of carbon dioxide …
balance method WF DA Weight fraction dry air …
U2 Uncertainty based upon a heat … WF H Weight fraction of hydrogen in fuel …
balance method oil
VFG Volumetric flow of fuel gas Standard WF H2O Weight fraction of water …
cubic feet
WF N2 Weight fraction of nitrogen …
per minute
(scfm) WF O2 Weight fraction of oxygen …
Vfluid Specific volume of process fluid ft3 /lb WF S Weight fraction of sulfur in fuel oil …
Vsen Specific volume of sensing line fluid ft3 /lb WF SO2 Weight fraction of sulfur dioxide …
WA Airflow lb/hr WM Ar Molar flow of argon lb mol/hr
WAA Augmenting airflow lb/hr WM CO2 Molar flow of carbon dioxide lb mol/hr
WAC Wet air for combustion flow lb/hr WM FG Molar flow of fuel gas lb mol/hr
WAS Atomizing steam flow lb/hr WM H2O Molar flow of water lb mol/hr
WBA Balance of wet airflow lb/hr WM N2 Molar flow of nitrogen lb mol/hr
WBLD GT bleed airflow lb/hr WM O2 Molar flow of oxygen lb mol/hr
WDB Duct burner fuel flow lb/hr WM SO2 Molar flow of sulfur dioxide lb mol/hr
WFG Fuel gas flow lb/hr Xk Datum value …
WFO Fuel oil flow lb/hr x Data average …
WG IN Gas flow into the HRSG lb/hr Z Gas compressibility …
WG OUT Gas flow from the HRSG lb/hr β Flow element bore to pipe ratio …
WG Ref Gas flow at reference conditions lb/hr ΔP Differential pressure in. H 2 O
WG Test Gas flow at test conditions lb/hr ε Expansion factor …
WGTF GT fuel flow lb/hr ρ Density lb/ft3
WS Ref Steam flow at reference conditions lb/hr ρS Ref Steam average density for lb/ft3
reference conditions
WS Test Steam flow at test conditions lb/hr
ρS Steam average density for a test lb/ft3
WW Ref Water flow at reference conditions lb/hr Test

WW Test Water flow at test conditions lb/hr

7
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table 2-3-1
Conversion Factors
To Convert From To Multiply by [Note (1)]
Acceleration of free fall, standard (gn) meter per second squared (m/s 2 ) 9.80665 E+00
Atmosphere, standard (atm) pascal (Pa) 1.01325 E+05
Atmosphere, standard (atm) kilopascal (kPa) 1.01325 E+02
bar (bar) kilopascal (kPa) 1 E+02
British thermal unit (mean) (Btu) joule (J) 1.05587 E+03
British thermal unit (59°F) (Btu) joule (J) 1.05480 E+03
British thermal unit (60°F) (Btu) joule (J) 1.05468 E+03
British thermal unitIT per hour (Btu IT/h) watt (W) 2.930711 E−01
British thermal unitth per hour (Btu th/h) watt (W) 2.928751 E−01
British thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree watt per meter kelvin [W/(m · K)] 1.730735 E+00
Fahrenheit [BtuIT·ft/(h·ft2 ·°F)]
British thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree watt per meter kelvin [W/(m · K)] 1.729577 E+00
Fahrenheit [Btuth·ft/(h·ft2 ·°F)]
British thermal unitIT per pound (Btu IT/lb) joule per kilogram (J/kg) 2.326 E+03
British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth/lb) joule per kilogram (J/kg) 2.324444 E+03
British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [Btu IT/(ft2 ·h)] watt per square meter (W/m 2 ) 3.154591 E+00
British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btu th/(ft2 ·h)] watt per square meter (W/m 2 ) 3.152481 E+00
Calorie (cal) (mean) joule (J) 4.19002 E+00
Calorie (15°C) (cal15 ) joule (J) 4.18580 E+00
Degree Celsius (temperature) (°C) kelvin (K) T°K = T°C + 273.15
Degree Celsius (temperature interval) (°C) kelvin (K) 1 E+00
Degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (°F) degree Celsius (°C) T°C = (T°F − 32 )/1.8 E+00
Degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (°F) kelvin (K) T°K = (T°F + 459.67 )/1.8 E+00
Degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval) (°F) degree Celsius (°C) 5.555556 E−01
Degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval) (°F) kelvin (K) 5.555556 E−01
Degree Rankine (°R) kelvin (K) T°K = (T°R)/1.8 E+00
Degree Rankine (temperature interval) (°R) kelvin (K) 5.555556 E−01
Dyne (dyn) Newton (N) 1.0 E−05
Dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm 2 ) pascal (Pa) 1 E−01
Feet per hour (ft/hr) meter per second (m/s) 8.466667 E−05
Feet per minute (ft/min) meter per second (m/s) 5.08 E−03
Feet per second (ft/sec) meter per second (m/s) 3.048 E−01
Feet pound-force (ft-lbf) joule (J) 1.355818 E−00
Feet pound-force per hour (ft-lbf/hr) watt (W) 3.766161 E−04
Inch (in.) meter (m) 2.54 E−02
Inch (in.) centimeter (cm) 2.54 E+00
Inch per second (in./sec) meter per second (m/s) 2.54 E−02
Kelvin (K) degree Celsius (°C) T°C = T°K− 273.15 E+00
KilocalorieIT (kcal) joule (J) 4.1868 E+03
Kilocalorieth (kcal th) joule (J) 4.184 E+03
Kilocalorie (mean) (kcal) joule (J) 4.19002 E+03
Kilocalorieth per minute (kcal th/min) watt (W) 6.973 333 E+01
Kilocalorieth per second (kcal th/sec) watt (W) 4.184 E+03
Kilowatt hour (kW·hr) joule (J) 3.6 E+06
Kilowatt hour (kW·hr) megajoule (MJ) 3.6 E+00
Mho siemens (S) 1 E−00
Millibar (mbar) pascal (Pa) 1 E+02
Millibar (mbar) kilopascal (kPa) 1 E−01
Pound per hour (lb/h) kilogram per second (kg/s) 1.259979 E−04

8
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table 2-3-1
Conversion Factors (Cont’ d)
To Convert From To Multiply by [Note (1)]
Pound per minute (lb/min) kilogram per second (kg/s) 7.559873 E−03
Pound per second (lb/sec) kilogram per second (kg/s) 4.535924 E−01
Pound per square foot (lb/ft2 ) kilogram per square meter (kg/m 2 ) 4.882428 E+00
Pound per square inch (not pound-force) (lb/in. 2 ) kilogram per square meter 7.030696 E+02 (kg/m 2 )
psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in. 2 ) pascal (Pa) 6.894757 E+03
psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in. 2 ) kilopascal (kPa) 6.894757 E+00
Square foot (ft2 ) square meter (m 2 ) 9.290304 E−02
Square inch (in. 2 ) square meter (m 2 ) 6.4516 E−04
Square inch (in. 2 ) square centimeter (cm 2 ) 6.4516 E+00
torr (Torr) pascal (Pa) 1.333224 E+02
Watt hour (W · hr) joule (J) 3.6 E+03
Watt per square centimeter (W/cm 2 ) watt per square meter (W/m 2 ) 1 E−04
Watt per square inch (W/in. 2 ) watt per square meter (W/m 2 ) 1.550003 E+03
Watt second (W · sec) joule (J) 1 E+00

GENERAL NOTE: Conversion factors are from NIST Special Publication 811. For a more complete list and other explanatory details, visit National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) website: https://www.nist.gov/physical-measurement-laboratory/special-publication-811.

NOTE: (1) The numbers in boldface are exact.

9
 10

1
2

3
44

Gas turbine GT
power
4

Gas turbine 5

Bypass stack

boundary
Bypass Bypass
6

silencer

General HRSG
damper stack
7
8

Burner

Primary superheater
11
10 12

Secondary superheater HP SHTR desuperheater

14

MP reheater
13 15 16

HP evaporator
HP

RH desuperheater
drum

39
17

HP economizer
18
19

IP superheater
20
Figure 2-4-1

IP evaporator
IP
drum

40
21
Typical GT HRSG Diagram

IP economizer
22

23

LP superheater
24

LP evaporator
25

LP

41
drum
26

LP economizer
27

DA evaporator
28 29

D
DA

42
drum
30

Fluid heater
31

43

Fuel heater
33 35
32 34 36

Feedwater heater
37
38

Main stack

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

 11

boundary
General HRSG
8

9
Burner
11

Primary superheater
10 12

Secondary superheater HP SHTR desuperheater

14

MP reheater
13 15 16

HP evaporator
RH desu perheater
HP
drum

39
17

HP economizer
18

IP superheater
1 9 20
Figure 2-4-2

IP evaporator
IP
drum

40
21

IP economizer
22

23

LP superheater
24

LP evaporator
25

LP
Typical Three-Pressure-Level HRSG With Supplementary Firing

drum

41
26

LP economizer
43
27
28
36

Feedwater heater
37
38

Main stack

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

 12

b
e

o
n

u
e

n
r

d
la

a
r
H

y
R
S
G
8

B u rn e r
1
0

P ri m a ry s u p e rh e a t e r
1
1
2

H P S H T R d e s u p e rh e a t e r

S e c o n d a ry s u p e rh e a t e r
1
3

M P re h e a t e r
4
1
5
1

H
6

H P e v a p o ra t o r
d

R H d e s u p e rh e a t e r
ru

3
9
m
1
7

H P e c o n o m i z e r
1
8
1
9
Figure 2-4-3

L P s u p e rh e a t e r
2
4

L
P

L P e v a p o ra t o r
2
5

d
r

4
u

1
m
2
6

L P e c o n o m i z e r
4
2

3
7
2
8

3
6
Typical Two-Pressure-Level HRSG With Feedwater Heater and Supplementary Firing

F e e d w a t e r h e a t e r
3
7
3

M a i n s t a c k
8

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

 Figure 2-4-4
Typical Single-Pressure-Level HRSG With Feedwater Heater and Supplementary Firing

8 10 12 13 15 16 17 19 38
36

25

desuperheater
9 14 18 37
11

RH
H P drum

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Main stack
13

H P SH TR desuperheater
Primary superheater

Feedwater heater
H P economizer
H P evaporator
MP reheater
Burner

39

41

General H RSG 43
boundary
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table 2-4-1
Legend for Figures 2-4-1 Through 2-4-4
Number Description Flow Direction
1 Fuel to GT In
2 Steam injection into GT In
3 Water injection into GT In
4 Combustion air to GT In
5 Gas leakage out of the GTE exhaust Out
6 Bypass stack gas leakage Out
7 Exhaust gas into HRSG In
8 Burner auxiliary air In
9 Burner fuel for auxiliary firing In
10 High-pressure (HP) main steam Out
11 Spray water to HP attemperator In
12 Auxiliary HP steam Out
13 Hot reheater steam to the intermediate pressure (IP) turbine Out
14 Auxiliary HP steam to the HRSG In
15 Cold steam from HP turbine to reheater In
16 Spray water to reheater attemperator In
17 HP saturated steam export Out
18 Recirculation from HP economizer Out
19 Feedwater to the HP system In
20 IP superheated steam Out
21 IP saturated steam for export Out
22 Recirculation water from IP economizer Out
23 Feedwater to the IP system In
24 Low-pressure (LP) superheated steam Out
25 HRSG heat loss across the HRSG boundary Out
26 LP saturated steam Out
27 Recirculation water from LP economizer Out
28 Feedwater to LP system In
29 Condensate or preheated water to HRSG In
30 LP steam Out
31 Pegging steam into dry air drum In
32 Any other fluid out of the HT section Out
33 Any other fluid into the HT section In
34 Gaseous fuel heated in HRSG Out
35 Gaseous fuel heated in HRSG In
36 Preheated water out of the feedwater heater Out
37 Condensate into the feedwater heater In
38 Exhaust gas from HRSG to stack Out
39 HP blowdown Out
40 IP blowdown Out
41 LP blowdown Out
42 Feedwater to HP, IP, and LP feedwater pumps Out
43 Water and other condensables from gas Out
44 GT output Out

14
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Section 3
Guiding Principles

3-1 INTRODUCTION 3-2 PLANNING FOR THE TEST

The purpose of this Section is to provide guidance on Planning for the test shall be developed well in advance
HRSG testing and to outline the steps required to plan, of the test. A test procedure shall be prepared and agreed
conduct, and evaluate a Code test of the HRSG perfor- to before the test. This procedure shall outline the test
mance. goals, schedule of test activities, responsibilities, and
This ASME PTC 4.4 Code uses heat balances around the the procedure for conducting the test and shall detail
HRSG and the GT to determine the primary heat input to and clarify all prior agreements (see subsection 3-3 for
the HRSG in the form of flow, temperature, and composi- a list of prior agreements).
tion. This Code references ASME PTC 22 for the metho-
dology of conducting a GT heat balance. Each of these heat 3-2.1 Test Procedure
inputs is then used to determine the corrected capacity of A detailed test procedure shall be prepared. The parties
the HRSG. A method of uncertainty weighting of these ca- to the test shall agree on the testing procedure before the
pacities is used to combine them. start of the test. The procedure shall detail how this Code
This Code details procedures for conducting tests to will be applied for preparing, conducting, and reporting of
meet the obj ectives outlined in Section 1 to ensure the test. The test procedure shall reflect any contract re-
that proper procedures are developed and the correct quirements that pertain to the test objectives and perfor-
performance equations are applied. The procedures mance guarantees as well as the understanding of the
detailed in this Code represent current industry and parties as to the interpretation of this Code. It shall
good engineering p ractice for the determination of provide clarification to resolve any contract, omissions,
H RS G p e rfo rm an ce . T h e n atu re o f H RS G s an d th e or ambiguities. This test procedure shall identify all
various design configurations result in a wide variation parties to the test and their representatives.
i n th e e x p e c te d u n c e r ta i n ty o f te s t r e s u l ts . F o r
example, a fired HRSG with high firing may result in a 3-2.2 Responsibilities of Parties
significant reduction in IP and LP steam flows and corre-
sponding increases in uncertainty. Table 3-1-1 presents a The parties to the test shall agree on individual respon-
range of values typical of the uncertainty that may be sibilities for the test in accordance with this Code. A test
observed when conducting tests in accordance with coordinator who is knowledgeable in all the technical and
this Code on the configuration types identified. Due to operational facets of the test, including the details of this
the wide range of potential uncertainties possible, this Code, shall be designated. The coordinator shall have the
Code requires agreement on the uncertainty required. responsibility for implementation of the test in accor-
dance with the test procedures.
Representatives from each ofthe parties to the test, who
are to observe the test and confirm that it is conducted in
Table 3-1-1 accordance with the test procedures, shall be identified.
Typical Ranges of Uncertainties They shall have the authority, if necessary, to approve any
agreed-upon revisions to the test procedures during the
HRSG Configuration Uncertainty Range, %
test.
[Notes (1), (2)] HP Capacity IP Capacity LP Capacity
Single pressure level 0.7 to 2 NA NA 3-2.3 Test Boundary
Two pressure level 0.7 to 2 NA 1.5 to 5
The test boundary of an energy system is a control
Three pressure level 0.7 to 2.5 1 to 4 1.5 to 7
volume, with various input and output streams crossing
Three pressure level, 0.7 to 1.5 1 to 15 1.5 to 15
the boundary. These streams carry energy into or out of
fired with reheat
the system. The energy and capacity of these streams shall
NOTES:
be measured to calculate the corrected results and deter-
(1) Gas-side pressure drop = 0.4 in. H 2 O to 0.8 in. H 2 O.
(2) Steam- and water-side pressure drop = 4.0% to 8.0%.
mine the performance.

15
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Generally, energy or capacity of the internal stream that 3-2.4.7 Steam and Water Pressure Drop. The steam
does not cross the boundary need not be measured. and water pressure drops shall be determined during
However, measurements of internal streams may be the test, if required.
required if these streams verify the case operating condi-
tion or are functionally related to streams crossing the 3-2.5 Design, Construction, and Startup
boundary. Considerations
Th e s p e ci fi c te s t b o undary s h al l b e e s tab l i s h e d.
During the design phase of the plant, consideration
Figures 2-4-1 through 2 -4-4 show typical HRSGs with
should be given on how to accurately conduct the test,
generally used test boundaries. These figures should
including the requirements of instrumentation accuracy,
be treated as generic and will be customized for a parti-
calibration, recalibration documentation requirements,
cular test.
and location of permanent plant instrumentation to be
used for testing. Adequate provisions for installation of
3-2.4 Required Measurements
temporary instrumentation, where plant instrumentation
Once the test boundary has been identified, those is not adequate to meet the requirements ofthe Code, must
streams that cross the boundary will need the associated be considered during the design phase.
energy flow contained in them quantified for the test. The Consideration should also be given to the personnel and
parameters described in 3-2.4.1 through 3-2.4.7 need to be instrumentation involved in the test. Examples include
determined for a valid test. Additions or deletions may be safe access to test points, availability of suitable utilities,
necessary for a specific test arrangement. and safe work areas for personnel, as well as potential
damage to instrumentation or calibration shift due to
3-2.4.1 GT Exhaust. The primary heat input to an HRSG
extreme ambient conditions such as temperature or vibra-
is the GTE. The flow and constituents shall be calculated
tion.
based on the combination of heat balances around the GT
Consideration should also be given to the timing of flow
and HRSG. GTE and stack temperatures are total tempera-
element installation with respect to chemical cleaning and
tures and are measured with an array of temperature
steam blows. Piping arrangements should provide suffi-
sensors.
cient upstream and downstream straight lengths as
3-2.4.2 Ambient Conditions. The barometric pressure, outlined in ASME PTC 19.5 for accurate measurements.
dry-bulb temperature, and humidity or wet-bulb tempera-
ture shall be measured. 3-3 PRIOR AGREEMENTS
3-2.4.3 Water and Steam Streams. For all steam and Before an HRSG performance test is conducted, there
water streams, flow, pressure, temperature, and quality shall be a written agreement on the specific subj ects
shall be defined as required to determine the change affecting the test. Agreement on the following items
in energy of the stream. Sufficient flow measurements shall be included:
shall be made to determine the distribution of fluid (a) acceptance criteria.
within the system. It is generally considered more accu- (b) uncertainty targets for test objectives.
rate to measure water flow than steam flow and, therefore, (c) identification of instruments, measurements, and
the feedwater flow stream is measured. Directly measured sampling requirements.
steam flow may be more accurate than one calculated by (d) objective of test and method of operation.
taking the difference of two feedwater flow measure- (e) schedule for test and advance notification required
ments. Blowdown flow shall be measured ifthe blowdown of all parties.
is not secured during the test. (f) scope of testing and number of different conditions.
3-2.4.4 Auxiliary Firing Input. If the HRSG has an (g) if ASME PTC 4.4 is to be conducted in conjunction
auxiliary firing system, the flow, pressure, temperature, with an overall plant test such as ASME PTC 46, any special
and constituents of the fuel shall be measured. The requirements that will be part of that test.
flow, pressure, and temperature of any air, steam, and (h) when the test will be conducted, and what to do if it
water stream into the burner shall also be determined. is delayed.
(i) defined test boundaries identifying inputs and
3-2.4.5 Auxiliary Systems. T h e fl o w, p re s s ure , outputs and having clarity to their position of measure-
temperature, and constituents of streams to and from ments.
auxiliary systems such as fuel heaters need to be deter- (j) contract requirements that pertain to the test objec-
mined if they cross the test boundary. tives and p erfo rmance guarantees and p rovide any
3-2.4.6 Gas-Side Pressure Drop. Since one of the needed clarification of contract issues.
critical variables is the HRSG gas-side pressure drop, (k) data acceptance and rejection criteria.
measurement of the static pressure at the HRSG inlet (l) requirements for steady-state operation.
is necessary.

16
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

(m) maximum deviation from design for which the (ff) HRSG and GT losses.
correction methodology is valid. (gg) test duration.
(n) test continuous operating time or duration and
number of runs. 3-4 TEST PREPARATIONS
(o) fuels to be fired, their analysis, heating value, and
method of sampling. Suitable notification of the test preparations shall be
(p) identification oftest corrections to be imposed shall made to all involved to provide the necessary time to
be clearly described commensurate with the test bound- respond and to prepare personnel, equipment, or docu-
aries. References or Codes or software required, incorpor- mentation. Updated information should be provided as it
ating performance correction curves, computations or becomes known. Participating organizations and other
tables, etc., shall be clearly identified. The documentation third parties to the test shall also be notified.
to be provided shall be clearly identified. The methods to
incorporate such corrections shall be clearly described to
3-4.1 Schedule of Test Activities
ensure conformity and accuracy of computation. A test schedule shall be prepared denoting anticipated
(q) the methods and biases for the uncertainty analysis time of test, notification of the parties to the test, test plan
shall be identified and agreed to for the pretest and post- preparation, and preparation of the results report.
test uncertainty analysis.
(r) method ofmeasurement shall describe frequency of 3-4.2 Test Apparatus
observation, locations, types, accuracy, and indicate
Instrumentation used for data collection shall be at least
permanent plant instruments and temporary test instru-
as accurate as instrumentation identified in the pretest
ments.
uncertainty analysis and as described in Section 4. This
(s) control and calibration procedures and require-
instrumentation can either be permanent plant instru-
ments for instrumentation.
mentation or temporary test instrumentation.
(t) permissible variations of test conditions at the test Instruments shall be calibrated before the test, and cali-
boundary shall be identified such as, but not limited to,
bration records and reports made available. After the test,
ambient temperature, process services to/from the plant,
calibration or checks shall be made of the instruments.
and fuel variations (heating value and composition).
Redundant instruments should be used as practical to
(u) weather conditions and procedures to be followed reduce overall test uncertainty. Refer to Section 4 for
to ensure personnel safety.
detailed information regarding instrumentation and cali-
(v) required levels of cleanliness for testing. If remedial bration requirements.
cleanliness measures are not undertaken nor practical,
Data storage, document retention, and test report distri-
then the co nditio ns affecting p erfo rmance s hall b e
bution shall be established before the test. Data storage
reviewed and the parties shall agree to any corrections
decisions for test data, results, and reports shall include
in HRSG expected performance.
consideration of longevity, retrieval access, and useful-
(w) procedures to account for degradation and impact ness of stored information. Storage format (electronic,
on the test uncertainty, if applicable.
magnetic, paper, or other) should be defined for test
(x) operating equipment: a list of plant equipment that
data, res ults , and rep o rts . Typ es and quantities o f
is required to be operational during the test or to be
co p i e s o f s uch i n fo rm ati o n an d re s p o ns i b i l i ty fo r
accounted for in the corrections.
storage and ownership of these items shall also be
(y) a detailed valve lineup for the HRSG. resolved.
(z) preliminary testing and stabilization.
(aa) if a testing laboratory is required for analysis, it 3-4.3 Test Personnel
shall be identified.
(bb) calculation and correction to reference condition Test personnel shall be identified in sufficient quantity
methodology. and expertise to support the execution of the test. The
(cc) agreement on the steam properties to be used ifnot personnel shall be familiar with the test procedures to
those from IAPWS R7-97(2012). ensure that they can maintain safe and steady operation
(dd) test report format, contents, inclusions, and index. of the plant as required for an accurate test.
Agreement shall be reached on how to handle the sectional
deviations. The amount of heat available to downstream 3-4.4 Equipment Inspection
sections is dependent upon the actual heat absorbed by Before the test begins, the cleanliness, condition, and
upstream sections. Based upon second law considera- age of the equipment shall be determined by inspection
tions, equivalent heat absorbed in lower pressure sections of equipment and operational records. Any cleaning shall
has a lower potential of work energy. be agreed upon and completed before the test. Equipment
(ee) b yp a s s d a m p e r l e a ka ge i f a p p l i c a b l e ( s e e shall be inspected for leakage.
Nonmandatory Appendix A).

17
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

All p arti es s hall have reas o nab l e o p p o rtunity to (a) General. Operation, configuration, and disposition
e xami ne th e H RS G. Th e H RS G s h al l b e ch e cke d to for testing have been reached in accordance with the test
ensure that equipment and subsystems are installed procedure, including the following:
and operating within their design parameters and are (1) steady-state operation
suitable to undergo testing. (2) equipment operation and method of control
Thorough preparations shall be completed before (3) unit configuration, including required process
conducting the test. Detailed records shall be made to flow rate and valve lineup
define the plant boundaries of the test and the exact (4) HRSG operation within the bounds of the perfor-
method of test selected. Descriptions, drawings, diagrams, mance correction methods, algorithms, or programs
or photographs may all be used to give a permanent (5) equipment operation within allowable limits
record. (6) for a series of test runs, completion of internal
adjustments required for repeatability
3-4.5 Preliminary Run (b) Stabilization. The HRSG has operated for a sufficient
A preliminary run should be conducted immediately period at test load to demonstrate and verify stability in
before the test. As a result of the preliminary run, agree- accordance with para. 3-5.3 criteria.
ments to any test modifications should be made before (c) Data Collection. DASs are functioning, and test per-
conducting the test. A preliminary run may be declared sonnel are in place and ready to collect samples or record
an official run if all requirements of an official run are data.
achieved. 3-5.1.2 Stopping Criteria. Tests are normally stopped
Reasons for a preliminary run include the following: when the test coordinator is satisfied that requirements
(a) to determine whether the equipment is in suitable for a complete test run have been satisfied. The test coor-
condition for the conduct of the test dinator may extend the test or terminate the test if the
(b) to make adjustments, the needs of which were not requirements are not met.
evident during the preparation of the test Data logging shall be checked to ensure completeness.
(c) to check the operation of all instruments, controls,
and data acquisition systems (DASs) 3-5.2 Methods of Operation Before and During
(d) to ensure that the facilities can be maintained at a Tests
steady-state condition
A test log shall be developed that shall be maintained
(e) to e n s u r e th a t p r o c e s s c o n d i ti o n s a r e n o t
during the test to record any occurrences affecting the test,
constrained other than those identified in the test proce-
the time of the occurrence, and the observed resultant
dure
effect. This lo g will b eco me p art o f the p ermanent
(f) to familiarize test personnel with their assignments
record of the test.
3-4.6 Documentation of Correction Methodology All equipment necessary for normal operation at the
test conditions must be operating during the test or
Documentation shall be developed for calculated or accounted for in the corrections. Nothing within the
a d j u s te d d ata to p ro vi d e vi s i b i l i ty to a l go ri th m s , plant shall be run or shut down abnormally to affect
constants, scaling, calibration corrections, offsets, base the capacity. Any environmental control system must
p o ints , and co nvers io ns as neces s ary. I t is no t the be operating and within normal parametric ranges, gas
intent of this paragraph that Code users disclose proprie- flow, inlet and outlet emission concentrations, pH, and
tary design algorithms. solid and liquid concentrations.
HRSG equipment shall be operated in a manner consis-
3-5 CONDUCTING THE TEST tent with the basis of design or guarantee.
Process energy (process steam and condensate) must
The purpose of this subsection is to provide guidelines
be controlled in the most stable manner possible. This may
for conducting the test.
require operation in manual mode or venting to the atmo-
3-5.1 Starting and Stopping Tests and Test Runs sphere if the host is unable to satisfy stability or quantity
criteria.
The test coordinator is responsible for ensuring that all
data collection begins at the agreed-upon start of the test 3-5.2.1 Equipment Operation. The HRSG shall be func-
and that everyone involved is informed of the starting tioning as specified within its design characteristics and
time. operational ratings as defined by the HRSG supplier's
instructions, unless mutually agreed.
3-5.1.1 Starting Criteria. Before the start of each test, Evaporative coolers and chillers, if installed, should be
the following conditions must be satisfied: out of service. If a test is required with them in service, the
test uncertainty will increase.

18
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table 3-5.2.2-1
Suggested Maximum Permissible Variations From Design Conditions
Suggested Maximum Permissible Variations From Design Conditions
Variable Single or Dual Pressure Triple Pressure, Reheat Design
Feedwater flow ±10% ±10%
Feedwater temperature to preheater or economizer ±20°F ±20°F
HP steam flow leaving boundary ±7% ±7%
HP steam temperature leaving boundary ±15°F [Note (1)] ±15°F [Note (1)]
HP steam pressure leaving boundary ±30 psi ±25 psi
IP pressure leaving boundary N/A ±20
LP pressure leaving boundary ±10 psi ±10 psi
Cold reheat flow entering boundary N/A ±7%
Cold reheat temperature entering boundary N/A ±15°F
Cold reheat pressure entering boundary N/A ±25 psi
Hot reheat flow leaving boundary N/A ±7%
Hot reheat temperature leaving boundary N/A ±15°F [Note (1)]
Hot reheat pressure leaving boundary N/A ±25 psi
Supplemental fuel flow ±5% ±5%
GT exhaust flow ±10% [Note (2)] ±10% [Note (2)]
GT exhaust temperature ±20°F [Note (2)] ±20°F [Note (2)]
NOTES:
(1) If the attemperator is on, the range is expected to be much lower than the ±15°F noted (nominally ±2°F control range).
(2) This variation shall be used in the absence of ranges supplied by the GT manufacturer (typically in the form of GT corrections).

3-5.2.2 Proximity to Design Conditions. It is desirable beyond the limits prescribed in Table 3-5.3-1, the test
to operate the HRSG during the test as closely as possible run shall be discarded.
to the reference performance conditions to limit the EXCEPTION: The parties to the test may agree before the test on
magnitude of corrections to capacity. permissible variations other than those in Table 3-5.3-1.
I f o p e ra ti n g c o n d i ti o n s va ry b e yo n d th e l i m i ts
prescribed in Table 3 -5 .2 .2 -1 , the variations shall be
discussed by all parties with the intent of arriving at
mutual agreements or identifying corrective action (if ap-
plicable).
3-5.2.3 Blowdown. All blowdown should be isolated
during the test. If a test is required with blowdown in
service, the test uncertainty will increase. If blowdown Table 3-5.3-1
cannot be closed, provisions for blowdown flow measure- Suggested Maximum Permissible Variations
ment shall be agreed upon by all parties. If applicable, the in Test Conditions
impact on the uncertainty analysis shall be included in the Variation of Any
test uncertainty. Station Observation
From the Reported
3-5.3 Adjustments Before and During the Test Average
Variable Test Condition
Permissible adj ustments during the test are those Feedwater flow ±2%
required to maintain equipment in safe operation, to Drum pressure ±2% or 10 psi,
maintain plant stability, or to correct malfunctioning whichever is greater
controls. Desuperheating water flow ± 1 ∕2 % of steam flow
Any adjustments that would result in equipment being Fuel flow to GT ±2%
operated beyond the manufacturer’s operating, design, or
Supplemental fuel flow ±2%
safety limits, and specified operating limits are not
GT power output ±2%
permissible at any time before or during testing.
Average GTE temperature ±10°F
Adj ustments that adversely affect the stability of a
Feedwater temperature to economizer ±5°F
primary measurement during a test are not permitted.
I f during any test run the operating conditions vary Steam temperature leaving superheater ±5°F

19
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

3-5.4 Application of Corrections Each Code test shall include pretest and post-test uncer-
tainty analyses and the results of these analyses shall fall
A maj o r o b j ective o f this C o de is to p ro duce the
within the agreed- up o n tes t uncertainty. S ectio n 5
corrected cap acity o f the H RSG. Section 5 p rovides
provides information on the general performance equa-
detailed instructions for the determination and applica-
tions.
tion of the necessary corrections. Due to the complex
nature of modern, multi-p ressure- level H RSGs, this 3-6.1 Causes for Rejection of Readings
Code recommends the use of computer programs for
the determination of as-tested performance and for Upon completion of the test or during the test itself, the
correction to reference conditions. test data shall be reviewed to determine if data from
When the HRSG equipment manufacturer provides certain periods should be rejected before calculation of
performance or correction information in the form of the test results. Refer to ASME PTC 1 9 .1 and ASM E
curves or evaluation software, the range of applicability MFC-2M, Appendix C for data rej ection criteria. A test
shall meet, at a minimum, the s uggested maximum log should be kept, and for any plant upsets that cause
permissible variations from design conditions shown test data to violate the requirements of Table 3-5.3-1,
in Table 3-5.3-1. the run or portion shall be rej ected. A minimum of 10
min following the recovery of these criteria shall pass
3-5.5 Duration of Runs to allow for restabilization.
Should serious inconsistencies that affect the results be
The duration of a test run shall be of sufficient length
detected during a test run or during the calculation of the
that the data reflect the average performance of the HRSG.
results, the run shall be invalidated completely, or it may
This includes consideration for deviations in the measur-
be invalidated only in part if the affected part is at the
able parameters due to controls, fuel, and typical plant
beginning or at the end of the run. A run that has been
operating characteristics. The test duration shall not be
invalidated shall be repeated, if necessary, to attain the
less than 1 hr.
test objectives. The decision to reject a run shall be the
The test coordinator may determine that a longer test
responsibility of the designated representatives.
period is required. The minimum time is generally based
During the test, should any control system set points be
upon continuous data acquisition. Depending upon the
modified that affect stability of operation beyond Code
personnel available and the method of data acquisition,
limits, test data shall be considered for rej ection from
it may be necessary to increase the length of a test in
the calculations of test results. The p eriod rej ected
order to obtain a sufficient number of readings of the
shall start immediately before the change and end no
measured parameters to attain the required test uncer-
less than 10 min following the recovery of the criteria
tainty. Test runs should not last longer than 2 hr.
found in Table 3-5.3-1.
An outlier analysis of spurious data should also be
3-5.6 Number of Test Runs performed in accordance with ASME PTC 1 9.1 on all
A run is a complete set of observations made over a critical measurements after the test has ended. This
period of time with the unit at stable operating conditions. analysis will highlight any points that should be reviewed
A test is the combination (average) of a series of runs for and possibly rejected before calculation of the test results.
the purpose of determining performance characteristics. The Modified Thompson Tau method, as with other statis-
A test shall consist of a minimum of two runs, one of which tical methods, identifies potential outliers; points so iden-
may be the preliminary run. tified should be reviewed and rej ected only if, in the
judgment of the engineer, they are invalid. It should be
3-5.7 Number of Readings noted that data rejection criteria should not be applied
Sufficient readings must be taken within the test dura- to grid data o r data varyi ng in s p ace. The cri teri a
tion to yield total uncertainty consistent with Table 3-1-1. should only be applied to a single point over time. Any
At least 30 sets of data shall be recorded for all electronic points rejected should be identified in the test report.
measurements. There are no specific requirements for the
number of integrated readings. These readings should not
3-6.2 Repeatability of Test Runs
be smoothed or averaged. See Section 4 for details. After completing the first test run that meets the criteria
for an acceptable test run (which may be the preliminary
3-6 CALCULATION, ANALYSIS, AND REPORTING test run), the data should be consolidated and preliminary
OF RESULTS results calculated and examined to ensure that the results
are reasonable. If it is agreed, the test may be concluded at
The data taken during the test should be reviewed and, the end of any test run.
upon acceptance, shall be averaged over the test period.

20
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Figure 3-6.2-1
Repeatability of Runs

1 1 1 1
2
2 2
3 2
(a) Repeatabl e (b) N ot Repeatabl e (c) 2 an d 3 Repeatabl e (d ) N ot Repeatabl e
1 N ot Repeatabl e

Test result plus uncertainty

Legend: Test result (corrected)

Test result minus uncertainty

The criterion for repeatability between test runs is that data should be reviewed in an attempt to identify the
the results of two or more runs each lie within the uncer- excessive variation. Should no reason become obvious,
tainty interval of the other. Refer to Figure 3-6.2-1 for the uncertainty bands may be increased.
examples of runs that meet and do not meet this criterion.
Should a run or set of runs fail to meet the repeatability 3-6.4 Test Uncertainty
criteria, the results from all runs should be reviewed in an 3-6.4.1 General. Procedures relating to test uncer-
attempt to explain the reason for excessive variation. tainty are based on concepts and methods described in
S ho uld no reaso n b eco me o b vio us, the uncertainty ASME PTC 1 9.1 . ASME PTC 1 9.1 specifies procedures
band can be increased to encompass the runs and there- for evaluating measurement uncertainties from both
fo re m ake th e m re p e atab l e , o r mo re runs may b e random and systematic errors and the effects of these
conducted, which will allow calculation of the precision errors on the uncertainty of a test result.
component of uncertainty directly from the test results. This Code addresses test uncertainty in four of its
The results of multiple runs that meet the criterion for sections:
repeatability and other Code requirements shall be aver- (a) S ecti o n 3 identi fi es typ i cal uncertainti es fo r
aged to determine the mean result. The uncertainty shall different types of units. The parties to the test shall
be reported for individual runs. agree on the uncertainty targets for the test.
(b) Section 3 defines the requirements for pretest and
3-6.3 Comparison of Capacity From GT and HRSG post-test uncertainty analyses and how they are used in
Heat Balances the test. These uncertainty analyses and limits of error are
The capacity determined by GT energy balance shall be defined and discussed below. It also includes constancy
compared to the capacity determined by H RSG heat limits for key variables to limit temporal precision uncer-
balance. The difference between the results of the two tainty.
independent tests must be within the square root of (c) Section 4 describes the accuracy required for each
the sum of the squares of the uncertainty of each test: test measurement.
(d) Sections 5 and 7 provide applicable guidance for
difference ( U12 + U22) determining pretest and post-test uncertainty analysis
results.
Ninety-five percent ofall test values will theoretically be
within this difference. This requirement must be met to 3-6.4.2 Pretest and Post-Test Uncertainty Analyses.
assure that the two test results are within the 95% confi- A pretest uncertainty analysis must be performed so that
dence level. Should the values fail to meet this criterion, the test can be designed to meet Code requirements. Esti-
the uncertainty estimates are probably too low and the mates of random and systematic error for each of the
proposed test measurements should be used to help

21
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

determine the number and quality of test instruments 3-6.5 Test Report
required for compliance with Code or contract specifica-
tions. Parties to the test have the right to have copies ofall raw
The pretest uncertainty analysis should be used to data at the conclusion of the test. Agreement shall be
determine the level of accuracy required for each reached on how the test data are to be distributed.
measurement to maintain overall Code standards for The report shall include all specific subjects affecting
the test. For simplicity and economic considerations, the conducting of the test.
the Code allows using plant instrumentation for insignif- Before the issuance of the final report, all parties shall
icant measurements or even for the assumption of some have the opportunity to review the calculations and the
parameters. However, the effect of these actions must be results. Any disagreements shall be noted in the final
demonstrated to have a small effect (less than 0.05%) on report.
overall test uncertainty, and the test must still meet uncer- The results of the test should be presented as a formal
tainty targets set to be considered a Code test. document that is certified by all parties to the test. The
A post-test uncertainty analysis must also be performed contents ofthe test report are described in Section 6 ofthis
as part of a Code test. The post-test uncertainty analysis Code.
will reveal the actual quality of the test to determine
whether the required uncertainty targets have been met.

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 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Section 4
Instruments and Methods of Measurement

4-1 INTRODUCTION (b) the selected test apparatus and methods are prac-
tical
This Section covers choice of instruments, uncertainty
of instruments, and calibration corrections to readings 4-2.2 Location and Identification of Instruments
and measurements specific to this Code. Instructions
as to methods of measurement, location of measuring Transducers shall be located to minimize the impact of
systems, and precautions to be taken are also included environmental conditions such as vibration, temperature,
in this S ectio n. The instrumentatio n reco mmended and humidity. Care shall be used in the selection and
h e re i n m a y b e re p l a c e d b y n e w te c h n o l o gy a s i t routing of lead wires to the data collection equipment
becomes available, provided this new technology meets to prevent electrical noise in the signal. Manual instru-
the uncertainty requirements of this Code. ments shall be located so that they can be read with preci-
A method shall be selected for measuring each param- sion and convenience by the observer. All instruments
eter that, when considered with all the other parameters, shall be clearly and properly marked for identification.
produces results within the uncertainty requirements of C ali b ratio n tab l es o r charts , if ap p li cab le , s hall b e
the test. readily available. Observers shall be instructed as to
A parameter is classified as primary or secondary desired degree of precision of readings.
dependent upon usage in the execution of this Code. Pa-
rameters used in the calculation of test results are consid- 4-2.3 Sources of Error
ered primary. Primary parameters are further classified as Sources of error that influence the accuracy of a test
Class 1 or Class 2, depending on their relative sensitivity include the following:
coefficient to the results of the test. Class 1 primary pa- (a) instrument errors
rameters are those that have a relative sensitivity coeffi- (b) errors of observation
cient of 0 .2 5 % per percent or greater. The primary (c) errors resulting from failure to obtain representa-
parameters that have a relative sensitivity coefficient tive samples
of less than 0.25% per percent are classified as Class 2 (d) errors resulting from failure to place instruments at
primary parameters. Due to an arbitrary zero point, in the required point of measurement
the case of temperature measurements for primary pa- (e) errors resulting from instruments having insuffi-
rameters and primary variables, the relative sensitivity cient sensitivity
coefficient of 0.25% per percent shall be substituted as (f) errors due to signal
0 . 2 5 % p e r d e gre e s C e l s i us (o r th e co rre s p o nd i n g Errors are discussed at length in each edition of the
percent per degrees Fahrenheit). ASME PTC 19 series.

4-2 GENERAL 4-2.4 Instrument Calibration

4-2.1 Supplements 4-2.4.1 Definition of Calibration. Calibration of an
instrument is the act of applying process conditions to
The ASME PTC 19 Series contains guidance for devel- the candidate instrument and to a reference standard
oping test uncertainty and descriptions of instruments, in parallel. Readings are taken from both the candidate
devices , and metho ds o f meas urement likely to b e instrument and the reference standard. The output of
required in any test of equipment. They include directions the instrument may then be adj usted to the standard
regarding instrument applications, limits and sources of reading. As an alternative, the difference between the
error, range, sensitivity and random uncertainties, and instrument and the reference standard may be recorded
methods of calibration. Instruments should be selected and applied to the instrument reading. This alternative
to ensure that method may be required in the case of flow elements
(a) the requisite degree of accuracy of measurement is o r th e rmo co up l e s b e caus e th e i r o utp ut canno t b e
attainable easily altered. The ASME PTC 19 series provides guidance
on the use and application of calibration data.

23
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

4-2.4.2 Reference Standards. Reference standards 4-2.4.4 Instrument Ranges and Calibration Points.
shall be routinely calibrated in a manner that provides Instrumentation used to measure primary variables
traceability to NIST, other recognized international stan- with a product ofrelative sensitivity coefficient and instru-
dard organization, or defined natural physical (intrinsic) ment uncertainty of0.25 or greater should be calibrated at
constants and have accuracy, stability, range, and resolu- least two points more than the order of the calibration
tion for the intended use. They shall be maintained for curve fit, whether it is necessary to apply the calibration
proper calibration, handling, and usage in strict compli- data to the measured data, or if the instrument is of the
ance with a calibration laboratory quality program. When quality that the deviation between the laboratory calibra-
it is necessary to utilize reference standards for field cali- tion and the instrument reading is negligible in terms of
brations, adequate measures shall be taken to ensure that affecting the test result.
the necessary calibration status is maintained during Each instrument should also be calibrated such that the
transportation and while on-site. The integrity of refer- measuring point is approached in an increasing and
ence standards shall be verified by proficiency testing decreasing manner. This exercise minimizes the possibi-
or inter-laboratory comparisons. All reference standards lity of any hysteretic effects. Some instruments are built
should be calibrated as specified by the manufacturer or with a mechanism to alter the range once the instrument is
other frequency as the user has data to support extension installed. In this case, the instrument must be calibrated at
of the calibration period. Supporting data is historical cali- each range to be used during the test period.
bration data that demonstrates a calibration drift less than Other instruments may be calibrated at the number of
the accuracy of the reference standard for the desired cali- points equal to the calibration curve fit. If the instrument
bration period. can be shown to typically have a hysteresis of less than the
The collective uncertainty of reference standards shall required accuracy, the calibration points need only be
be known and the reference standards should be selected approached from one direction.
such that the collective uncertainty of the standards used
4-2.4.5 Timing of Calibration. Test instrumentation
in the calibration contributes less than 25% to the overall
for all variables used in test calculations that have a
calibration uncertainty. The overall calibration uncer-
product of relative sensitivity coefficient and instrument
tainty of the calibrated instrument shall be determined
uncertainty of 0.25 or greater of the total uncertainty shall
at a 95% confidence level. A reference standard with a
be calibrated before testing and calibrated or checked
lower uncertainty may be employed if the uncertainty
following the tests. The calibration requirement is not
of the reference standard combined with the random
mandated for instruments used for variables in test calcu-
uncertainty of the instrument being calibrated is less
lations that have a product of relative sensitivity coeffi-
than the accuracy requirement of the instrument. For
cient and instrument uncertainty of less than 0.25 of the
example, for some kinds of flow metering, the 2 5 %
total uncertainty. No mandate is made regarding quantity
rule cannot be met. However, curve fitting from calibra-
of time between the initial calibration, the test period, and
tion is achievable from a twenty-point calibration in a lab
the recalibration, but all instruments should be within
with an uncertainty of better than 0.2%.
their normal calibration cycle (typically up to 1 yr) . If
In general, all Class 1 and Class 2 instrumentation used
premium-grade thermocouple wire from a given batch
to measure primary (Class 1 and Class 2) parameters shall
is used for temporary thermocouple installations, a
be calibrated against reference standards traceable to
section taken from each end of the batch can be used
NIST, other recognized international standard organiza-
for calibration.
tion, or recognized natural physical (intrinsic) constants
Flow measuring devices and current and potential
with values assigned or accepted by NIST. Instrumenta-
transformers, by nature, are not conducive to post-test
tion used to measure secondary parameters need not be
calibration. In the case of flow measuring devices, the
calibrated against a reference standard. These instru-
element may be inspected following the test rather
ments may be calibrated against a calibrated instrument.
than recalibrating the device. Flow elements need not
4-2.4.3 Environmental Conditions. Calibration of be inspected following the test if the devices have not
i ns truments us e d to me as ure p ri mary p arame te rs experienced steam blow or chemical cleaning. Post-test
(Class 1 or Class 2) should be performed in a manner calibration of current and potential transformers is not
that replicates the condition under which the instrument required.
will be used to make the test measurements. As it is often
4-2.4.6 Calibration Drift. Should the calibration drift,
not practical nor possible to perform calibrations under
when combined with the reference standard accuracy as
r e p l i c a te d e n vi r o n m e n ta l c o n d i ti o n s , a d d i ti o n a l
the square root of the sum of the squares, exceed the
elemental error sources must be identified and estimated.
required accuracy of the instrument, it is unacceptable.
Error source considerations must be given to all process
and ambient conditions that may affect the measurement 4-2.4.7 Loop Checks. All instruments should be loop
system including temperature, pressure, humidity, elec- checked. Loop checking is the process of checking the in-
tromagnetic interference, and radiation. s trume ntati o n l o o p to co nfi rm that th e cal i b rate d

24
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

instrument signal is properly processed through the signal line at one point can verify the pressure and temperature
conditioning equipment to the display. This may be of another location in the line by comparing enthalpies.
accomplished by applying a calibrated output signal at If the difference between redundant instruments is
the instrument termination point and observing the greater than the expected uncertainty of the individual
expected display at the DAS. Components of the loop measurements, the cause of the discrepancy shall be
may b e cali b rate d (i n th e cas e o f th e s e ns o r) and investigated.
checked (in the case of the signal and conditioning equip-
ment) separately. This latter approach is particularly true 4-3 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
of digital systems.
4-2.4.8 Quality Assurance Program. A quality assur- 4-3.1 General
ance program must be in place at facilities that conduct This subsection presents requirements and guidance
calibration activities for the test. This program is a method regarding the measurement of temperature for this
of documentation where the following information can be C o de. I t als o di s cus s es reco mmended te mp erature
found: m e as u re m e n t d e vi ce s , ca l i b ra ti o n o f te m p e ratu re
(a) calibration procedures measurement devices, and application of temperature
(b) calibration technician training measurement devices. Due to the state of the art and
(c) standard calibration records general practice, it is recommended that electronic
(d) standard calibration schedule te mp e rature meas ure ment e qui p me nt b e us e d fo r
(e) instrument calibration histories p rimary measurements to minimize systematic and
The quality assurance program should be designed to rando m erro r. The uncertainty o f the temp erature
ensure that the laboratory standards are calibrated as measurement shall consider effects including, but not
re qui re d. The p ro gram al s o e ns ures that p ro p erl y limited to, stability, environmental, self-heating, parasitic
trained technicians calib rate the equip ment in the resistance, parasitic voltages, resolution, repeatability,
correct manner. hys teres is , vib ratio n, warm- up time, immers io n o r
Access to the calibration facility should be provided as conduction, radiation, dynamic, spatial variation, and
the instruments are calibrated. The quality assurance data acquisition.
program should also be made available during such a visit. S ince temp erature meas urement techno lo gy will
change over time, this Code does not limit the use of
4-2.5 Plant Instrumentation other temperature measurement devices not currently
It is acceptable to use plant instrumentation if the plant available o r not currently reliab le. I f such a device
instrumentation (including signal conditioning equip- becomes available and is shown to be of the required
ment) can be demonstrated to meet the uncertainty re- uncertainty and reliability, it may be used.
quirements ofthe test. In the case offlow measurement, all All signal cables should have a grounded shield or
instrument measurements (process pressure, tempera- twi s te d p ai rs to d rai n any i nd uce d cu rre nts fro m
ture, differential pressure, or pulses from a metering nearby electrical equipment. All signal cables should be
device) must be made available, as plant conversions installed away from electromotive force (emf)-producing
to flow are often not rigorous enough for the required devices such as motors, generators, electrical conduit,
test accuracy. cable trays, and electrical service panels.

4-2.6 Redundant Instrumentation 4-3.2 Measurement Systematic Uncertainty for

Temperature
Redundant instruments are two o r mo re devices
meas uring the same p arameter with resp ect to the When estimating the overall uncertainty of a tempera-
same location. Redundant instruments should be used ture measurement, test personnel should consider the list
for those measurements that have the greater impact ofpotential sources and range oftypical errors as shown in
o n test uncertainty. Redundant instruments can be Table 4-3.2-1.
used to reduce measurement uncertainty. An example Table 4-3.2-1 identifies the calibrated systematic uncer-
of a redundant measurement is two wells with separate tainty of thermocouples and resistance temperature
thermocouples at the same location; by contrast, a dual- detectors (RTDs) . ASME PTC 1 9.3 provides guidance
element thermocouple in a single well does not represent on the application of calibration data.
a redundant measurement. The following items may also influence temperature
Other independent instruments in separate locations, measurements:
including plant instrumentation, can also monitor instru- (a) thermowell location, geometry, and design
ment integrity. An example case is a constant enthalpy (b) temperature sensor design
process, where pressure and temperature in a steam (c) calibration
(d) pad weld (insulated or uninsulated)

25
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table 4-3.2-1
List of Potential Sources and Typical Ranges of Uncertainties
Item Uncalibrated Systematic Uncertainty Calibrated Systematic Uncertainty Range, °F
Thermocouple
Type E precision grade ±2°F or ±0.4%, whichever is greater [Note (1)] 32–1,600
Type E standard grade ±3°F or ±0.5%, whichever is greater … 32–1,600
Type K precision grade ±2°F or ±0.4%, whichever is greater [Note (1)] 32–2,300
Type K standard grade ±4°F or ±0.8%, whichever is greater … 32–2,300
RTD NIST-traceable calibration standard ±0.5°F or ±0.3%, whichever is greater 0.2°F < 200°F Up to 32
±0.5°F or ±0.8%, whichever is greater 1°F < 1,000°F 32–200
2°F > 1,000°F
±1.3% 200–400
±1.8% 400–570
±2.3% 570–750
±2.8% 750–930
±3.3% 930–1,100
±3.8% 1,100–1,300
Mercury in glass thermometer ±0.5 graduation … …

GENERAL NOTE: Percentages are expressed in terms of Fahrenheit scale reading.

NOTE: (1) Refer to ASTM E220 for systematic uncertainties associated with thermocouples.

(e) stratification of flowing fluid tion in question and a reference temperature. The greater
(f) grid size this difference, the higher the emf from the thermocouple.
(g) grid location Therefore, at lower temperatures, the emf becomes low
(h) ambient conditions at junctions and is subj ect to induced noise that causes increased
(i) ambient conditions at meter systematic uncertainty and inaccuracy.
(j) electrical noise The following are primary sources of error in thermo-
(k) heat conduction and radiation couple measurements:
(l) reference junction accuracy (a) junction connection
(m) drift (b) decalibration of thermocouple wire
(n) hysteresis (c) shunt impedance
(o) thermometer nonlinearity (d) galvanic action
(p) parallax (e) thermal shunting
(q) temperature transmitter (f) noise and leakage currents
(r) DAS (g) thermocouple specifications
(s) velocity ASME PTC 19.3-1974 (R2004) describes the operation
of the thermocouple as follows:
4-3.3 Recommended Temperature Measurement
Devices The emf developed by a thermocouple made from
ho mo ge ne o us wi re s wi l l b e a functi o n o f the
Thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors are the recom-
temperature difference between the measuring
mended temperature measurement devices. Economics,
and the reference junction. If, however, the wires
application, and uncertainty considerations should be
are not homogeneous, and the inhomogeneity is
used in the selection of the most appropriate temperature
present in a region where a temperature gradient
measurement device.
exists, extraneous emf will be developed, and the
4-3.3.1 Thermocouples. Thermocouples may be used o utp ut of the thermocouple will dep end up on
to measure the temperature of any fluid above 2 00°F factors in addition to the temperature difference
except for exhaust stack temperatures, which may be between the two j unctions. The homogeneity of
measured by thermocouple for temperatures as low as the thermocouple wire, therefore, is an important
150°F. The maximum temperature is dependent on the factor in accurate measurements. (p. 106)
type of thermocouple and sheath material used. The ther-
mocouple is a differential-type device. The thermocouple Dahl (1941) gives the following guidance on the appli-
measures the difference between the measurement loca- cation of the thermocouple:

26
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

All base-metal-metal thermocouples become the connection on the reference junction. These high-accu-
inhomogeneous with use at high temperatures, racy thermocouples must have a reference j unction at
however, if all the inhomogeneous portions of 32°F or an ambient reference junction that is well insu-
th e th e r m o c o u p l e wi r e s a r e i n a r e g i o n o f lated and calibrated.
uniform temperature, the inhomogeneous portions
4-3.3.1.2 Class 2 Primary Parameters. Thermocou-
have no effect upon the indications of the thermo-
ples used to measure Class 2 primary parameters can have
couple. Therefore, an increase in the dep th of
j unctions in the sensing wire. The j unction of the two
immersion of a used couple has the effect of bringing
sensing wires must be maintained at the same tempera-
previously unheated portion of the wires into the
ture. The reference junction may be at ambient tempera-
region of temperature gradient, and thus the indica-
ture, provided that the ambient is measured and the
tions of the thermocouple will correspond to the
measurement is compensated for changes in the reference
original emf-temperature relation, provided the
junction temperature.
increase in immersion is sufficient to bring all
the previously heated part of the wires into the 4-3.3.1.3 Reference Junctions. The temperature of
zone of uniform temperature. If the immersion is the reference j unction shall be measured accurately
decreased, more inhomogeneous portions of the with either software or hardware compensation techni-
wire will be brought into the region of temperature ques. The accuracy with which the temperature of the
gradient, thus giving rise to a change in the indicated measuring junction is measured can be no greater than
emf. Furthermore, a change in the temperature the accuracy with which the temperature of the reference
distribution along inhomogeneous portions of the junction is known. The reference j unction temperature
wi re n e a rl y al wa ys o cc u rs wh e n a co u p l e i s shall be held at the ice point or at the stable temperature
re mo ve d fro m o ne i ns tall ati o n and p l ace d i n of an isothermal reference. When thermocouple reference
another, even though the measured immersion j unctions are immersed in an ice bath consisting of a
and the temperature of the measuring j unction mixture of melting shaved ice and water (ASTM MNL
are the same in both cases. Thus the indicated 12, Chapter 7, “Reference Junctions”), the bulb of a preci-
emf is changed. (p. 1238) sion thermometer shall be immersed at the same level as
the reference j unctions and in contact with them. Any
The elements of a thermocouple must be electrically deviation from the ice point shall be promptly corrected.
isolated from each other, from ground, and from conduc- Each reference j unction shall be electrically insulated.
to rs o n which they may b e mo unted, excep t at the When the isothermal cold-junction reference method is
measuring j unction. When a thermocouple is mounted used, it shall employ an accurate temperature measure-
along a conductor, such as a pipe or metal structure, ment of the reference sink. When electronically controlled
special care should be exercised to ensure good electrical reference junctions are used, they shall have the ability to
insulation between the thermocouple wires and the control the reference temperature to within ±0.05 °F.
conductor to prevent stray currents in the conductor Particular attention must be paid to the terminals of
from entering the thermocouple circuit and vitiating any reference j unction, since errors can be introduced
the readings. Stray currents may further be reduced by temperature variation, material properties, or wire
with the use of guarded integrating A/D techniques. mismatching. The overall reference system shall be veri-
F urth e r, to re du ce th e p o s s i b i l i ty o f magne ti cal l y fied by calibration to have an uncertainty of less than
i nd uce d n o i s e , th e th e rmo co up l e wi re s s h o u l d b e ±0.2°F. Isothermal thermocouple reference blocks furn-
constructed in a uniform twisted manner. ished as part of digital systems may be used in accordance
Thermocouples are susceptible to drift after cycling. with the Code provided the accuracy is equivalent to the
C ycling is the act o f exp o s ing the thermo co up le to electronic reference junction. Commercial DASs employ a
process temperature and removing to ambient conditions. measured reference j unction and the accuracy of this
The number of times a thermocouple is cycled should be measurement is incorporated into the manufacturer’s
kept to a minimum. specification for the device. The uncertainty of the refer-
Thermocouples can effectively be used in high vibration ence junction shall be included in the uncertainty calcula-
areas such as main or HP inlet steam to the steam turbine. tion of the measurement to determine if the measurement
High vibration measurement locations may not be condu- meets the standards of this Code.
cive to other measurement devices. This Code recom-
4-3.3.1.4 Thermocouple Signal Measurement. Many
mends that the highest emf per degree be used in all
instruments are used today to measure output voltage.
ap p l i cati o ns . N I S T h as reco mmende d te mp e rature
The use of each of these instruments in a system to deter-
ranges for each specific type of thermocouple.
mine temperature requires them to meet the uncertainty
4-3.3.1.1 Class 1 Primary Parameters. Thermocou- requirements for the parameter. It is recommended that
ples used to measure Class 1 primary parameters must the thermocouple signal conversion use ITS-90 software
have continuous leads from the measuring j unction to compensation techniques.

27
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Figure 4-3.3.2.1-1 temperature requires them to meet the uncertainty re-

Four-Wire RTDs quirements for the parameter.
Measurement 4-3.3.3 Thermistors
loop
4-3.3.3.1 General. Thermistors are constructed with
ceramic-like semi-conducting material that acts as a ther-
Current mally sensitive variable resistor. This device may be used
loop on any measurement below 300°F. Above this tempera-
ture, the signal is low and susceptible to error from
current-induced noise. Although positive temperature
coefficient units are available, most thermistors have a
negative temperature coefficient; that is, unlike an
RTD, their resistance decreases with increasing tempera-
ture. The negative temperature coefficient can be as large
as several percent per degree Celsius, allowing the ther-
mistor circuit to detect minute changes in temperature
that could not be observed with an RTD or thermocouple
circuit. As such, the thermistor is best characterized for its
4-3.3.2 RTDs. RTDs should only be used to measure sensitivity, while the thermocouple is the most versatile
from −454°F to 1,562°F. ASTM E1137-97 provides stan- and the RTD the most stable.
dard specifications for industrial platinum resistance The following are primary sources of error in ther-
thermometers that includes requirements for manufac- mistor measurements:
ture, pressure, vibration, and mechanical shock to (a) self-heating
improve the performance and longevity of these devices. (b) environmental
The following are primary sources of error in RTD (c) thermal shunting
measurements: (d) decalibration
(a) self-heating (e) stability
(b) environmental (f) immersion
(c) thermal shunting Typically the four-wire resistance measurement is not
(d) thermal emf required for thermistors as it is for RTDs measuring
(e) stability Class 1 primary parameters due to its high resistivity.
(f) immersion Thus the measurement lead resistance produces an
Although RTDs are considered a more linear device than error magnitude less than the equivalent RTD error.
thermocouples, RTDs are more susceptible to vibrational However, in the case where long lead length wires or
applications due to manufacturing technology. As such, wires with high resistance are used that were not part
care should be taken in the specification and application of the calibration, the lead wire resistance must be
of RTDs with consideration for the effect on the device’s compensated for in the measurement. Thermistors are
stability. Field verification techniques should be used to generally more fragile than RTDs and thermocouples
demonstrate the stability is within the uncertainty re- and must be carefully mounted and handled in accordance
quirements of para. 4-3.2.
4-3.3.2.1 Class 1 Primary Parameters. RTDs used to
measure Class 1 primary parameters should be measured
with a Grade A four-wire platinum resistance thermo-
Figure 4-3.3.2.2-1
meter as presented in Figure 4-3.3.2.1-1. Three-wire
Three-Wire RTDs
RTDs are acceptable only if they can be shown to meet
the uncertainty requirements of this Code. Compensation or lead
resistance loop Current and
4-3.3.2.2 Class 2 Primary Parameters. RTDs used to measurement
measure Class 2 primary parameters can be measured loop
with Grade A three-wire platinum resistance thermo-
meters as presented in Figure 4-3.3.2.2-1. The four-
wire technique is preferred to minimize effects associated
with lead wire resistance due to dissimilar lead wires.
4-3.3.2.3 RTD Signal Measurement. Many devices
are available to measure output resistance. The use of
each of these instruments in a system to determine

28
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

with the manufacturer’s specifications to avoid crushing symbol t90 . The units of T90 and t90 are Kelvin (K) and
or bond separation. degree Celsius (°C) , respectively. The relation between
T90 (in K) and t90 (in °C) is
4-3.3.3.2 Thermistor Signal Measurement. Many
instruments are used today to measure output resistance. t90 = T90 273.15 (4-3-1)

The use of each of these instruments in a system to deter-

mine temperature requires them to meet the uncertainty Values of Fahrenheit temperature, tf, °F, are obtained
requirements for the parameter. from the conversion formula
tf = (9 / 5) t90 + 32 (4-3-2)
4-3.4 Calibration of Primary Parameter
Temperature Measurement Devices ITS-90 was designed in such a way that the temperature
This Code recommends that primary (Class 1 or Class 2) values on it very closely approximate Kelvin thermody-
parameter instrumentation used in the measurement of namic temperature values. Temperatures on the ITS-90
temperature have a suitable calibration history (three or are defined i n terms o f equilib rium s tates o f p ure
substances (defining points), interpolating instruments,
four sets of calibration data) . The calibration history
should include the temperature level the device experi- and equations that relate the measured property to
T90 . The defining equilibrium states and the values of
enced between calibratio ns . A device that is stable
temperature assigned to them are listed in NIST Technical
afte r b e i n g us e d at l o w te m p e rature s may n o t b e
Note 1265 and ASTM MNL 12.
stable at higher temperatures. Therefore, the calibration
history of the device should be evaluated to demonstrate
the required stability of the parameter.
4-3.6 Typical Applications
During the calibration of any thermocouple, the refer- 4-3.6.1 Temperature Measurement of Fluid in a Pipe
ence junction shall be held constant, preferably at the ice or Vessel. Temperature measurement of a fluid in a pipe
point with an electronic reference j unction, isothermal or vessel is usually accomplished by installing a thermo-
reference j unction, or in an ice bath. The calibration wel l . A the rmo we l l i s a p re s s ure - ti ght de vi ce that
shall be made by an acceptable method in which the stan- protrudes from the pipe or vessel wall into the fluid.
dard is traceable to a recognized national standards lab- The thermowell has a bore extending to near the tip to
o rato ry s uch as the N I S T. The cali b rati o n s hall b e facilitate the immersion of a temperature measurement
conducted over the temperature range in which the device.
instrument is used. The bore should be sized to allow adequate clearance
The calibration of temperature measurement devices is between the measurement device and well. Care should be
accomplished by inserting the candidate temperature exercised when inserting the temperature measurement
measurement device into a calibration medium along device to prevent it from bending, which would cause diffi-
with a traceable reference standard. The calibration culty in the insertion of the device.
medium type is selected based upon the required calibra- The bottom of the bore of the thermowell should be the
tion range and commonly consists of either a block cali- same shape as the tip of the temperature measurement
brator, fluidized sand bath, or circulating bath. The device. The bore should be cleaned with high-pressure air
temperature of the calibration medium is then set to before insertion of the device.
the calibration temperature set point. The temperature The thermowell should be installed in a manner so that
of the calibration medium is allowed to stabilize until the tip protrudes through the boundary layer ofthe fluid to
the temperature of the standard is fluctuating less than be measured. The thermowell should be located in an area
the accuracy of the standard. The signal or reading where the fluid is well mixed and has no potential gradi-
fro m the s tandard and the candi date temp e rature ents.
measurement device are samp led to determine the If more than one thermowell is installed in a given pipe
bias of the candidate temperature device. See ASME location, they should be installed 90 deg to 180 deg apart
PTC 19.3 for a more detailed discussion of calibration and not directly downstream of another thermowell.
methods. When the temperature measurement device is installed,
it should be spring loaded to ensure that the tip of the
4-3.5 Temperature Scale device remains against the bottom of the thermowell.
For high-accuracy measurements, it is recommended
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)
that the p o rti o n o f the the rmo wel l that p ro trudes
is realized and maintained by NIST to provide a standard
outside the pipe or vessel be insulated along with the
scale of temperature for use by science and industry in the
device itself to minimize conduction losses.
United States.
For measuring the temperature of desuperheated
Temperatures on the ITS-90 can be expressed in terms
steam, the thermowell location relative to the desuper-
of international Kelvin temperatures, with the symbol T90 ,
heating spray inj ection must be carefully chosen to
or in terms of international Celsius temperatures, with the

29
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

meet or exceed the vendor’s recommended minimum Tt = T + V2 /(2Jgc Cp) = T + Tv

distances. The thermowell must be located where the
desuperheating water has thoroughly mixed with the where
steam. This can be accomplished by placing the thermo- Cp = specific heat, Btu/lbm °F
well downstream of one or more elbows in the steam line gc = gravitational constant as defined in Section 2
past the desuperheat injection point. x = 32.1741 lbm·ft/lbf sec2
Steam and water flowing in pipes typically have an J = mechanical equivalent of heat
approximately uniform temperature distribution. x = 778.1692623 ft·lbf/Btu
Selection of the metho d of measurement and the T= measured temperature, °F
temperature measuring instruments depends upon the Tt = total temperature, °F
co nditio ns o f the individual case. Steam and water Tv = dynamic temperature, °F
temperatures are usually measured by inserting the V= gas velocity, ft/sec
sensing device (RTD or thermocouple) into a thermowell
located in the piping. Refer to ASME PTC 19 Series for This Code requires independent measurements of
installation of temperature devices. (a) exhaust gas temperature at the GT outlet following
Saturated steam temperature may be determined by the requirements of ASME PTC 22
pressure in the steam drum. The temperature of super- (b) HRSG inlet temperature as noted in this Code
heated steam shall be measured as close as possible to the Typically, the duct pressures are low or negative so that
superheater and reheater outlets or their respective term- thermowells are not needed. A long-sheathed thermo-
inal points to minimize error from heat loss. Feedwater couple or an unsheathed thermocouple attached to the
temperatures shall be measured as close to the economiz- HRSG or a test fixture will suffice.
er and boiler inlets as possible. The number of measurement points necessary is deter-
4-3.6.2 Temperature Measurement of Products of mined experimentally or by experience from the magni-
Combustion in a Duct. Air and gas flowing through a tude o f the te mp e rature vari ati o ns at th e de s i re d
measurement cross section and the required maximum
duct usually have nonuniform velocity, temperature,
uncertainty of the value of the average temperature.
and co mp o s i ti o n. This i s e s p e ci all y true at the GT
The total uncertainty of the average temperature is
discharge or near a flow disturbance, such as a bend
affected by the uncertainty of the individual measure-
or transition. Refer to ASME PTC 19.5 for guidance on velo-
ments, the numb er o f p o ints used in the averaging
city traverse methods.
process, the temperature gradients, and the time variation
Generally, sampling more points can reduce tempera-
of the readings. The parties to the test should locate HRSG
ture uncertainty. To compensate for stratification and to
inlet temperature measurement as close to the combus-
obtain a representative average, multiple points must be
tio n turb ine–H RS G interface as p o s s ib le. The s tack
s amp led in a p lane p erp endicular to the flo w. The
meas urement p lane s ho uld b e lo cated at leas t two
m e as u re m e n t p l an e s h o ul d b e l o cate d away fro m
diameters from any obstructions or transitions. The rec-
bends, constrictions, or expansions of the duct. Thermo-
ommended number of points is as follows:
couples shall be read individually and not combined to
produce a single output. Points of Measurement
The parties to the test shall agree on how the average Location Number Spacing
temperature is to be calculated if there is variation in the
HRSG inlet
temperature profile. Potential methods include an arith-
Axial discharge 12 min., 36 max. Every 25 ft2
metic average of the temperatures or a mass weighted
Side discharge 18 min., 36 max. Every 25 ft2
ave rage . P o s s i b l e m e th o d s o f m as s we i gh ti n g are
where the manufacturer provides a calculation method Stack 12 [Note (1)] Equally spaced
based on either field test data from similar units or
fro m analytical means s uch as co mp utatio nal fluid NOTE: (1) Twelve points in a well-mixed HRSG outlet stream will
dynamics modeling. Another possible method would be typically provide desired results.
to conduct velocity, total temperature, and total pressure For round ducts, the test points may be installed in two
traverses at several locations in the exhaust duct to deter- locations (diameters) 90 deg apart. The measurement
mine the mass flow at the measured temperature loca- point spacing is based on locating the measurement
tions. points at the centroids of equal areas along each diameter.
The total temperature of the gas flowing is required. If For square or rectangular ducts, the same concept of
the average velocity in the area of temperature measure- locating the measurement points at centroids of equal
ment exceeds 1 00 ft/sec, then it is suggested that the are as s h o ul d b e us e d . T h e as p e ct rati o s h o ul d b e
temperature reading be adjusted for velocity effect (Bene- between 0.67 and 1.333.
dict, 1984, p. 204, eq. 11.7):

30
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

4-3.6.3 Inlet Air Temperature. The dry-bulb tempera- (5) Air is drawn across the sensing element in such a
ture is the static temperature at the inlet to the GT manner that it is not heated by the fan motor or other
( u p s tr e a m o f a n y e va p o r a ti ve c o o l e r o r c h i l l e r sources of heat.
systems) . The temperature sensor must be shielded (6) The psychrometer should be located at least 5 ft
from solar and other sources of radiation and must above ground level and should not be located within 5 ft of
have a constant airflow across the sensing element. vegetation or surface water.
Al th o u gh n o t re q u i re d , a m e c h a n i c a l l y a s p i ra te d (b) Cooled Mirror Dew PointHygrometer. The dew point
psychrometer, as described below, may be used. If a temperature is the temperature of moist air when it is
p sychro meter is us ed, a wick s ho uld no t be p laced saturated at the same ambient pressure and with the
over the sensor (as is required for measurement of same specific humidity. A cooled mirror dew point hygro-
wet-bulb temperature) . If the air velocity across the meter uses a cooled mirror to detect the dew point. Air is
sensing element is less than 1,500 ft/min, shielding of drawn across a mirror that is cooled to the temperature at
the sensing element is required to minimize stagnation which vapor begins to form on the mirror. A temperature
effects. The evaporative cooler or chiller system should sensor mounted in the mirror measures the surface
be turned off to reduce the uncertainty, or the uncertainty temperature. Manual devices are available. There are
of the GT heat balance will increase. also commercially available instruments that automati-
cally control the mirror temperature, detect the inception
4-3.6.4 Inlet Air Moisture Content. The moisture of condensation, and provide temperature readout.
content of the GT compressor inlet may be determined
The advantages ofusing dew point hygrometers include
by the measurement of adiabatic wet-bulb or relative
the following:
h u m i d i ty. M e a s u r e m e n ts to d e te r m i n e m o i s tu r e
(1) Calibration can be verified by using sample gases
content should be made in proximity with measurements
prepared with known concentrations of moisture.
of inlet air dry-bulb temperature to provide the basis for
(2) Dew point can be measured over the full range of
determination of air properties. Descriptions of accept-
ambient conditions, including below freezing.
able devices for measurement of moisture content are
(c) Relative Humidity Hygrometers. Thin film capaci-
discussed below:
tance and polymer resistance sensors provide a direct
(a) Wet-Bulb Temperature. The thermodynamic wet-
measurement of relative humidity. Measurement uncer-
bulb temperature is the air temperature that results
tainties vary with sensor type and design. They usually
when air is adiabatically cooled to saturation. Wet-bulb
range from 1 % to 2 % for relative humidity between
temperature can be inferred by a properly designed
0% and 90%. Measurement uncertainties for relative
mechanically aspirated psychrometer. The process by
humidity value above 90% are usually higher. The accu-
which a psychrometer operates is not adiabatic satura-
racy of these types of instruments is dependent on proper
tion, but one of simultaneous heat and mass transfers
calibration. The advantages of relative humidity hygro-
fro m th e we t- b ul b s e ns i ng e l e me nt. Th e re s ul ti ng
meters include the following:
temperature achieved by a psychrometer is sufficiently
(1) Calibration can be verified by using sample gases
clo s e to the thermo dynamic wet- b ulb temp erature
prepared with known concentrations of moisture.
over most condition ranges. However, a psychrometer
(2) Relative humidity can be measured over the full
should not be used for temperatures below 40 °F or
range of ambient conditions, including below freezing.
when the relative humidity is less than 15%.
The mechanically asp irated psychro meter should
incorporate the following features: 4-4 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
(1 ) The sensing element is shielded from direct
sunlight and any other surface that is at a temperature
4-4.1 General
other than the dry-bulb temperature. If the measurement This subsection presents requirements and guidance
is to be made in direct sunlight, the sensor must be regarding the measurement of pressure. Due to the
enclosed by a double wall shield that permits the air state of the art and general practice, it is recommended
to be drawn across the sensor and between the walls. that electronic pressure measurement equipment be used
(2) The sensing element is suspended in the air for primary measurements to minimize systematic and
stream and is not in contact with the shield walls. random error. Electronic pressure measurement equip-
(3) The sensing element is snugly covered by a clean ment is preferred due to inherent compensation proce-
cotton wick that is kept wetted from a reservoir ofdistilled dures for sensitivity, zero balance, thermal effect on
water. sensitivity, and thermal effect on zero. Other devices
(4) The air velocity across the sensing element is that meet the uncertainty requirements of this Section
maintained co ns tant in the range o f 8 0 0 ft/min to may be used. The uncertainty of the pressure measure-
1,200 ft/min. ment shall consider effects including, but not limited
to, ambient temperature, resolution, repeatability, line-
arity, hys teresis, vibration, p ower sup p ly, stability,

31
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

mounting position, radio frequency interference (RFI) , (f) electrical noise

static pressure, water leg, warm-up time, data acquisition, (g) data acquisition
spatial variation, and primary element quality. (h) drift
The piping between the process and secondary element (i) transducer nonlinearity
must accurately transfer the pressure to obtain accurate (j) parallax
measurements. Six possible sources of error include (k) gauge, manometer, transducer, or transmitter type
(a) pressure transfer (l) calibration
(b) leaks (m) tap (location, geometry, flow impact)
(c) friction loss (n) probe design
(d) trapped fluid (i.e., gas in a liquid line or liquid in a (o) number and location of measurements
gas line)
(e) density variations within leg (i.e., water leg) 4-4.3 Recommended Pressure Measurement
(f) density variations between legs (differential pres- Devices
sure only)
Pressure transmitters are the recommended pressure
All signal cables should have a grounded shield or
measurement devices. There are three types of pressure
twi s te d p ai rs to drai n any i nd uce d curre nts fro m
transmitters, as follows, with varying application consid-
nearby electrical equipment. All signal cables should be
erations:
installed away from emf- producing devices such as
(a) absolute pressure transmitters
motors, generators, electrical conduit, cable trays, and
(b) gage pressure transmitters
electrical service panels.
(c) differential pressure transmitters
Before calibration, the pressure transmitter range may
be altered to match the process better. However, the sensi- 4-4.3.1 Absolute Pressure Transmitters
tivity to ambient temperature fluctuation may increase as (a) Application . Ab s o l ute p re s s ure trans m i tte rs
the range is altered.
measure pressure referenced to absolute zero pressure.
Additional calibration points will increase device accu-
Absolute pressure transmitters should be used on all
racy b ut are no t re qui re d. D uri ng cal i b rati o n, th e
measurement locations with a pressure equal to or
measuring point should be approached from an increasing
less than atmospheric. Absolute pressure transmitters
and decreasing manner to minimize the hysteresis effects. may also be used to measure pressures above atmospheric
Some pressure transmitters have the capability of chan-
pressure.
ging the range once the transmitter is installed. The trans-
(b) Calibration. Absolute pressure transmitters can be
mitters must be calibrated at each range to be used during
calibrated using one of two methods. The first method
the test period.
involves connecting the test instrument to a device
Where appropriate for steam and water processes, the that develops an accurate vacuum at desired pressure
readings from all static pressure transmitters and any
levels. Such a device can be a deadweight gage in a
differential pressure transmitters with taps at different
elevations (such as on vertical flow elements) must be
adj usted to account for elevation head in water legs.
This adj ustment must be applied at the transmitter, in
the control system or D AS, or manually by the user
Table 4-4.2-1
after the raw data is collected. Care must be taken to
Potential Pressure Systematic Uncertainty Limits
ensure this adjustment is applied properly, particularly
at low static pressures, and that it is only applied once. Systematic
Uncertainty Limits
4-4.2 Measurement Systematic Uncertainty for Instrument [Notes (1), (2)]

Pressure Pressure gauge

Test (0.25% class) ±0.25% of span
When estimating the systematic uncertainty of a pres- Standard (1.0% class) ±1% of span
sure measurement, test personnel should consider the Manometer ±0.5 graduation
following list of potential sources. The accuracy class
Pressure transducer and transmitter
and total uncertainty of the pressure measurement
High accuracy (0.1% class) ±0.23% of span
system must satisfy the overall test uncertainty calculated
Standard (0.25% class) ±0.32% of span
in the pretest uncertainty analysis (see Table 4-4.2-1).
(a) water leg Aneroid barometer ±0.05 in. Hg
(b) specify gravity of manometer fluid NOTES:
(c) ambient conditions at sensor (1) See ASME PTC 19.2 for applicability.
(d) ambient conditions at meter (2) All systematic uncertainty limits are a percent of reading unless
noted otherwise.
(e) hysteresis

32
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

bell jar referenced to zero pressure or a divider piston being calibrated. Calibrations at line static pressure can be
mechanism with the low side referenced to zero pressure. accomplished by one of three methods:
The second method calibrates the transmitter by devel- (1) two highly accurate deadweight gages
oping and holding a constant vacuum in a chamber using a (2) a deadweight gage and divider combination
suction and bleed control mechanism. The test instrument (3) one deadweight gage and one differential pres-
and the calibration standard are both connected to the sure standard
chamber. The chamber must be maintained at constant Differential pressure transmitters used to determine
vacuum during the calibration of the instrument. Other Class 2 primary parameters and variables or secondary
devices can be utilized to calibrate absolute pressure parameters and variables do not require calibration at
transmitters provided that the same level of care is taken. line static pressure and can be calibrated using one accu-
rate deadweight gage connected to the high side of the
4-4.3.2 Gage Pressure Transmitters instrument.
(a) Application. Gage pressure transmitters measure If line static pressure calibration is not used, the span
pressure referenced to atmospheric pressure. The test must be corrected for high line static pressure shift unless
site atmospheric pressure must be subtracted from the the instrument is internally compensated for the effect.
absolute pressure to obtain gage pressure, p g: Once the instrument is installed in the field, the differential
pg = pabs p baro pressure from the source should be equalized and a zero
(4-4-1)
value read. This zero bias must be subtracted from the
test-measured differential pressure. Other devices can
where
be utilized to calibrate differential pressure transmitters
p abs = absolute pressure, psia provided that the same level of care is taken.
p baro = barometric pressure, psia
4-4.4 Absolute Pressure Measurements
This test site atmospheric pressure should be measured
by an absolute pressure transmitter. Gage pressure trans- 4-4.4.1 Introduction. Absolute pressure measure-
mitters may only be used on measurement locations with ments are pressure measurements that are below or
pressures higher than atmospheric. Gage pressure trans- above atmospheric pressure. Absolute pressure transmit-
mitters are preferred over absolute pressure transmitters ters are recommended for these measurements. Typical
in measurement locations above atmospheric pressure absolute pressure measurements in an ASME PTC 46 test
because they are easier to calibrate. may include barometric pressure and condenser pressure.
(b) Calibration. Gage pressure transmitters can be cali- For vacuum pressure measurements, differential pres-
brated by an accurate deadweight gage. The pressure sure transmitters may be used with the low side of the
generated by the deadweight gage must be corrected trans mi tter co nnecte d to the s o urce to effe cti ve l y
for local gravity, air buoyancy, piston surface tension, result in a negative gage that is subtracted from atmo-
piston area deflection, actual mass of weights, actual s p heric p res s ure to o b tain an ab s o lute value. This
piston area, and working medium temperature. If the method may be used but is not recommended for Class
above corrections are not used, the pressure generated 1 primary parameters and variables since these measure-
by the deadweight gage may be inaccurate. The actual ments are typically small and the difference of two larger
piston area and mass of weights are determined each numbers may result in error.
time the deadweight gage is calibrated. Other devices 4-4.4.2 Installation. Absolute pressure transmitters
can be utilized to calibrate gage pressure transmitters used fo r ab s o lute p res s ure meas urements s hall b e
provided that the same level of care is taken. installed in a stable location to minimize the effects asso-
ciated with ambient temperature, vibration, mechanical
4-4.3.3 Differential Pressure Transmitters
s ho ck, co rro s i ve m ate ri al s , an d RF I . Trans mi tte rs
(a) Application. Differential pressure transmitters are should be installed in the same orientation as they
used where flow is determined by a differential pressure were calibrated. Ifthe transmitter is mounted in a position
meter, or where pressure drops in a duct or pipe must be other than that in which it was calibrated, the zero point
determined and it is practical to route the pressure tubing. may shift by an amount equal to the liquid head caused by
(b) Calibration. Differential pressure transmitters used the varied mounting position. Impulse tubing shall be
to determine Class 1 primary parameters and variables installed and the transmitter mounted in accordance
must be calibrated at line static pressure unless informa- with the manufacturer's specifications. In general, the
tion is available detailing the effect of line static pressure following guidelines should be used to determine trans-
on the instrument accuracy that demonstrates compliance mitter location and placement of impulse tubing:
with the uncertainty requirements of para. 4-2.2. Calibra- (a) Keep the impulse tubing as short as possible.
tions at line static pressure are performed by applying the
actual expected process pressure to the instrument as it is

33
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

(b) Slope the impulse tubing at least 1 in./ft upward Gage pressure transmitters are recommended since
from the transmitter toward the process connection th e y a re e a s i e r to ca l i b ra te a n d to c h e c k i n s i tu .
for liquid service. T yp i cal gage p re s s u re m e a s u re m e nts i n a n AS M E
(c) Slope the impulse tubing at least 1 in./ft downward PTC 46 test may include gas fuel pressure and process
from the transmitter toward the process connection for return pressure. Caution must be used with LP measure-
gas service. ments because they may enter the vacuum region at part-
(d) Avoid high points in liquid lines and low points in load operation.
gas lines.
(e) Use impulse tubing large enough to avoid friction
4-4.5.2 Installation. Gage pressure transmitters used
for gage pressure measurements shall be installed in a
effects and prevent blockage.
stable location to minimize the effects associated with
(f) Keep corrosive or high-temperature process fluid
ambient temperature, vibration, mechanical shock, corro-
out of direct contact with the sensor module and flanges.
sive materials, and RFI. Transmitters should be installed in
In steam service, the sensing line should extend at least
the same orientation as they were calibrated. If the trans-
2 ft horizontally from the source before the downward
mitter is mounted in a position other than that in which it
slope begins. This horizontal length will allow condensa-
was calibrated, the zero point may shift by an amount
tion to form completely so the downward slope will be
equal to the liquid head caused by the varied mounting
completely full of liquid.
position. Impulse tubing shall be installed and the trans-
The water leg is the condensed liquid in the sensing line.
mitter mounted in accordance with the manufacturer's
This liquid causes a static pressure head to develop in the
s p eci ficatio ns . I n general, the fo llo wing guidelines
sensing line. This static head must be subtracted from the
should be used to determine transmitter location and
pressure measurement. The static head is calculated by
placement of impulse tubing:
multiplying the sensing line vertical height by gravity
(a) Keep the impulse tubing as short as possible.
and the density of the liquid in the sensing line.
(b) Slope the impulse tubing at least 1 in./ft upward
All vacuum-measurement sensing lines should slope
from the transmitter toward the process connection
continuously upwards from the source to the instrument.
for liquid service.
The Code recommends that a purge system be used that
(c) Slope the impulse tubing at least 1 in./ft downward
isolates the purge gas during measurement of the process.
from the transmitter toward the process connection for
A continuous purge system may be used; however, it must
gas service.
be regulated to have no influence on the reading. Before
(d) Avoid high points in liquid lines and low points in
the test period, readings from all purged instrumentation
gas lines.
should be taken successively with the purge on and off to
(e) Use impulse tubing large enough to avoid friction
prove that the purge air has no influence.
effects and prevent blockage.
Each pressure transmitter should be installed with an
(f) Keep corrosive or high-temperature process fluid
isolation valve at the end of the sensing line upstream of
out of direct contact with the sensor module and flanges.
the instrument. The instrument sensing line should be
In steam service, the sensing line should extend at least
vented to cle ar wate r o r s team (i n s team s ervi ce)
2 ft horizontally from the source before the downward
before the instrument is installed. This will clear the
slope begins. This horizontal length will allow condensa-
sensing line of sediment or debris. After the instrument
tion to form completely so the downward slope will be
is installed, allow sufficient time for liquid to form in the
completely full of liquid.
sensing line so the reading will be correct.
The water leg is the condensed liquid or water in the
Once transmitters are connected to the process, a leak
sensing line. This liquid causes a static pressure head to
check must be conducted. For vacuum measurements, the
develop in the sensing line. This static head must be
leak check is performed by isolating first the purge system
subtracted from the pressure measurement. The static
and then the source. If the sensing line has no leaks, the
head is calculated by multiplying the sensing line vertical
instrument reading will not change. For non-vacuum
height by gravity and the density of the liquid in the
measurements, the leak check is performed using a
sensing line.
leak detection fluid on the impulse tubing fittings.
Each pressure transmitter should be installed with an
Barometric pressure devices should be installed in the
isolation valve at the end of the sensing line upstream of
same general area and elevation that is most representa-
the instrument. The instrument sensing line should be
tive of the test boundary and minimizes test uncertainty.
ve nte d to cl ear water o r s te am (in s te am s e rvi ce)
4-4.5 Gage Pressure Measurements before the instrument is installed. This will clear the
sensing line of sediment or debris. After the instrument
4-4.5.1 Introduction.Gage pressure measurements is installed, allow sufficient time for liquid to form in the
are pressure measurements that are made at or above sensing line so the reading will be correct.
atmospheric pressure. These measurements may be
made with gage o r ab so lute p ress ure trans mitters .

34
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Once transmitters are connected to the process, a leak vented to cle ar water o r s team (i n s team s ervice )
check must be conducted. The leak check is performed before the instrument is installed. This will clear the
using a leak detection fluid on the impulse tubing fittings. sensing lines of sediment or debris. After the instrument
is installed, allow sufficient time for liquid to form in the
4-4.6 Differential Pressure Measurements sensing line so the reading will be correct.
4-4.6.1 Introduction. Differential pressure measure- Differential pressure transmitters should be installed
ments are used to determine the difference in static pres- utilizing a five-way manifold shown in Figure 4-4.6.2-1.
s ure b etween p res s ure tap s i n a p ri mary el ement. This manifold is recommended rather than a three-
Differential pressure transmitters are recommended way manifold because the five-way eliminates the possi-
for these measurements. Typical differential pressure bility of leakage past the equalizing valve. The vent valve
measurements in an ASME PTC 46 test may include acts as a telltale for leakage detection past the equalizing
the differential pressure of gas fuel, process return valves.
through a flow element, or pressure loss in a pipe or Once transmitters are connected to process, a leak
duct. The differential pressure transmitter measures check must be conducted. The leak check is performed
this pressure difference or drop that is used to calculate using a leak detection fluid on the impulse tubing fittings.
the fluid flow. When a differential pressure meter is installed on a flow
element located in a vertical steam or water line, the
4-4.6.2 Installation. Differential pressure transmit- measurement must be corrected for the difference in
ters used for differential pressure measurements shall sensing line height and fluid head change unless the
be installed in a stable location to minimize the effects upper sensing line is installed against a steam or water
associated with ambient temperature, vibration, mechan- line inside the insulation down to where the lower
ical shock, corrosive materials, and RFI. Transmitters sensing line protrudes from the insulation. The correction
should be installed in the same orientation as they for the non-insulated case shown in Figure 4-4.6.2-2 is as
were calibrated. Ifthe transmitter is mounted in a position follows:
other than that in which it was calibrated, the zero point – For upward flow
may shift by an amount equal to the liquid head caused by
ptrue = pmeas +( amb pipe
) ( g/ g ) × z (4-2-6)
the vari e d mo unti ng p o s i ti o n. I mp ul s e tub i ng and 0

mounting requirements should be installed in accordance

with manufacturer’ s s p ecificati o ns . I n general, the – For downward flow
following guidelines should be used to determine trans- ptrue = pmeas (
amb pipe
) ( g/ g )
0
× z (4-2-7)
mitter location and placement of impulse tubing:
(a) Keep the impulse tubing as short as possible. where
(b) Slope the impulse tubing at least 1 in./ft upward g = lo cal gravitatio nal fo rce p er unit mas s ;
from the transmitter toward the process connection approximately 32.17 ft/sec 2
for liquid service. g 0 = gravitational dimensional constant
(c) Slope the impulse tubing at least 1 in./ft downward x = 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-sec 2
from the transmitter toward the process connection for Δ p meas = measured instrument differential pressure
gas service. (DP), in. H 2 O
(d) Avoid high points in liquid lines and low points in Δ p true = corrected DP, in. H 2 O
gas lines. p amb = wate r de ns i ty at amb i e nt te mp e rature ,
(e) Ensure both impulse legs are at the same tempera- lbm/ft3
ture. ρ pipe = fluid density, lbm/ft3
(f) When using a sealing fluid, fill both impulse legs to Δ z = height difference between pressure taps, in.
the same level.
(g) Use impulse tubing large enough to avoid friction 4-4.7 Air and Gas — Static and Differential
effects and prevent blockage. Pressure
(h) Keep corrosive or high-temperature process fluid
out of direct contact with the sensor module and flanges. 4-4.7.1 General. The static pressure in the gas duct at
In steam service, the sensing line should extend at least the HRSG inlet is required to determine gas-side pressure
2 ft horizontally from the source before the downward drop in the unit. Should the pressure drop not be between
slope begins. This horizontal length will allow condensa- the inlet and atmosphere, then a differential pressure
tion to form completely so the downward slope will be transmitter or manometer shall be used. The H RSG
completely full of liquid. inlet pressure is a static pressure measurement. Pressure
Each pressure transmitter should be installed with an drop across components should be performed using a
isolation valve at the end of the sensing lines upstream of differential pressure measuring apparatus rather than
the instrument. The instrument sensing lines should be two separate instruments. The measurement should be

35
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Figure 4-4.6.2-1 based on the average offour separate measurement points

Five-Way Manifold in the same plane.

Process 4-4.7.2 Method of Measurement. Pressure shall be

measured with gauges, manometers, or transducers.
The output of these devices is either visual or a signal,
wh i ch can b e re ad wi th a me te r o r a d ata l o gge r.
Vent ASME PTC 19.2 provides further information on pressure
measurement techniques.

4-4.8 Steam and Water — Static and Differential

Pressure
The s tatic p ressure in steam and water p ip ing is
required to determine fluid properties for flow measure-
ment and enthalpy determination as well as for obtaining
corrected results. Reheater pressure drop determinations
shall be performed using a differential measuring appa-
ratus rather than two separate instruments.
4-4.8.1 Method of Measurement. ASME PTC 1 9 .2
guidelines should be followed in the installation of pres-
sure measuring devices.
4-4.8.2 Installation. If the instrument is used in gas
service, the sensing lines should slope upward to the
instrument. This eliminates the possibility of error due
Instrument to moisture condensing in the sensing lines.
Differential pressure transmitters used in steam, water,
or other liquid service should be installed with the sensing
lines sloping downward to the instrument. The sensing
lines fo r differential trans mitters in s team s ervice
Figure 4-4.6.2-2 should extend 2 ft horizontally before the downward
Water Leg Correction for Flow Measurement slope begins. This will ensure that the vertical length
of sensing line is full of liquid.
The flow element should be installed in horizontal
piping. When a differential pressure meter is installed
on a flow element located in a vertical steam or water
line, the measurement must be corrected for the differ-
ence in sensing line height and fluid head change. If
vertical, the correction for sensing lines is as follows:
h
(a) For upward flow
= d i ffe re n c e i n

D P

HT jijj 1 1
w a t e r l e g

zyz
h WC = h WM + zz
62.32 SG jjk Vsen Vfluid z{

(b) For downward flow

h WC = h WM HT ijjj 1 1 yz
zz
62.32 SG jjk Vsen Vfluid
zz
{

where 62.32 = conversion factor.

4-4.9 Barometric Pressure

Barometric pressure is required to determine local
ambient conditions. The preferred method for deter-
mining barometric pressure is from a barometer at the
test site in the vicinity of the GT air inlet.

36
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table 4-5.2-1 testing requirements to optimize all design considerations

Maximum Allowable Flow Measurement Uncertainty such that the test uncertainty limits ofthis Code will not be
Systematic Uncertainty
exceeded.
Type of Flow Limits, % [Note (1)] Compliance with ASME PTC 1 9.5 requirements for
HP steam flow 0.5
metering for determination of flow at primary locations
shall be considered during the design phases of the plant.
IP steam flow 1.0
Water or steam flowmeters may be in the HRSG manu-
LP steam flow 1.0
facturer’s scope. Use of water-side flowmeters avoids
Class 1 supplemental fuel flow 0.75
damage problems from preoperational steam blows.
Class 2 supplemental fuel flow 1.25
Operational procedures requiring attemperation spray,
GENERAL NOTE: See ASME PTC 19.5 for applicability. desuperheating flow, and fuel heating need to be consid-
NOTE: (1) All systematic uncertainty limits are percent of reading
ered in the design of the flowmeter system.
unless noted otherwise. The design uncertainty study should be used to develop
the HRSG mass balance metering flows.
Reheat steam flow can be determined by subtracting HP
steam turbine gland losses from the HP turbine throttle
4-5 FLOW MEASUREMENT steam flow. See ASME PTC 6.2 for guidance.
4-5.2.3 Calculation of Flow. Calculation of flow shall
4-5.1 General be in accordance with ASME PTC 19.5.
This Code recommends ASME PTC 19.5 laboratory-cali-
4-5.2.4 Accuracy and Other Characteristics of Flow-
brated venturi, orifice, or flow nozzle metering runs to
meters. This Code mandates calibration of the meter or
measure the inlet water or steam flow to each pressure
meters used for determination of flow for each pressure
level of the HRSG and the supplementary fired fuel flow.
level of the HRSG, or use of alternative meters that meet
Water inventory in all steam drums must be determined at
the requirements of Table 4-5.2-1. Investigation is needed
the beginning and end of each test run to correct steam
if the results differ from each tap set calculation by more
flow for volume changes because steam flow is deter-
than the measurement uncertainty.
mined based on water flow.
The procedures for fitting a curve through laboratory
calibration data are given in detail for each type of differ-
4-5.2 Flowmeters ential pressure meter run in ASME PTC 19.5. The proce-
In most power plant applications, use of differential dures for extrapolation of a calibration to higher Reynolds
p res sure meters (orifices, nozzles, and venturis) is numbers than available in the laboratory are also given for
common, as is the class of meters recommended and each type of device in ASME PTC 19.5.
discussed by this Code. However, other types of flow-
meters may be used if they can be demonstrated to be
4-5.2.5 Selection of Flowmeters. The complexities
associated with the selection of flowmeters are such
of the same or better levels of uncertainty required by
that they cannot be covered in this Code. The C ode
this Code, which are shown in Table 4-5.2-1.
user is referred to ASME PTC 19.5 for this information.
4-5.2.1 Compliance With Code Requirements. It is
emphasized that in order for a flowmeter to be used, it
4-5.2.6 Energy and Mass Balance Calculation.
Certain flows, such as superheat and reheat spray, may
must be designed, fabricated, and installed in strict accor-
be calculated by energy balance. Energy balance would
dance with ASME PTC 19.5 and the calculation of flow
be the preferred method when the flows are relatively
must be performed in accordance with that Code.
low. Direct flow measurement may be preferable when
S tart- up p ro cedures must als o ens ure that sp o o l
the flows are high or there is water impingement on
sections are provided for use during any steam blows
the downstream thermocouple.
to avoid damage to the flowmeter. While stored during
steam blows, the flowmeter must be capped and protected
from environmental damage such as moisture and dirt.
4-5.3 Air and Exhaust Gas
Special care must therefore be taken in the specifica- The total mass flow of turbine exhaust gas crossing the
tions fo r the des ign o f the p lant to ens ure that all HRSG boundary shall be calculated by energy balance. This
plant flowmeters to be used for an ASME PTC 4.4 Code Code requires a GT and an HRSG energy balance to be used
test meet these requirements. for these calculations. Refer to subsections 5-3 and 5-4 for
discussions of exhaust gas flow determination by HRSG
4-5.2.2 Plant Design Considerations. There are many heat balance and GT heat balance, respectively. Required
combinations offlowmeters that will meet the uncertainty
GT measurements for a GT heat balance are described in
requirements of this Code. It is very important as early as
ASME PTC 22, Section 4. ASME PTC 22 should be used as
the specification stages of the plant design to consider
the basis for the GT balance measurements.

37
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

4-5.4 Liquid Fuel and not all sources listed are applicable to all measure-
ments.
4-5.4.1 General. I f li qui d fue l duct b urne rs are (a) sampling location and geometry
employed, the quantity of liquid fuel burned must be
(b) number and location of sample points
determined.
(c) ambient conditions at sample location
Refer to ASME PTC 22 and ASME PTC 19.5 for liquid-
(d) fuel and its variability
fueled GT fuel flow measurements.
(e) sample handling and storage
4-5.4.2 Method ofMeasurement. Liquid fuel flows can (f) duration of test
be measured using either a flow orifice installed in accor- (g) quantity of sample obtained
dance with ASME PTC 19.5 or other measurement devices, An estimate ofthe systematic uncertainty from a sample
such as positive displacement flowmeters or turbine flow- is a combination of systematic limits from sample acquisi-
meters that are calibrated throughout the Reynolds tion, location, and stream consistency.
number range expected during the test. For volume flow-
meters, the temperature of the fuel must be measured 4-6.3 Methods of Liquid or Gas Sampling
accurately to calculate the flow correctly. Uncalibrated GPA 2166 should be used for the proper procedures and
flowmeters are acceptable if the measurement uncer- equipment for sampling liquid or gas. Evacuated gas cyl-
tainty meets the Table 4-5.2 -1 requirements. Refer to inders are recommended versus the flow-through cylin-
ASTM D1 480 for liquid fuel density and ASTM D445 d e r m e th o d , wh i c h wo u l d c o n c e n tra te th e h e a vy
for liquid fuel viscosity. hydrocarbons. At least three samples should be taken
(start, middle, and end of test) if the gas supply composi-
4-5.5 Gaseous Fuel tion is consistent. If consistency is not assured, then five
4-5.5.1 General. I f gaseous fuel duct burners are equally spaced samples should be obtained. An on-line gas
employed, the quantity of gaseous fuel burned must be chromatograph may be used if its accuracy is confirmed
determined. Refer to AS M E PTC 2 2 and AS M E PTC before the test and confirmed with limited (once per test)
19.5 for gaseous-fueled GT fuel flow measurements. samples for laboratory analysis and confirmation of the
on-line chromatograph within 0.4% (of heat content)
4-5.5.2 Method of Measurement. Measurement of the uncertainty band. Backup samples should also be taken
gaseous fuel flow requires the use ofa venturi, orifice, flow
in case there is a problem with the chromatograph
nozzle, ultrasonic, or turbine meter. For orifices, venturis,
during the test.
or nozzles, refer to ASME PTC 19.5 for installation guide-
An estimate ofthe systematic uncertainty from a sample
lines as well as the calculation procedure. For differential
is a combination of systematic limits from sample acquisi-
pressure meters, the pressure drop shall be measured
tion, location, and stream consistency.
using a differential pressure transducer. Outputs from
these devices can be read manually via meters or with 4-6.4 Fuel Analysis
a D AS. The metho d and p ro cedure detailed in AGA
Report 8 (2017), Part 1, shall be followed for the deter- 4-6.4.1 General. It is the intent of this Code that the
mination of gas density. Linear flowmeters should be cali- s amp les b e analyzed in acco rdance with the lates t
brated at the expected working pressure to reduce flow methods and procedures. When choosing a laboratory,
error. Uncalibrated flowmeters are acceptable if the the parties to the test should choose a certified laboratory.
measurement uncertainty meets the Table 4-5.2 -1 re- 4-6.4.2 Measurement Systematic Uncertainty for
quirements. Fuel. ASTM provides guidelines for typical lab-to-lab
s ys te mati c uncertai nti es fo r us e i n e s ti mati ng the
4-6 LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUEL SAMPLING systematic uncertainty of a sample analysis. In addition,
a reference sample may be obtained from NIST and sent to
4-6.1 General the lab for analysis. ASME PTC 22 refers to a 0.4% expected
A representative sample of the fuel fired during the measurement systematic uncertainty (of heat content) for
p e r fo r m a n c e te s t s h o u l d b e o b ta i n e d u s i n g th e gaseous fuel analysis.
methods described in ASTM D4057 or ASTM D5287.
4-6.5 Methods of Fuel Analysis
4-6.2 Measurement Systematic Uncertainty for Gaseous fuel should be analyzed using gas chromatog-
Sampling raphy in accordance with ASTM D1945. Higher heating
When the systematic uncertainty of a sampling proce- value is calculated in accordance with para. 5 -2 .4 of
dure is estimated, the test engineer should consider the this Code. Liquid fuel heating value should be determined
following potential sources. There may be other sources by bomb calorimeter in accordance with ASTM D4809.

38
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

4-7 POWER MEASUREMENT They can consist of a centralized processing unit or

distributed processing to multiple locations in the plant.
Power measurement is required for determination of
Each measurement loop must be designed with the
exhaust flow by GT heat balance. Methods of measuring
ability to be loop calibrated separately. Each measure-
GT output are described in ASME PTC 22.
ment loop should be designed so that it can individually
be checked for continuity and power supply, if applicable,
4-8 DATA COLLECTION AND HANDLING to locate problems during equipment setup.
Each instrument signal cable should be designed with a
4-8.1 Data Collection and Calculation Systems shield around the conductor and the shield should be
The analog-to-digital converter shall be at least 14 bits grounded on one end to drain any stray induced currents.
or greater to reduce uncertainty to less than 0.01% of the 4-8.3.2 Calibration ofData Collection Systems. When
span. considering the accuracy of a measurement, the accuracy
4-8.1.1 Data Collection Systems. A data collection of the entire measurement loop must be considered. This
system should be designed to accept multiple instrument includes the instrument and the signal conditioning loop
inputs and should be able to sample data from all the or process. Ideally, when an instrument is calibrated, it
instruments within 1 min to 2 min to obtain all necessary should be connected to the position on the data collection
data with the plant at the same condition. The system system that will be employed during the test. Should this
should be able to collect and store data and results be impractical, each piece of equipment in the measure-
within 2 min. All data collected shall be time stamped. ment loop should be individually calibrated. Separate
pieces of equipment include current voltage sources
4-8.1.2 Data Calculations. Paragraph 5-1.2 discusses and resistors in the measurement loop.
data reduction and calculations. If the system is not loop calibrated before the test,
parties to a test should be allowed to spot check the
4-8.2 Data Management measurement loop using a signal generator to confirm
4-8.2.1 Storage of Data. Signal inputs from the instru- that the combined inaccuracy of the measurement loop
ments should be stored to permit post-test data correction is within the expected value.
for application of new calibration corrections. The engi-
neering units for each instrument along with the calcu-
4-8.3.3 Use of Existing Plant Measurement and
lated res ults s ho uld b e s to red if develo p ed o ns ite.
Control System. The Code does not prohibit the use of
the plant measurement and control system for Code
B efo re leaving the tes t s ite, the p arties to the tes t
testing. However, this system must meet the requirements
should store data to a removable medium to secure
of this paragraph. Some areas of caution are as follows:
against equipment damage and loss of data during trans-
(a) Typically, plant measurement and control systems
port.
do not calculate flows in a rigorous manner. Often, the flow
4-8.2.2 Manually Collected Data. Most test programs is based on a ratio relationship with compensation factors.
will require some data to be taken manually. The data Calculation of flow shall follow subsection 4-5.
sheets should each identify the data point, test site loca- (b) Often, the plant systems do not have the ability to
tion, date, time, data collector, collection times, and data apply calibration corrections electronically. The output of
collected. some instrumentation (like thermocouples) cannot be
modified, so electronic calibration is necessary.
4-8.2.3 Distribution of Data. The data in engineering (c) Some plant systems do not allow the instrument
units should be available to all parties to the test before the
signal before conditioning to be displayed or stored.
parties leave the test site. All manually collected data
The raw signal must be available to check the signal-condi-
s ho uld b e made availab le to all p arties to the tes t
tioning calculation for error.
before the parties leave the test site.
(d) Distributed control systems typically only report
4-8.3 Construction of Data Collection Systems changes or store values of a variable that exceed a set
thres ho l d val ue . The thres ho l d val ue mus t b e l o w
4-8.3.1 Design of Data Collection System Hardware. enough so that all data signals sent to the distributed
With advances in computer technology, data collection control system during a test are reported and stored.
system configurations have a great deal of flexibility.

39
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Section 5
Calculations

5-1 INTRODUCTION
5-1.1 General Discussion
The objective of these calculations is to determine the corrected capacity, gas-side pressure drop, and steam-side
pressure drop. To predict the performance at test conditions, the GTE flow and composition must be determined. The
approach ofthis Code is to calculate the GTE flow by calculating heat balances around both the GT and HRSG. These results
are then used to predict the performance for the test conditions. These values are then combined using an uncertainty
weighting procedure to establish a single predicted value.
The calculations deal mainly with the determination of GT gas flow and composition by means of an HRSG heat balance.
Enough GT data are required to calculate the GT gas composition, which in turn allows for the determination of the gas
enthalpies. If a duct burner is in operation during a test, the change in composition and heat input is also considered.
The airflow through the GT is the only unknown with GT fuel flow and injection streams being measured. The total heat
given up by the gas is equal to the heat absorbed by the working fluid plus heat losses. In order to define the gas
compositions entering and leaving the HRSG, the GT airflow is split into two streams: air for combustion and the
balance of air. The air for combustion stream includes any changes for fuel combustion, steam or water injection,
augmenting air, and atomizing steam. The flow and composition of this stream are defined. The balance of air
stream is just moist air. The total heat is equal to the difference in gas enthalpy entering and exiting the HRSG multiplied
by the flow for both streams.
With the calculated gas flow and composition along with other measured test data, the predicted capacity can be
determined for the test conditions. The predicted capacity can then be compared to the measured capacity. These results
can then be used to correct the measured capacity to the guaranteed conditions.

5-1.2 Data Reduction

Following the test, when all test logs and records have been completed and assembled, they should be critically
examined to determine whether the limits of permissible variations have been exceeded. Inconsistencies in the
test record or test results may require tests to be repeated in whole or part to attain the test objectives.
Test data should be reviewed for outliers in accordance with guidance provided in ASME PTC 19.1. The remaining data
should be averaged to determine values for use in the calculations. These averaged data shall be used in the calculations to
determine unit performance.

5-2 INTERMEDIATE CALCULATIONS

5-2.1 Air Composition Calculations
5-2.1.1 General. The inlet dry air molar composition is taken from GPA 2145-16 with slight adjustment to add up to
100%.

Constituent % of Dry Air

Nitrogen 78.0858
Oxygen 20.940
Argon 0.9342
Carbon dioxide 0.04
100.000

40
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

The dry air composition is corrected for humidity and atmospheric pressure effects via humidity calculations taken
from the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. This section determines the mass fractions and molar flows of the air
constituents entering the GT.
5-2.1.2 Data Required. The following data are required for the air composition calculations:
(a) airflow, lb/hr
(b) atmospheric pressure, psia
(c) dry-bulb temperature, °F
(d) wet-bulb temperature, °F
5-2.1.3 Calculations
Step 1. Calculate the vapor pressure (psia) of water or ice at the wet-bulb temperature by the following equation:
ln ( Pv) = C / TR + C + C TR + C TR + C TR + C TR + C
1 2 3 4
2
5
3
6
4
7
ln ( TR)

where TR = TWB + 459.67.

For a wet-bulb temperature less than or equal to 32°F, the constants for the vapor pressure ofice (over the temperature
range of −148°F to 32°F) are as follows:
C1 = −1.0214165 E+4
C2 = −4.8932428
C3 = −5.3765794 E−3
C4 = 1.9202377 E−7
C5 = 3.5575832 E−10
C6 = −9.0344688 E−14
C7 = 4.1635019

For the vapor pressure of water over the temperature range of 32°F to 392°F, the constants are as follows:
C1 = −1.0440397 E+4
C2 = −11.294650
C3 = −2.7022355 E−2
C4 = 1.2890360 E−5
C5 = −2.4780681 E−9
C6 = 0
C7 = 6.5459673

Step 2 . Calculate the saturated humidity ratio from the atmospheric pressure and vapor pressure by the following
equation. [Reference data for correlation constant is ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Tables 2 and 3. Correlation
error from −32°F to 120°F is 0.01% average, −0.05% minimum, and 0.10% maximum.]

HRSAT = 18.0153/28.9658 × (1.00441333 × PV)

( PATM 1.00441333 × PV)
Step 3. Calculate the actual humidity ratio from the saturated humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, and dry-bulb
temperature by one of the following equations:
(a) For dry-bulb temperatures above 32°F
HR = (1,093 0.556 × TWB) × HRSAT 0.24 × ( TDB TWB)
1093 + 0.444 × TDB TWB
(b) For dry-bulb temperatures below 32°F
HR = (1,220 0.4 × TWB) × HRSAT 0.240 × ( TDB TWB)
1,220 + 0.444 × TDB 0.48 × TWB
Step 4. Calculate the fraction of dry air from the actual humidity ratio by the following equation:
WFDA = 28.9658 ×1 8.01 53
HR + 1 8.01 53

41
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Step 5. Calculate the wet air mole fractions. The fraction of dry air multiplied by the dry air mole fraction will give the
actual air constituent mole fraction.
(a) Nitrogen mole fraction
MFN2 = WFDA × 0.780858
(b) Oxygen mole fraction
MFO2 = WFDA × 0.2094
(c) Carbon dioxide mole fraction
MFCO2 = WFDA × 0.0004
(d) Argon mole fraction
MFAr = WFDA × 0.009342
The molar composition of water is 1 minus the fraction of dry air:
MFH2O = 1.0 WFDA
Step 6. Calculate the air average molecular weight by the following equation:
MWAVG = MFN2 × 28.0134 + MFO2 × 31.9988 + MFCO2 × 44.0095 + MFH2O × 18.0153 + MFAr × 39.9480
Step 7. Calculate the air molar flow by dividing the airflow by the average molecular weight. The air constituent molar
flow is the air molar flow times the constituent mole fraction.
(a) Nitrogen molar flow
WMN2 = MFN2 × WA/MWAVG
(b) Oxygen molar flow
WMO2 = MFO2 × WA/MWAVG
(c) Carbon dioxide molar flow
WMCO2 = MFCO2 × WA/MWAVG
(d) Water molar flow
WMH2O = MFH2O × WA/MWAVG
(e) Argon molar flow
WMAr = MFAr × WA/MWAVG
Step 8. Calculate the air constituent weight fraction by multiplying the constituent mole fraction by its molecular weight
and dividing it by the air average molecular weight.
(a) Nitrogen weight fraction
WFN2 = MFN2 × 28.0134/MWAVG
(b) Oxygen weight fraction
WFO2 = MFO2 × 31.9988/MWAVG
(c) Carbon dioxide weight fraction
WFCO2 = MFCO2 × 44.0095/MWAVG
(d) Water weight fraction
WFH2O = MFH2O × 18.0153/MWAVG

42
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

(e) Argon weight fraction

WFAr = MFAr × 39.9480/MWAVG
5-2.2 Molar Flow Change Due to Fuel Gas Combustion
5-2.2.1 General.Paragraph 5-2.2 determines the molar flow change of the air or gas stream constituents due to the
complete stoichiometric combustion of each compound of a fuel gas stream.
5-2.2.2 Data Required. The following data are required to calculate the composition of the product of fuel gas
combustion:
(a) either fuel gas flow (pound per hour) or fuel gas flow [standard cubic feet per minute (scfm)] gas compressibility
(b) fuel gas constituent mole fraction
5-2.2.3 Table ofCombustion Ratios. Table 5-2.2.3-1 shows the ratios of air constituent molar flow change per mole of
fuel gas compound combusted. The molar flow of any inert compound in the fuel gas such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide
passes directly into the combustion products on a mole-per-mole basis. The table values are determined from an oxida-
tion chemical equation for a unit mole of fuel gas compound in accordance with the following generic oxidation equation:
CxHySz + ( x + y / 4 + z) O 2 = ( x) CO 2 + ( y / 2) H2 O + ( z) SO 2

The coefficients for oxygen must be negative because oxygen is consumed in the reaction.

5-2.2.4 Calculations
Step 1 . Calculate the fuel gas average molecular weight by adding for all fuel gas compounds the product of the
compound mole fraction and the compound molecular weight. Molecular weights for some typical compounds are
listed in Section 2.
MWFG = ( MF × i )
MWi

Step 2 . Calculate the molar fuel gas flow by dividing the fuel gas mass flow by the fuel gas average molecular weight:
WFG
WMFG = MW
FG
Table 5-2.2.3-1
Combustion Ratios
Fuel Gas
Compound N2 O2 CO 2 H2 O Ar SO 2
CH 4 0 −2 1 2 0 0
C2 H 6 0 −3.5 2 3 0 0
C2 H 4 0 −3 2 2 0 0
C3 H 8 0 −5 3 4 0 0
C3 H 6 0 −4.5 3 3 0 0
C 4 H 10 0 −6.5 4 5 0 0
C 5 H 12 0 −8 5 6 0 0
C 6 H 14 0 −9.5 6 7 0 0
N2 1 0 0 0 0 0
CO 0 −0.5 1 0 0 0
CO 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
H2O 0 0 0 1 0 0
H2 0 −0. 5 0 1 0 0
H2S 0 −1.5 0 1 0 1
He 0 0 0 0 0 0
O2 0 1 0 0 0 0
SO 2 0 0 0 0 0 1
Ar 0 0 0 0 1 0

43
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Sometimes the fuel gas flow is known in terms ofstandard cubic feet per minute. Ifthis is the case, the fuel gas molar flow
can be determined by the following equation:
VFG × 60
WMFG = 379.67 ×Z
Step 3. Calculate the change in molar flow ofnitrogen. Multiply the fuel gas molar flow by the mole fraction ofnitrogen in
the fuel gas.
Step 4. Calculate the change in molar flow of oxygen. Sum for all fuel gas compounds, the product of the fuel gas molar
flow, the fuel gas compound mole fraction, and the fuel gas compound oxygen combustion ratio.
Step 5. Calculate the change in molar flow of carbon dioxide. Sum for all fuel gas compounds, the product of the fuel gas
molar flow, the fuel gas compound mole fraction, and the fuel gas compound carbon dioxide combustion ratio.
Step 6. Calculate the change in molar flow of water. Sum for all fuel gas compounds, the product of the fuel gas molar
flow, the fuel gas compound mole fraction, and the fuel gas compound water combustion ratio.
Step 7. Calculate the change in molar flow of argon. Multiply the fuel gas molar flow by the mole fraction of argon in the
fuel gas.
Step 8. Calculate the change in molar flow of sulfur dioxide. Sum for all fuel gas compounds, the product of the fuel gas
molar flow, the fuel gas compound mole fraction, and the fuel gas compound sulfur dioxide combustion ratio.
Step 9. The dry air for combustion is the change in molar flow of oxygen from Step 4 divided by the fraction of oxygen in
dry air multiplied by dry air molecular weight. The moist airflow for combustion is the dry airflow multiplied by 1 plus the
humidity ratio of air (para. 5-2.1.3, Step 3 or Step 5).
WMO2
WAC = 0.20940 × 28.9658 × HR

5-2.3 Molar Flow Change Due to Fuel Oil Combustion

5-2.3.1 General.Paragraph 5-2.3 determines the molar flow change of the air or gas stream constituents due to the
complete stoichiometric combustion of each element of a fuel oil stream.
5-2.3.2 Data Required. The following data are required to calculate the composition of the product of fuel oil
combustion:
(a) fuel oil flow, lb/hr
(b) fuel elemental weight fractions

5-2.3.3 Calculations
Step 1 . Calculate the change in molar flow of nitrogen. Multiply the fuel oil flow by the elemental weight fraction of
nitrogen in the fuel oil and divide by 28.0134.
Step 2 . Calculate the change in molar flow of oxygen. Subtract from the oxygen weight fraction divided by 31.9988, the
sum of the carbon weight fraction divided by 12.0107, the hydrogen weight fraction divided by 4.03176, and the sulfur
weight fraction divided by 32.065. Multiply the result by the fuel oil flow:
WMO2 = (WFO2 /31.9988 WFC /12.0107 WFH /4.03176 WFS /32.065) × WFO
Step 3. Calculate the change in molar flow of carbon dioxide. Multiply the fuel oil flow by the carbon weight fraction in
the fuel oil and divide by 12.0107.
Step 4. Calculate the change in molar flow of water. Multiply the fuel oil flow by the hydrogen weight fraction in the fuel
oil and divide by 2.01588.
Step 5. There is no change in the molar flow of argon due to combustion.
Step 6. Calculate the change in molar flow of sulfur dioxide. Multiply the oil fuel flow by the sulfur weight fraction in the
fuel oil and divide by 32.065.
Step 7. The dry air for combustion is the change in molar flow of oxygen from Step 2 divided by the fraction of oxygen in
dry air multiplied by dry air molecular weight. The moist airflow for combustion is the dry airflow multiplied by 1 plus the
humidity ratio of air (para. 5-2.1.3, Step 3 or Step 5).
WMO2 × 28.9658 × HR
WAC = 0.20940

44
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table 5-2.4.3-1
Fuel Compound Heating Values
Heating Value, Btu/lb
Fuel Gas Compound Lower Higher
CH 4 21,525 23,907
C2 H6 20,443 22,349
C2 H4 20,292 21,654
C3 H8 19,936 21,669
C3 H6 19,692 21,054
iso -C 4 H 10 19,603 21,247
n -C 4H 10 19,671 21,316
iso -C 5 H 12 19,469 21,058
n -C 5 H 12 19,510 21,099
C 6H 14 19,406 20,958
N2 0 0
CO 4,345 4,345
CO 2 0 0
H2 O 0 1,061
H2 S 6,538 7,099
H2 51,586 61,064
He 0 0
O2 0 0
SO 2 0 0
Ar 0 0
GENERAL NOTE: TRef = 60°F.

5-2.4 Fuel Gas Heating Value

5-2.4.1 General. The heat of combustion used in all calculations is the lower heating value. This is not to be confused
with the higher heating value, which includes the heat of vaporization for water. The heating value for fuel gas is a
calculated number based upon the fuel gas composition.
5-2.4.2 Data Required. The following data are required to calculate the composition of the products of fuel gas
combustion:
(a) fuel gas compound mole fractions
(b) fuel gas temperature, °F
5-2.4.3 Fuel Compound Heating Value Table. Table 5-2.4.3-1 information is taken from GPA 2145-16. The heats of
combustion are based upon 60°F and 14.696 psia.

5-2.4.4 Fuel Sensible Heat. Table 5-2.4.4-1 is taken from NASA correlations (NASA/TP–2002-211556) for fuel gas
compound specific heat. The fuel gas constituent enthalpy from 60°F (288.71K) reference condition is determined by the
following equation. The fuel gas enthalpy unit is British thermal units per pound. The temperature, T, is in Kelvin.
i 2 3 4 5 yz
jj a1 a4T a5 T a 6T a7T
jj
j
+ a2 ln( T) + a3T + + + + C zzz
z
× 8341 .51
T 2 3 4 5
h compound = k {
2.326 × (MW compound)
where
ax = coefficients from Table 5-2.4.4-1 for the specific fuel gas compound
C = constituent constant from Table 5-2.4.4-1
T = temperature, K
x = (temperature °F + 459.67)/1.8

45
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

The fuel gas combined enthalpy is determined by the following equation:

h FG = (weight fraction) ( h compound)
i i

5-2.4.5 Calculations
Step 1 . Calculate the total fuel gas molecular weight by summing the products of fuel gas compound mole fraction and
compound molecular weight for all fuel gas compounds, N:

MWFG = 1N MFi × MWi

Step 2. Calculate the fuel gas sensible heat for each gas constituent per para. 5-2.4.4.
Step 3. Calculate the weight fraction of each fuel gas compound, i, by computing the product of the fuel gas compound
mole fraction and the fuel gas compound molecular weight and dividing by the total fuel molecular weight:
WF = MF × MW ÷ MWFG
i i i

Step 4. Calculate the net heating value contribution of each compound by multiplying the compound weight fraction by
the sum of the compound heating value and compound sensible heat.

5-2.5 Fuel Oil Heating Value

5-2.5.1 General. The heat of combustion used in all calculations is the lower heating value. This is not to be confused
with the higher heating value, which includes the heat of vaporization for water. The heating value of the fuel oil at T =
60°F, 14.696 psia (standard conditions) shall be determined by a bomb calorimeter test performed in accordance with
ASTM D4809.
5-2.5.2 Data Required. The following data are required for the fuel oil combustion products composition calculation:
(a) fuel oil heating value at standard conditions, Btu/lb
(b) fuel temperature, °F

5-2.5.3 Calculations
Step 1 . The following equation is used to calculate the sensible heat content of the fuel oil. It is taken from Perry and
Green (1997, pp. 27–10). See Nonmandatory Appendix B.
QFS = TF 2 /4,1 32 + 0.41 7 × TF 25.9

Step 2. The fuel net heating value, HVNET, is the sum of the fuel oil ideal heating value, HV, (typically provided by
laboratory analysis) and the fuel sensible heat:
HVNET = HV + QFS
5-2.6 Gas Enthalpy
5-2.6.1 General. The gas stream enthalpy is a mass weighted value of the stream constituent enthalpies. The consti-
tuent enthalpy equations are derived from NASA correlations (NASA/TP–2002-211556).
5-2.6.2 Data Required. The following data are required to calculate the fuel gas products of combustion composition:
(a) gas temperature, °F
(b) gas constituent mass fractions
5-2.6.3 Enthalpy Equation Constants. The enthalpy is calculated for each constituent in a gas stream as a function of
the gas temperature. The enthalpy correlations for each constituent are applicable from 200 K to 1,000 K. The correlations
require the temperature to be in Kelvin.
i 2 3 4 5 yz
jj a1 a4 T a5 T a6T a7 T
jj
j
+ a2 ln( T) + a3T + + + + C zzz
z
× 8,341 .51
T 2 3 4 5
h compound = k {
2.326 × (MW compound)
where
a x = coefficients from Table 5-2.4.4-1 for the specific fuel gas compound
C = constituent constant from Table 5-2.4.4-1

46
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

T = temperature, K
x = (temperature °F + 459.67)/1.8

5-2.6.4 Calculations
Step 1 . Calculate the enthalpy for each gas constituent for the given temperature and appropriate correlation coeffi-
cients.
Step 2. The gas enthalpy is the sum of the products of the constituent enthalpy and constituent mass fraction for all
constituents:
hG = WFN2 × hN2 + WFO2 × hO2 + WFCO2 × hCO2 + WFH2O × hH2O + WFAr × hAr + WFSO2 × hSO2

47
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table 5-2.4.4-1
Gas Enthalpy Correlation Constants

NASA Glenn Coefficients [Note (1)]

Fuel Gas Compound a1 a2 a3 a4 Fuel Gas Compound
CH 4 −1.766850998 E+05 2.786181020 E+03 −1.202577850 E+01 3.917619290 E−02 CH −3.61
C2H 4 −1.163605836 E+05 2.554851510 E+03 −1.609746428 E+01 6.625779320 E−02 C −7.88
C2H 6 −1.862044161 E+05 3.406191860 E+03 −1.951705092 E+01 7.565835590 E−02 C −8.20
C3H 6 −1.912462174 E+05 3.542074240 E+03 −2.114878626 E+01 8.901484790 E−02 C −1.00
C3H 8 −2.433144337 E+05 4.656270810 E+03 −2.939466091 E+01 1.188952745 E−01 C
iso -C 4 H 10 −3.834469330 E+05 7.000039640 E+03 −4.440026900 E+01 1.746183447 E−01
n -C 4 H 10 −3.175872540 E+05 6.176331820 E+03 −3.891562120 E+01 1.584654284 E−01
iso -C 5 H 12 −4.231903390 E+05 6.497189100 E+03 −3.681126970 E+01 1.532424729 E−01
n -C 5 H 12 −2.768894625 E+05 5.834283470 E+03 −3.617541480 E+01 1.533339707 E−01
n -C 6 H 14 −5.815926700 E+05 1.079097724 E+04 −6.633947030 E+01 2.523715155 E−01 −2.90
CO 1.489045326 E+04 −2.922285939 E+02 5.724527170 E+00 −8.176235030 E−03 CO 1.456
H2 4.078323210 E+04 −8.009186040 E+02 8.214702010 E+00 −1.269714457 E−02 H 1.753
H2 S 9.543808810 E+03 −6.875175080 E+01 4.054921960 E+00 −3.014557336 E−04 HS 3.768
He 0.000000000 E+00 0.000000000 E+00 2.500000000 E+00 0.000000000 E+00 He 0.000
N2 2.210371497 E+04 −3.818461820 E+02 6.082738360 E+00 −8.530914410 E−03 N 1.384
O2 −3.425563420 E+04 4.847000970 E+02 1.119010961 E+00 4.293889240 E−03 O −6.83
CO 2 4.943650540 E+04 −6.264116010 E+02 5.301725240 E+00 2.503813816 E−03 CO −2.12
H2 O −3.947960830 E+04 5.755731020 E+02 9.317826530 E−01 7.222712860 E−03 HO −7.34
SO 2 −5.310842140 E+04 9.090311670 E+02 −2.356891244 E+00 2.204449885 E−02 SO −2.51
Ar 0.000000000 E+00 0.000000000 E+00 2.500000000 E+00 0.000000000 E+00 Ar 0.000

NOTE: (1) NASA Glenn coefficients are from NASA/TP–2002-211556.

48
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table 5-2.4.4-1
Gas Enthalpy Correlation Constants

NASA Glenn Coefficients [Note (1)]

Fuel Gas Compound a5 a6 a7 C for Tref = 60°F
CH 4 −3.619054430 E−05 2.026853043 E−08 −4.976705490 E−12 1.430052942 E+04
C2 H 4 −7.885081860 E−05 5.125224820 E−08 −1.370340031 E−11 1.244224759 E+04
C2 H 6 −8.204173220 E−05 5.061135800 E−08 −1.319281992 E−11 1.688537355 E+04
C3 H 6 −1.001429154 E−04 6.267959390 E−08 −1.637870781 E−11 1.763270058 E+04
C3 H 8 −1.376308269 E−04 8.814823910 E−08 −2.342987994 E−11 2.273078405 E+04
iso -C 4 H 10 −2.078195348 E−04 1.339792433 E−07 −3.551681630 E−11 3.399640145 E+04
n -C 4 H 10 −1.860050159 E−04 1.199676349 E−07 −3.201670550 E−11 3.016395747 E+04
iso -C 5 H 12 −1.548790714 E−04 8.749897120 E−08 −2.070547710 E−11 3.293520959 E+04
n -C 5 H 12 −1.528395882 E−04 8.191092000 E−08 −1.792327902 E−11 2.886798932 E+04
n -C 6 H 14 −2.904344705 E−04 1.802201514 E−07 −4.617223680 E−11 5.247972126 E+04
CO 1.456903469 E−05 −1.087746302 E−08 3.027941827 E−12 −2.960314454 E+02
H2 1.753605076 E−05 −1.202860270 E−08 3.368093490 E−12 −2.715200551 E+03
H2S 3.768497750 E−06 −2.239358925 E−09 3.086859108 E−13 7.620139053 E+02
He 0.000000000 E+00 0.000000000 E+00 0.000000000 E+00 7.217638889 E+02
N2 1.384646189 E−05 −9.625793620 E−09 2.519705809 E−12 −7.439261766 E+02
O2 −6.836300520 E−07 −2.023372700 E−09 1.039040018 E−12 3.358109354 E+03
CO 2 −2.127308728 E−07 −7.689988780 E−10 2.849677801 E−13 −2.088054505 E+03
H2O −7.342557370 E−06 4.955043490 E−09 −1.336933246 E−12 3.916796713 E+03
SO 2 −2.510781471 E−05 1.446300484 E−08 −3.369070940 E−12 5.394623639 E+03
Ar 0.000000000 E+00 0.000000000 E+00 0.000000000 E+00 7.217638889 E+02

49
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

5-2.7 GT Gas Composition

5-2.7.1 General. The GT gas composition must be determined in order to determine the gas enthalpy. The composition
is the summation of the GT inlet air and steam or water injection plus the changes due to the combustion of the fuel.
5-2.7.2 Data Required. The following data are required to determine the combined excess air and combustion product
composition:
(a) airflow, lb/hr
(b) steam or water injection, lb/hr
(c) fuel flow, lb/hr
(d) air molar flow, mol/hr (para. 5-2.1.3, Step 7)
(e) change in molar flow, mol/hr (para. 5-2.2.4, Steps 3 and 8 for fuel gas; para. 5-2.3.3, Steps 1 and 6 for fuel oil)

5-2.7.3 Calculations
Step 1 . Calculate the molar flow of steam or water injected by dividing the injection flow by 18.01528.
Step 2 . The nitrogen molar flow is the sum of the nitrogen molar flow from the air and the change in molar flow of
nitrogen from the combustion of the fuel.
Step 3. The oxygen molar flow is the sum of the oxygen molar flow from the air and the change in molar flow of oxygen
from the combustion of the fuel.
Step 4. The carbon dioxide molar flow is the sum of the carbon dioxide molar flow from the air and the change in molar
flow of carbon dioxide from the combustion of the fuel.
Step 5. The water molar flow is the sum of the water molar flow from the air, the change in molar flow of water from the
combustion of the fuel, and the steam or water injection molar flow.
Step 6. The argon molar flow is the argon molar flow from the air.
Step 7. The sulfur dioxide flow is the molar flow of water from the combustion of the fuel.
Step 8. The GT gas mass flow is the sum of the airflow, the fuel flow, and the steam or water injection flow.
Step 9 . Calculate the gas constituent mass fractions. A gas constituent mass fraction is the constituent molar flow
multiplied by the constituent molecular weight divided by the total gas mass flow.

5-2.8 Desuperheater Spray Water Flow by Heat Balance

5-2.8.1 General. The spray water flow should be directly measured by means of a flowmeter. A less desirable alter-
native is to establish the water flow by heat balance. Note that the water temperature should be measured close to the
spray point. The water temperature can vary significantly from that of the water source.
The steam flow to the desuperheater is taken as the feedwater flow. This assumes that there is no blowdown or other
water extractions after the feedwater flowmeter.
5-2.8.2 Data Required. The following data are required to calculate the desuperheater heat balance:
(a) steam temperature before water spray, °F
(b) steam temperature after water spray, °F
(c) steam pressure at spray point, psig or psia
(d) spray water temperature, °F
(e) spray water pressure, psig or psia
(f) feedwater flow, lb/hr

5-2.8.3 Calculations
Step 1 . The enthalpy for the steam before the desuperheater is determined based on the steam temperature before the
desuperheater and the steam pressure.
Step 2. The enthalpy for the steam after the desuperheater is determined based on the steam temperature after the
desuperheater and the steam pressure.
Step 3. The water enthalpy is determined based on the water temperature and pressure.
Step 4. The spray water flow is equal to the feedwater flow multiplied by the difference of steam enthalpy before
desuperheater and the steam enthalpy after desuperheater divided by the difference of the steam enthalpy after desu-
perheater and the spray water enthalpy:
feedwater flow × ( h steam before h steam after )
spray water flow =
h steam before h spray water

50
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

5-2.9 Extraction Flow by Heat Balance

5-2.9.1 General. Any stream flow crossing the test boundary should be determined by direct measurement. A less
desirable alternative is to establish a flow by heat balance. For example, an extraction stream could be a water flow
extraction used to preheat a fuel gas in an external heat exchanger. For this approach, all terminal temperatures, pres-
sures, and the fuel gas stream flow must be known with the only unknown being the extraction water flow.
5-2.9.2 Data Required. The following data are required to determine extraction flow by heat balance around an
external heat exchanger such as a fuel gas heater:
(a) water inlet temperature, °F
(b) water outlet temperature, °F
(c) water inlet pressure, psig or psia
(d) water outlet pressure, psig or psia
(e) nonwater stream flow, lb/hr
(f) nonwater stream inlet temperature, °F
(g) nonwater stream outlet temperature, °F
(h) nonwater stream specific heat, Btu/lb-°F
5-2.9.3 Calculations
Step 1. The water inlet/outlet enthalpies are calculated for the inlet/outlet temperature and pressure conditions.
Step 2. The heat transferred to the nonwater stream is equal to the stream flow times the specific heat multiplied by the
difference between the outlet temperature and the inlet temperature.
Step 3. The extraction water flow is equal to the heat transferred divided by the difference between the water inlet
enthalpy and outlet enthalpy.

5-3 GAS FLOW BY HRSG ENERGY BALANCE

5-3.1 HRSG Gas Flow Calculations
5-3.1.1 General. Gas flow is determined by an energy balance. The heat into the HRSG is the energy associated with the
GT exhaust, any duct burner stream, and the working fluid entering the HRSG. The heat from the HRSG is the energy
associated with the gas heat from the HRSG, the working fluid leaving the HRSG, and heat losses. The energy balance is
QG IN
+ Q
DB
+ Q
AA
+ QAS + Q
WF IN
= QG OUT + QWF OUT + Q HL

Each term is quantified except for the gas energy in and out. These are defined as the gas flow multiplied by the inlet and
outlet gas enthalpy, respectively. The gas flow is the airflow into the GT plus the GT fuel flow and any GT injection stream
flow. The airflow being an unmeasured stream is thus the only unknown.
The heat for the gas in and gas out is split into two streams: one stream for fuel combustion plus any other added stream,
and one stream for the balance of air in excess of that required for combustion. For the combustion stream, the gas flow
and composition into the HRSG is based upon the stoichiometric combustion of the GT fuel and any steam or water
injection. Any duct burner stream can be added to the combustion stream so that the gas outlet flow and composition is
also defined. The heat flow for this stream in and out of the HRSG can then be determined.
The balance of air stream has the composition of moist air, so the enthalpies in and out of the HRSG are known. The
balance of airflow can then be directly determined. The incoming gas flow is the sum of the balance of airflow and the
combustion stream into the HRSG. The reference temperature for the calculations is 60°F.
5-3.1.2 Data Required. The following data are required to determine the exhaust flow through an HRSG by a heat
balance around the HRSG:
(a) Ambient Conditions
(1) either wet-bulb temperature, °F, or relative humidity, %
(2) dry-bulb temperature, °F
(3) barometric pressure, psia
(b) GT Data
(1) fuel flow, lb/hr or scfm
(2) gas compressibility
(3) fuel composition
(4) steam or water injection flow, lb/hr

51
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

(c) working fluid duty, Btu/hr

(d) HRSG Data
(1 ) gas inlet temperature, °F
(2) gas outlet temperature, °F
(3) heat loss, Btu/hr
(e) Duct Burner Data
(1 ) fuel flow, lb/hr
(2) fuel temperature, °F
(3) fuel composition
(4) fuel heating value (oil), Btu/lb
(5) atomizing steam flow, lb/hr
(6) atomizing steam enthalpy, Btu/lb
(7) augmenting airflow, lb/hr
(8) augmenting air temperature, °F
5-3.1.3 Calculations. The calculations consist of a series of steps, many of which involve calculations performed in
other sections.
Step 1 . The air composition is determined from the ambient conditions as described in para. 5-2.1.
Step 2. The change in molar flow due to the combustion ofthe GT fuel is calculated as described in para. 5-2.2 for fuel gas
and para. 5-2.3 for fuel oil. The wet airflow for combustion is also determined.
Step 3. If there is a duct burner, the change in molar flow due to the combustion of the duct burner fuel is calculated as
described in para. 5-2.2 for fuel gas and para. 5-2.3 for fuel oil using the wet airflow for combustion.
Step 4. Ifthere is a duct burner, the duct burner fuel heating value including the sensible heat ofthe fuel is determined in
para. 5-2.4 for gas and para. 5-2.5 for oil.
Step 5. The inlet gas composition is calculated using the total wet airflow for combustion as determined in Steps 2 and 3
and adding the change in molar flow due to the combustion of fuel in the GT from Step 2 only. The inlet gas composition
must also include the molar flow of steam or water injection into the GT. The gas constituent mass fractions can then be
calculated. These calculations are described in para. 5-2.7. The combustion gas inlet mass flow is the sum of the combus-
tion wet airflow, the GT fuel flow, and any steam or water injection flow.
Step 6. The gas enthalpy at the HRSG inlet is calculated in para. 5-2.6 with the gas constituents’ mass fractions as
determined from Step 5 and the HRSG gas inlet temperature.
Step 7. Ifthere is a duct burner, go to Step 8. Otherwise, the gas enthalpy at the HRSG outlet is calculated as described in
para. 5-2.6 with the same gas constituents’ mass fractions determined in Step 5 and the HRSG gas outlet temperature. Skip
to Step 11.
Step 8. The HRSG outlet gas composition is calculated using the GT molar flows determined in Step 5 and adding the
change in molar flow due to the combustion ofthe duct burner fuel from Step 3. The HRSG outlet gas molar flow must also
include the molar flow ofair or steam associated with the burner operation. The gas constituent mass fractions can then be
calculated. These calculations are described in para. 5-3.2.
Step 9. The gas enthalpy at the HRSG outlet is calculated in para. 5-2.6 with the gas constituents’ mass fractions from
Step 8 and the HRSG gas outlet temperature.
Step 1 0. The duty associated with any stream injected into the gas stream such as augmenting air or atomizing steam
must be calculated by multiplying the stream flow by the stream enthalpy. The air enthalpy described in para. 5-2.6 is
calculated using the air composition from Step 1 for the given air temperature. For steam atomization, the steam enthalpy
is determined by subtracting 1087.734 Btu/lb from the steam table enthalpy to adjust to the reference temperature of
steam at 60°F. The fuel and injected stream mass flows must be added to the combustion gas stream mass flow.
Step 1 1 . The working fluid duty must be included. A theoretical system envelope around the HRSG is defined in
subsection 2-4. The duty is the stream flow multiplied by its enthalpy. The duty associated with a stream crossing
the boundary going to the HRSG is negative. The duty with a stream leaving the HRSG is positive. The streams will
typically be water or steam, and IAPWS R7-97(2012) shall be used to determine the stream enthalpy. Sometimes
stream flows are not measured directly. They can be determined by heat balance (see paras. 5-2.8 and 5-2.9).
Step 1 2. The HRSG heat loss is estimated in para. 5-3.3.
Step 1 3. The balance of airflow is now the only unknown parameter in the heat balance equation and can be directly
solved:
energy in = energy out

52
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

WBA × hA IN + WG IN × hG IN + WDB × HVN ET + WAA × hA + WAS × hAS + QWF IN

= QWF OUT + QHL + ( WG IN + WDB + WAA + WAS) × hG OUT + WBA × hA OUT

Step 1 4. The total gas flow into the HRSG is the sum of the balance of airflow from Step 13 and the combustion gas inlet
flow from Step 5.
Step 1 5. The balance of air inlet constituent molar flow is determined by dividing the flow by the air molecular weight
determined in para. 5-2.1.3, Step 7 and multiplying by the constituent mole fraction for each constituent from para.
5-2.1.3, Step 8. The combustion gas constituent molar flow is added to the balance of air constituent molar flow to
determine the total inlet constituent molar flow. The inlet constituent mole fraction for each constituent is the constituent
molar flow divided by the sum of molar flows for all constituents.

5-3.2 Duct Burner Gas Composition

5-3.2.1 General. The gas composition after the duct burner must be determined in order to determine the gas enthalpy
out of the HRSG. The composition is a function of the gas and duct burner streams plus the changes due to the combustion
of the duct burner fuel.

5-3.2.2 Data Required

(a) GT gas flow, lb/hr
(b) atomizing steam, lb/hr
(c) augmenting airflow, lb/hr
(d) air molecular weight (para. 5-2.1.3, Step 6)
(e) duct burner fuel flow, lb/hr or scfm gas compressibility
(f) gas molar flow, mol/hr (para. 5-2.7.3, Steps 2 and 7)
(g) air mole fraction (para. 5-2.1.3, Step 7)
(h) change in molar flow, mol/hr (para. 5-2.2.4, Steps 3 and 8 for fuel gas; para. 5-2.3.3, Steps 1 and 6 for fuel oil)

5-3.2.3 Calculations
Step 1 . Calculate the molar flow of augmenting steam by dividing the flow by 18.01528.
Step 2. The nitrogen molar flow is the sum of the nitrogen molar flow from the GT gas, the change in molar flow of
nitrogen for the combustion of the fuel, and the augmenting airflow multiplied by the nitrogen mole fraction in air divided
by the air molecular weight.
Step 3. The oxygen molar flow is the sum of the oxygen molar flow from the GT gas, the change in molar flow of oxygen
from the combustion of the fuel, and the augmenting airflow multiplied by the oxygen mole fraction in air divided by the
air molecular weight.
Step 4. The carbon dioxide molar flow is the sum of the carbon dioxide molar flow from the GT gas, the change in molar
flow of carbon dioxide from the combustion of the fuel, and the augmenting airflow multiplied by the carbon dioxide mole
fraction in air divided by the air molecular weight.
Step 5. The water molar flow is the sum of the water molar flow from the GT gas, the change in molar flow of water from
the combustion of the fuel, the atomizing steam molar flow, and the augmenting airflow multiplied by the water mole
fraction in air divided by the air molecular weight.
Step 6. The argon molar flow is the sum of the argon molar flow for the GT gas and the augmenting airflow multiplied by
the argon mole fraction in air divided by the air molecular weight.
Step 7. The sulfur dioxide molar flow is the sum ofthe sulfur dioxide molar flow from the GT gas and the change in molar
flow of sulfur dioxide from the combustion of the fuel.
Step 8. The duct burner gas mass flow is the sum of the GT gas flow, the duct burner fuel flow, the augmenting airflow,
and the atomizing steam flow.
Step 9. Calculate the duct burner constituent mass fractions. The duct burner gas constituent mass fraction is the
constituent molar flow multiplied by the constituent molecular weight divided by the total duct burner gas mass flow.

5-3.3 HRSG Heat Loss

The HRSG heat loss should be agreed to by the parties to a test. The heat loss can be estimated as a function of the total
heat loss of the exhaust in millions of British thermal units per hour:

53
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

QG = WG × ( hG IN hG OUT ) ÷ 1 06
The heat loss is approximated by the following equation:

QHL% = 0.2733 × exp( 120.8

Q ) G
QHL%
QHL = 100
× QG

The heat loss should be limited to a maximum of0.5%. The test uncertainty analysis typically does not warrant detailed
calculations. The heat loss estimate would be for typical systems. Unusual cases may require additional calculations. More
guidance for determining heat loss is available in Nonmandatory Appendix C.

5-4 GAS FLOW BY GT ENERGY BALANCE

The gas flow is determined by an energy balance around the GT. The energy into the system is from the fuel, air, and
injection streams to the GT. The energy from the system is from the gas leaving the GT, electrical energy generated, bleed
air, and heat losses.
energy in = energy out
QG IN + QF + Ql = QP + QHL + QG OUT + QB
Each term associated with these energy flows is quantified except for the gas flow. The unknown portion ofthe gas flow
is the airflow into the GT. The heat for the gas in and gas out is split into two streams: one stream for fuel combustion and
any other added stream, and the balance of air stream. For the combustion stream, the airflow into the GT is based upon
the stoichiometric combustion ofthe GT fuel. The injection stream, bleed stream, and fuel flow and composition effects can
be added to the inlet air stream so that the gas outlet flow and composition is also defined. The heat flow for this stream in
and out of the HRSG can then be determined.
The balance of air stream has the composition ofmoist air so the enthalpies in and out of the GT are known. The balance
of airflow can then be directly determined. The gas flow in is the sum of the balance of airflow and the combustion stream
into the HRSG. The gas outlet composition is determined from the constituent molar flows of both gas outlet streams. The
calculations for this method are in ASME PTC 22.

5-5 CORRECTION OF TEST CONDITIONS TO GUARANTEE

5-5.1 Correction of Steam Flow for Superheat
Steam flow must be corrected for the superheated steam outlet temperature in order to compare measured and
predicted steam flows. Differences in heat absorbed in a superheater create differences in heat available in evaporator
sections. It is not the intent ofthis correction to adjust the steam temperature for the purpose ofcomparison to a predicted
steam temperature, rather only to adjust the flow on a consistent energy basis.
The excess energy in the steam is calculated by multiplying the measured steam flow by the difference in the measured
and predicted steam outlet enthalpy. The steam flow adjustment that is added to the measured flow is the excess energy
divided by the difference in predicted steam outlet enthalpy and the inlet feedwater enthalpy for the same pressure level.
This correction is made before correcting to reference conditions.

5-5.2 Capacity
Once a test has been performed, the gas flow and composition can be computed by heat balance. The steam capacity
(flow and temperature) can then be predicted for the test conditions. The predicted steam capacity is dependent upon all
the factors necessary to originally design the HRSG. The performance factors include
(a) gas flow
(b) gas temperature
(c) gas composition
(d) duct burner heat input
(e) feedwater inlet temperature for all pressure levels
(f) steam or water outlet pressure for all pressure levels

54
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Predicted steam temperatures and flows for a test serve as comparative values to what was actually measured. Two
different methods can be used to predict the steam capacity. One method utilizes correction curves. This method consists
of a series of curves that reflect the impact of each performance parameter on the steam flow or temperature of each
pressure level. The impact on steam flow or temperature can be presented as a multiplier or absolute difference. The
steam flow or temperature corrections for each performance parameter are the product ofthe reference flow or tempera-
ture and all the other corrections in the case of percentages. In the case of an absolute difference, the reference flow or
temperature is added to each of the corrections. The resultant steam flow and temperatures represent the predicted
values for the test conditions. This approach is not recommended for multiple-pressure HRSGs.
The other method consists of a computer model of the HRSG heat transfer sections. This model can predict the steam
capacity that should be produced for the test conditions. A computer model has the advantage of considering all perfor-
mance factors simultaneously. It also considers any secondary interaction effects between performance factors. A
computer model can better predict results with factors quite different than originally specified conditions.
Once the predicted capacity is established for the test conditions, it can be compared to the corrected measured value.
The predicted value is the uncertainty-weighted value as calculated in subsection 5-5. The ratio between the measured
and predicted capacities is assumed to be equal to the ratio of the true capacity to the reference condition capacity. The
basic process is illustrated in Figure 5-5.2-1.

5-5.3 Duct Burner Fuel Flow

The correction of results for duct burner fuel flow is a special case of the correction of results. For this case, the duct
burner fuel flow rate is adjusted in order to achieve an established steam flow. It must be clear that during the test, the fuel
flow is adjusted to a pre-established set point. The predicted fuel flow is dependent upon all the factors necessary to
originally design the HRSG. The performance factors include
(a) gas flow
(b) gas temperature
(c) gas composition
(d) steam flow and temperature for all pressure levels
(e) feedwater inlet temperature for all pressure levels
(f) steam or water outlet pressure for all pressure levels
The correction curve method consists ofa series ofcurves that show the impact ofeach performance parameter on duct
burner fuel flow. The impact on fuel flow can be presented as a multiplier or absolute difference. The duct burner fuel flow
corrections for each performance parameter are the product of the reference flow or temperature and all the other
corrections in the case ofpercentages. In the case ofan absolute difference, the reference fuel flow is added to each of the
corrections. The resultant fuel flow represents the predicted values for the test conditions. This approach is not rec-
ommended for multiple-pressure HRSGs.
The other method consists of a computer model of the HRSG heat transfer sections. A computer model can predict the
fuel flow for any set of performance parameters. It has the advantage of considering all performance factors simulta-
neously. It can also consider any secondary interaction effects between performance factors. A computer model can better
predict results with factors quite different than originally specified conditions.
Once the fuel flow is established for the test conditions, it can be compared to the corresponding measured value. The
measured value is the uncertainty-weighted value as calculated in subsection 5-5. The ratio between the measured and
predicted capacities is assumed to be equal to the ratio of the true capacity to the reference condition capacity.

5-5.4 Gas-Side Pressure Drop

5-5.4.1 General. The pressure drop is a function ofthe GTE flow and gas density and thus requires corrections for these
parameters. The density is a function ofthe gas temperature through the HRSG, GTE composition, and pressure. The most
accurate method to predict the pressure drop for the test conditions is to use a computer model or detailed manual
calculation. In the absence of these approaches, the method described in 5-5.4.3 can be used. The assumption for this
method is that the gas average temperature through the HRSG is the same as the reference conditions. Ifthe temperatures
vary from the reference conditions such as the difference between a duct-fired and unfired case, the method described in
5-5.4.3 should not be used.
5-5.4.2 Data Required. The following data are required for test and reference conditions:
(a) GTE flow, lb/hr
(b) GTE molecular weight
(c) atmospheric pressure, psia
(d) gas pressure drop, in. H 2 O

55
 Figure 5-5.2-1
Measured Capacity Comparison to Predicted Capacity
Calculated Values Predicted Values Calculated Values

H R S G
h e a t
E x h a u s t fl o w

C o m p u t e r
S t e a m fl o w , C W U U U 2 2 2

T W U U U
1

= /( + )

1 2 1 2

b a l a n c e

m o d e l

E x h a u s t c o m p o s i t i o n S t e a m t e m p e ra t u re ,

U
1

2 2 2

= /( + )

2 1 1 2

C
U n ce rt a i n t y o f s t e a m fl o w ,

C WC WC
= w e i g h t e d p re d i c t e d s t e a m fl o w

T
E x h a u s t fl o w

S t e a m fl o w ,

U
C o m p u t e r

G T h e a t

1 1 2 2

T e s t d a t a

U U U
m o d e l

E x h a u s t c o m p o s i t i o n

b a l a n ce

C o m p a re p re d i c t e d a n d

S t e a m t e m p e ra t u re ,

= w e i g h t e d u n c e rt a i n t y

c o rre c t e d s t e a m fl o w

0 . 5

2 2

U n ce rt a i n t y o f s t e a m fl o w ,

+ )

= (

1 2

m e a s u re d s t e a m fl o w × ( s t e a m o u t l e t e n t h a l p y – w a t e r i n l e t e n t h a l p y )

C o rre c t e d s t e a m fl o w =

[ N o t e ( 1 ) ]

( a v e r a g e p r e d i c t e d s t e a m o u t l e t e n t h a l p y – w a t e r i n l e t e n t h a l p y )

NOTE: (1) Average predicted steam outlet enthalpy is a function of (T1 + T2 )/2 and outlet pressure.

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

56
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

5-5.4.3 Calculations. The gas pressure drop of the test is corrected by multiplying the measured pressure drop by the
ratio ofreference GTE flow divided by the test GTE flow squared. This product is multiplied by the atmospheric pressure of
the test divided by the reference atmospheric pressure. This product is multiplied by the test GTE molecular weight
divided by the reference gas molecular weight. The atmospheric pressure approximates the average gas pressure in the
HRSG.
DPCor = DPTest × ( WG Ref / WG Test) 2 × PATM Test / PATM Ref × MWG Test/MWG Ref
The DP Cor is calculated using the gas flows determined from the GT and HRSG heat balances. The corrected gas pressure
drop is determined by the weighting process described in subsection 5-5.

5-5.5 Steam-Side Pressure Drop

5-5.5.1 General. The steam- or water-side pressure drop usually is not a critical factor in the design of an HRSG. The
pressure drop is a function of the steam or water flow and the associated density and thus requires corrections for these
parameters. The density is a function of the temperatures and operating pressures through the HRSG. The most accurate
method to predict the pressure drop for the test conditions is to use a computer model or detailed manual calculation. This
is especially true for coil sections for superheating steam that can be impacted by desuperheater spray flow conditions.
Extractions or additions of flow can also have a significant impact. In the absence of these methods, the approach
described in 5-5.5.3 can be used. The assumption for this method is that the average steam or water temperatures
through the HRSG are the same as reference conditions.
A reheater would be synonymous with a superheater in the calculations of 5-5.5.3. The calculations of 5-5.5.3 are not
applicable to all situations; for example, a forced circulation evaporator or two-phase flow exiting economizers are special
cases that must use methods beyond the scope of this test Code.
5-5.5.2 Data Required. The following data are required for both the test and reference conditions:
(a) pressure drop in coil sections and piping for superheating steam, psig
(b) outlet pressure of sections for superheating steam, psig
(c) inlet pressure of sections for superheating steam, psig
(d) outlet temperature of superheater, °F
(e) inlet temperature of superheater, °F
(f) pressure drop in sections and piping for heating water, psig
(g) steam or water flow, lb/hr

5-5.5.3 Calculations
Step 1 . The average steam density is determined from IAPWS R7-97(2012) using the average of the superheater inlet
and outlet pressure and average ofthe superheater inlet and outlet temperature. The density must be determined for both
the test and reference conditions.
Step 2. The pressure drop in coils for superheated steam is proportional to the steam flow squared and inversely
proportional to the average steam density. The corrected pressure drop in the steam coils is equal to the measured
pressure drop multiplied by the ratio of reference flow divided by the measured flow squared, multiplied by the test
average density divided by the reference average density:
DPS Cor = DPS Test × ( WS Ref / WS Test) 2 × ( S Test / S Ref )
Step 3. The pressure drop in coils for heating water is proportional to the water flow squared. The corrected pressure
drop in the water coils is equal to the measured pressure drop multiplied by the ratio of reference flow divided by the
measured flow squared:
DPW Cor = DPW Test × ( WW Ref / WW Test) 2
Step 4. The total corrected pressure drop is the sum ofthe steam coils’ pressure drop and the water coils’ pressure drop.

57
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Section 6
Report of Results

The report should formally and clearly present the (a) a descrip tion o f the final tes t data reductio n
pretest agreements and the observed data, calculations, methods used and test data reduction
and results. The table of contents shall include the (b) the uncorrected test results, including calculations
following maj or sections and subsections as needed. to establish performance at the actual test conditions
The re p o rt s h o ul d i ncl ude p e rs o ns p re p ari ng and (c) the corrected test results, including calculations,
approving the report. factors, or methods used for correcting the actual test
results to the specified or guaranteed operating and
6-1 SECTION 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY performance conditions
(d) a post-test uncertainty analysis
The executive summary should consist of a single page (e) a check for test condition stability
noting the obj ectives, actual test results, corrected test (f) a discussion of the tests, results, and conclusions,
results, guarantee requirements, conclusions, uncertainty including test observations and descriptions of any differ-
of the test, and any deviations from the test procedure. It ences from the procedures and methods agreed to or
should also include a statement that the corrected test allowed by this Code, and the resolution of the differences
results are believed to be correct and that the post-
test uncertainty is within the agreed-upon allowance
for uncertainty.
6-5 SECTION 5: APPENDICES
The appendices should include the following:
6-2 SECTION 2: INTRODUCTION (a) the pretest agreement and any modifications to the
pretest agreement.
The introduction should consist of the following: (b) the pretest and post-test uncertainty analyses.
(a) a description ofthe HRSG, including nameplate data (c) the design and performance data that the test is to
of the HRSG and auxiliary equipment involved in the test verify.
(b) the objectives of the test, i.e., to verify guarantees or (d) any sketches or data required to describe and show
establish performance at specified conditions locations of any temporary testing equipment or instru-
(c) a description of the age, operating history, and ments used in the test.
condition of the HRSG, instrumentation, and auxiliary (e) flow element data sheets for those flow elements
equipment at the time of the test, including any items used during the tes t with tap s et identified. Thes e
that may affect the test results sheets should include the p hysical data of the flow
(d) date and time of day of the test, along with names, element such as pipe diameter, bore diameter, pipe
ti tl e s , a n d affi l i ati o n s o f th e p e rs o n n e l d i re cti n g, and element material specifications, and any calibration
conducting, witnessing, and determining results ofthe test reports for the element. This information shall be included
for all meters and elements for the test, both permanent
6-3 SECTION 3: TEST DATA and temporary.
The test data section should provide a summary of (f) the instrument calibration methods used and cali-
actual measurements and observations, a complete bration data for instrumentation used in the test with
des cri p ti o n o f date and ti me , and any me tho ds o f appropriate approval initials.
testing or measurement, including any differences from (g) the raw test data.
the pretest agreement prescribed by this Code. (h) any other supporting information required to make
the report a complete, self-contained document of the
entire undertaking.
6-4 SECTION 4: DATA REDUCTION,
CORRECTIONS, AND RESULTS
Data reduction, corrections, and results should include
the following:

58
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Section 7
Test Uncertainty

7-1 INTRODUCTION 7-3 PRETEST UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS

(a) Test uncertainty is an estimate of the limit of error A pretest uncertainty analysis is required as stated in
of a test result. It is the interval about a test result that para. 3-5.2.1 of this Code to allow corrective action to be
contains the true value with a given probability or level of taken before the test, either to decrease the uncertainty to
confidence. It is based on calculations utilizing probability a level consistent with the overall objective ofthe test or to
theory, instrumentation information, calculation proce- reduce the cost of the test while still attaining the objec-
dure, and actual test data. ASME PTC 4.4 requires that tive. An uncertainty analysis is also useful for determining
uncertainty be reported with a 95% level of confidence. the number of observations that will be required.
An uncertainty analysis provides numerical estimates
ofsystematic uncertainties, random uncertainties, and the 7-4 POST-TEST UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
combination of these into a total uncertainty with an
A post-test uncertainty analysis is required to deter-
approximate confidence level. Measurement uncertainty
mine the uncertainty intervals for the actual test. A
analysis is useful because it
post- test uncertainty analysis shall be conducted to
(1 ) identifies dominant sources of error, their effects
verify the assumptions made in the pretest uncertainty
on a test result, and estimates of their limits and uncer-
analysis. In particular, the data should be examined for
tainties
s u d d e n s h i fts a n d o u tl i e rs . T h e a s s u m p ti o n s fo r
(2) facilitates communication regarding measure-
random errors should be checked by determining the
ment results
degrees of freedom and the standard deviation of each
(3) facilitates the choice of appropriate and cost-
meas ureme nt. This analys i s s e rves to val idate the
effective measurement devices and procedures
quality of the test results or to expose problems.
(4) reduces the risk of making erroneous decisions
(5) demonstrates compliance with agreements
(b ) Thi s C o de addre s s e s te s t unce rtai nty i n the 7-5 INPUTS FOR AN UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
following four Sections: To perform an uncertainty analysis for an overall plant,
(1 ) Section 1 defines maximum allowable test uncer- test inputs are required to estimate the uncertainty ofeach
tainties above which the test is not acceptable for each of the required measurements and the sensitivity of each
type or configuration of power plant. The maximum of the required measurements on corrected results.
uncertainty presented in Section 1 is a limit and is not Guidance on estimating the uncertainty and calculating
a target in designing a test. the required sensitivity coefficients can be found in
(2) Section 3 defines the requirements for pretest ASME PTC 19.1.
and post-test uncertainty analyses and how they are The following is a sample list of some of the items that
used in the test. These uncertainty analyses and limits should be considered when developing a pre- and post-
of error are defined and discussed in para. 3-6.4.1. test uncertainty analysis:
(3) Section 4 describes the systematic uncertainty (a) calibration methodology
required for each test measurement. (b) linearity or nonlinearity of instruments
(4) S e cti o n 7 and N o n m and ato ry Ap p e nd i x D (c) spatial uncertainty
provide applicable guidance for calculating pretest and (d) method of calibration and corresponding regres-
post-test uncertainty. sion
(e) actual operating conditions for instrument versus
7-2 PRINCIPLES OF AN UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS designed use of instrument
(f) signal degradation, manipulation, compression, or
ASME PTC 19.1 is the Performance Test Code Supple-
dead band application before reading
ment that covers general procedures for calculation of test
u n c e r ta i n ty . A s a m p l e c a l c u l a ti o n i s s h o w n i n
Nonmandatory Appendix E.

59
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

7-6 WEIGHTED CAPACITY Bw = W1B1 + W2B 2

7-6.1 General Step 4. The weighted random uncertainty, Sw, is the

square root of the sum of the products of weighting
More than one determination of capacity value requires and random uncertainty for each value:
an averaging of the values. An example of this is the aver-
aging of the steam flow results from the GT heat balance Sw = W1S1 + W2S2
and the H RSG heat balance. The average must be a
weighted average as a function of the steam flow uncer- Step 5. The weighted capacity, Cw, is the sum of the
tainties. For more information, see ASME PTC 19.1 on Test products of weighting and capacity for each value:
Uncertainty. Cw = WC
1 1 + W2C2

7-6.2 Data Required Step 6. The weighted uncertainty, Uw, is two times the
square root of the sum of the random uncertainty squared
Th e fo l l o wi ng data are re qui re d to de te rmi ne a
and the systematic uncertainty divided by 2 squared:
weighted capacity using the results of a H RSG heat
balance and gas turbine heat balance with their respective Uw = 2 ( Bw /2) 2 + Sw 2
test uncertainties:
(a) capacity value 1, C1 Note that if the weighted uncertainty is greater than
(b) uncertainty 1, U1 either of the individual uncertainties, the lowest individ-
(c) systematic uncertainty 1, B1 ual uncertainty is the overall test uncertainty and the
(d) random uncertainty 1, S1 overall capacity is the capacity of the lowest uncertainty
(e) capacity value 2, C2 test. As an alternative, a combined uncertainty calculation
(f) uncertainty 2, U2 for simultaneous tests for both heat balance methods can
(g) systematic uncertainty 2, B2 be determined.
(h) random uncertainty 2, S2
7-7 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
7-6.3 Calculations
Users of this Code should be aware of the following
Step 1. The weighting, W, for value 1 is uncertainty 2 factors when preparing results of a test:
squared divided by the sum of uncertainty 1 squared and (a) A separate uncertainty analysis that focuses on the
uncertainty 2 squared: determination of the exhaust gas flow is required. It is this

W = U U+ U specific analysis that is used in the determination of the

2
2
1 2 2 uncertainty weighted average exhaust flow. This specific
1 2 analysis is not to be considered the overall test uncer-
tainty.
Step 2. The weighting for value 2 is uncertainty 1
squared divided by the sum of uncertainty 1 squared
(b) With the increased use of correction software
provided by the original equipment manufacturer, its
and uncertainty 2 squared:
imp act o n uncertainty mus t b e co ns idered. This is
W2 = U 2U+1 U 2
2
d o n e b y c o n d u c ti n g a s e n s i ti vi ty a n a l ys i s o n th e
program inputs and then incorporating them into the
1 2
o ve ral l te s t u n ce rtai n ty. S e e N o n m an d ato ry
Step 3. The weighted systematic uncertainty, Bw, is the Appendix D for additional information.
square root of the sum of the products of weighting and
systematic uncertainty for each value:

60
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
BYPASS DAMPER LEAKAGE

A-1 GENERAL region ahead of first heating surface, is best to capture

the effects of seal air in-leakage.
Bypass dampers have been used in the power industry
as a means to isolate, modulate, and divert gas flows. In GT
combined cycle applications, dampers have been used to
A-3 LEAKAGE RATE
isolate the bypass stack during combined cycle operation The exact amount of leakage experienced for a damper
and to isolate the exhaust ductwork to the HRSG during with and without a seal air system is hard to determine.
simple cycle operation. This app lication locates the Manufacturers may quote a leakage rate for a new damper
damper in the GTE duct, where the damper is subjected without seal air system and this leakage may increase with
to high exhaust gas temperatures and high mass flow thermal cycling. The new damper with seal air system may
rates. Unless the damper is periodically maintained have zero leakage out at initial operation but will have a
and exposed to uniform temperatures, the potential for slight leakage after being subjected to thermal cycling.
seal damage and frame and blade deformation exists. For a damper without seal air system, leakage means
exfiltration of exhaust gas that results in reduced exhaust
A-2 DAMPER LEAKAGE gas flow through the HRSG. For a damper with seal air
s ys te m, l eakage me ans i nfi l trati o n o f s eal air that
The GTs are brought on- and offline frequently, thereby
results in reduced exhaust gas temperature entering
exposing the damper to a wide range of exhaust gas
the HRSG. For both cases, the damper installation influ-
temperatures. This thermal cycling can cause deforma-
ences the results of performance testing. The user shall
tions to the damper frame and blades/disc, causing the
re vi e w wi th th e b yp a s s d a m p e r m a n u fa c tu re r to
damper to leak. The damper industry can provide a
resolve all issues associated with the leakage rate.
seal air system that pressurizes a cavity around the
If the system has seal air, it is balanced such that the seal
point of contact between the frame and blade/disc.
air pressure is slightly higher than the GTE pressure. This
This s eal ai r is maintained at p res s ures ab o ve the
results in air infiltration that has a negligible impact on
exhaust gas from the GT and causes infiltration of seal
HRSG performance. If the system has no seal air, the
air rather than exfiltration of exhaust gases. Measuring
committee personnel are not aware of a reliable accurate
the flue gas temperature grid as far downstream from
method to determine the exhaust gas leakage.
b yp as s damp e r as p o s s i b l e , i n the l o we s t ve l o ci ty

61
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B
FUEL SENSIBLE HEAT

B-1 INTRODUCTION Q FS
= Cp × ( T 60)
= [0.41 7 + 0.000484 × ( T + 60) / 2 ] × (T 60)
The sensible heat of a fuel has a minor impact on an
H RS G p e rfo rm a n ce te s t; th e re fo re , th i s C o d e h a s This reduces to the equation
adopted a modified procedure for calculating the fuel
sensible heat. A more rigorous determination is required QFS = T2/4,1 32 + 0.41 7T 25.9 (Btu/lb) (B-2-1)

for fuel gas that deviates significantly from U.S. pipeline

natural gas. A simplified approximation has been derived An alternate method is described in Steam: Its Genera-
to quantify and adjust the net fuel heat input for the given tion and Use (1992, pp. 9–18). This equation requires that
fuel temperature from the reference temperature of 60°F. the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of the fuel
These derived equations should be adequate for most fuel be known, which is the reason this method is not recom-
oil and natural gas streams in which the components are mended.
almost entirely hydrocarbons. A gas stream with even a QFS = 30.01 6 0.1 1 426API + 0.373 T
few percent hydrogen can have different results.
+ 1 .43e
Ä
3
T
(API) ( )
ÉÑ
(B-2-2)

B-2 FUEL OIL +

ÅÅ
ÅÅ (2.1 84e 4
ÅÇ
+ 7e 7
(API)( T ) ÑÑÑ
ÑÖ

The specific heat for fuel oil is taken from Perry and
Green (1997), eq. 9-12. The specific heat, Cp , is evaluated The following table sho ws the results o f the two
at the average temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, TAVG , methods:
and divided by the fuel specific gravity. The specific gravity
Equation API gravity h , Btu/lb, at 200°F
is assumed to be 0.8654, typical for No. 2 fuel oil. Specific
(B-2-1) … 55.4
gravities for No. 1 and No. 6 fuel oil are 0.8251 and 0.9861,
(B-2-2)
respectively. This results in sensible heat errors of +2.3%
and −6.3%. For No. 2 fuel oil 33 59.9
For No. 6 fuel oil 12.6 55.8
0.388 + 0.00045 × TAVG
Cp = (Btu/lb ° F)
SG
The sensible heat, QFS , of the fuel oil is calculated by
multiplying the specific heat by the difference of the
fuel temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and the reference
temperature of 60°F.

62
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C
HRSG HEAT LOSS

C-1 HRSG HEAT LOSS where

C = constant
Insulated casing heat loss does not vary much with
Cp = gas specific heat, Btu/lb·°F
ambient conditions. The insulated casing heat flux can
VIS = gas viscosity, lb/ft·hr
b e e s ti m a te d b y th e c a s i n g d e s i g n c o n d i t i o n s .
W= gas flow, lb/hr
Paragraph C-2 is an example of the variation that can
be expected.
A GT exhaust is assumed as follows:

C-2 INSULATED CASING DESIGN CRITERIA Element GT Exhaust, %

Nitrogen 75.6
(a) For 140°F casing temperature with 80°F ambient
Oxygen 13.5
temperature and no wind
Carbon dioxide 3.5
calculated heat flux = q = 1 1 0.6 Btu/hr-ft2 Water 6.5
Argon 0.9
Ifthe ambient conditions change to 30°F ambient and no
wind and the heat flux is recalculated
Table C-2-1 shows the physical properties determined
q = 1 1 4.7 Btu/hr-ft
2
for this composition. A linear correlation of the physical
property portion of eq. (C-1-2) is developed:
(b) For 30°F ambient and 10-mph wind correlation of property function = 0.1 506 + T /1 3,520 (C-1-3)
q = 1 1 8.0 Btu/hr-ft
2

0.8
Insulated casing heat loss can be approximated by hi = C W1 .8 (0.1 506 + T / 1 3,520) (C-1-4)

multiplying the insulated casing design heat flux by the d

square footage of casing. where T = gas temperature, °F.
The heat loss from uninsulated casing and stacks has to The correlation constant for eq. (C-1-4) is
be calculated considering gas heat transfer to the wall and
heat transfer from the wall to ambient temperature. The C = 12 × 0.023 × (12 × 4/3.14159) 0.8 = 2.444 (C-1-5)

inside casing heat transfer rate is assumed to be that calcu-

lated by the Dittus–Boelter equation (Dittus and Boelter, The resulting equation for the heat transfer to the unin-
1930) for turbulent heat transfer in a cylinder: sulated casing is
0.8 i
( h i d) /(1 2 k) = 0.23 Re
0.8
Pr
0.4 (C-1-1)
hi = W j
jj 0.368 + T yz
zz (C-1-6)
1.8 j 5,530 z{
d k
where
d = stack diameter, in. The heat transfer from the casing to ambient is defined
hi = heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr·ft2 ·°F by two equations:
k = gas thermal conductivity, Btu/hr·ft·°F
Re = Reynolds number
q
c
= 0.296 × ( TC TA)1 .25
Pr = Prandtl number × [ ( V × 5,280/60 + 68.9) /68.9 ] 0.5
Equation (C-1-1) can be reduced to the following equa-
tion: qr = 0.1714 × 0.8 × { [( TC + 460) /100] 4
W
0.8 Cp
0.4 k0.6 [ ( TA + 460) /100 ]
4
}
hi = C 1.8 (C-1-2)
d VIS0.4

63
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table C-2-1
Physical Properties of Example Gas Composition

k, Cp 0.4k 0.6
Temp, °F Cp, Btu/lb·°F VIS, lb/ft·hr btu/hr·ft·°F
VIS 0.4 CORR [Note (1)] % Error
100 0.2440 0.0453 0.0148 0.15656 0.1580 0.89
200 0.2485 0.0506 0.0174 016626 0.1654 −0.54
300 0.2524 0.0557 0.0198 0.17398 0.1728 −0.69
400 0.2560 0.0607 0.0221 0.18057 0.1802 −0.22
500 0.2594 0.0655 0.0243 0.18640 0.1876 0.64

NOTE: (1) CORR is a calculated value of Cp k /VIS using the linear correlation, eq. (C-1-3).
0.4 0.6

qTOT = hi × (T TC ) = qc + qr
where
qc = convective heat flux, Btu/hr·ft2 where
qr = radiant heat flux, Btu/hr·ft2 q TOT = total heat flux, Btu/hr ft2
TA = ambient temperature, °F T = gas temperature, °F
TC = casing temperature, °F Tc = casing or stack metal temperature, °F
V= wind speed, miles/hr
The total heat flux can be solved by iteration. The heat
The heat flux from the gas to the casing equals the flux loss is the total heat flux multiplied by the uninsulated
from the casing to ambient: casing surface area.

64
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D
UNCERTAINTY SAMPLE CALCULATION

D-1 INTRODUCTION mended in Table 4-4.2-1 are used in the development

of the systematic uncertainty.
This Appendix provides the basic calculation steps for
Example 2 is a sample determination of the predicted
conducting HRSG-related uncertainty calculations. The
HP steam flow sensitivities (Figure D-4-1) and uncertainty
following are discussed in this Appendix:
(Figure D-4-2 ) by the H RSG energy balance method.
(a) basics of an uncertainty analysis
Example 3 is a sample determination of the predicted
(b) example 1, determination of measured HP steam
HP steam flow sensitivities (Figure D-5-1) and uncertainty
flow uncertainty
(Figure D-5-2) by the GT energy balance method.
(c) example 2, determination of predicted HP steam
A computer performance model is typically used to
flow uncertainty for the HRSG heat balance method
predict the steam flow in the HRSG from the calculated
(d) example 3, determination of predicted HP steam
exhaust flow and o ther test co nditions. An exhaust
flow uncertainty for the gas turbine heat balance method
flow is determined by either the HRSG heat balance (calcu-
(e) example 4, determination of predicted HP steam
lations of Section 5) or by the GT heat balance (ASME
flow uncertainty using uncertainty weighted averaging
PTC-22).
To determine steam flow sensitivity to various input
D-2 BASICS OF AN UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS data associated with the heat balance, a perturbation
An uncertainty analysis is conducted to determine the method must be used to calculate a new exhaust flow.
impact a series of measurements has on a final outcome; The new exhaust flow is then used in the performance
e.g., determination of HRSG steam flow or calculation of model to predict a new steam flow. This is in addition
GTE flow. Refer to ASME PTC 19.1 for further information to the sensitivity determination of other test data on
and details regarding uncertainty. the steam flow. This process applies to each pressure
The elements of an uncertainty analysis are as follows: level of steam produced.
(a) Systematic Uncertainty. A function of instrumenta- Example 4 is the steam flow determined by each of the
tion and the methods of measurement, systematic uncer- two heat balance methods combined by uncertainty
tainty is a value that quantifies the dispersion o f a weighting (Table D-6-1 ) to define the final predicted
systematic error associated with the mean. Simply put, steam flow for the test conditions. The calculation also
systematic uncertainty is a portion of the total uncertainty determines the combined weighted uncertainty for the
that remains constant in repeated measurements of the steam flow. The calculations for the weighting are as
true value throughout a test process. follows:
(b ) Ra n do m Un certa in ty . A fu ncti o n o f th e d ata Step 1 . The weighting for value 1, W1 , is determined by
collected, random uncertainty is a value that quantifies the following equation:

W = U U+ U
the dispersion of a sample mean. Simply put, random 2
2
uncertainty is a portion of the total uncertainty that 1 2 2
varies randomly in repeated measurements of the true 1 2

value throughout a test process.

Step 2. The weighting for value 2, W2 , is determined by
(c) Sen sitivity . A function of each of the required
the following equation:
measurements on corrected results, sensitivity is the

W2 = U 2U+1 U 2
rate of change in a result due to a change in a variable 2
evaluated at a desired test operating point. Simply put,
1 2
sensitivity is the impact a small change in a measured
value has on the final calculated outcome. Step 3. The weighted systematic uncertainty, Bw, is
Example 1 is a feedwater flow uncertainty analysis determined by the following equation:
co mp ri s i n g a s e ns i ti vi ty cal cul ati o n tab l e
(Figure D -3 -1 ) and an uncertainty calculation table Bw = ( W1 B1 )
2
+ ( W2B 2 ) 2
(Figure D-3-2). This is a simple example of a typical uncer-
tainty analysis. Note that instrument accuracies recom-

65
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Step 4. The weighted random uncertainty, Sw, is deter- overall capacity is the capacity of the lowest uncertainty
mined by the following equation: test. As an alternative, a combined uncertainty calculation
for simultaneous tests for both heat balance methods can
Sw = ( W1S1)
2
+ ( W2S2 )
2
be determined.
Step 5. The weighted capacity, Cw, is determined by the D-3 EXAMPLE 1: FEEDWATER FLOW
following equation:
UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
Cw = WC 1 1 + W2C2
See Figures D-3-1 and D-3-2.
Step 6. The weighted uncertainty, Uw, is determined by
the following equation: D-4 EXAMPLE 2: PREDICTED HP STEAM FLOW
Uw = 2 ( Bw /2) 2 + Sw 2 SENSITIVITIES AND UNCERTAINTY BY THE
HRSG ENERGY BALANCE METHOD
where See Figures D-4-1 and D-4-2.
B1 = systematic uncertainty 1
B2 = systematic uncertainty 2 D-5 EXAMPLE 3: PREDICTED HP STEAM FLOW
C1 = capacity value 1 SENSITIVITIES AND UNCERTAINTY BY THE GT
C2 = capacity value 2 ENERGY BALANCE METHOD
S1 = random uncertainty 1
S2 = random uncertainty 2 See Figures D-5-1 and D-5-2.
U1 = uncertainty 1
U2 = uncertainty 2 D-6 EXAMPLE 4: HP STEAM FLOW UNCERTAINTY
BY WEIGHTED AVERAGE
Note that if the weighted uncertainty is greater than
either of the individual uncertainties, the lowest individ- See Table D-6-1.
ual uncertainty is the overall test uncertainty, and the

66
 Figure D-3-1
Sensitivity Calculation Table for the Measured HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example

Input Input Corrected Corrected Sensitivity Sensitivity Average Average Average

Measurement Input Perturbed Value Value Corrected Value Value A B Sensitivity Sensitivity Sensitivity
Measured Parameter Class Value Value A B Value A B Relative Relative Relative Absolute (%/Abs)
HP drum temperature Class 2 530.0954 5.300954 535.3964 524.7945 1 33032.9 1 33032.9 1 33033.1 −3.1 E−05 −8.3E−05 −5.7E−05 −0.01 434 −1 .1 E−07
HP drum pressure Class 2 900.09 9.0009 909.0909 891 .0891 1 33032.9 1 33033 1 33032.9 1 .51 E−06 1 .51 E−06 1 .51 E−06 0.000223 1 .67 E−09
HP drum level — Start Class 1 −24.3068 −0.24307 −24.5498 −24.0637 1 33032.9 1 331 64.5 1 32901 .4 0.09889 0.09889 0.09889 −541 .232 −0.00407
HP drum level — End Class 1 −24.2785 −0.24278 −24.521 3 −24.0357 1 33032.9 1 32901 .5 1 331 64.4 −0.09877 −0.09877 −0.09877 541 .2321 0.004068
Change in HP drum level equivalent flow Class 2 1 5.30479 0.1 53048 1 5.45784 1 5.1 51 75 1 33032.9 1 33033.1 1 33032.8 0.0001 1 5 0.0001 1 5 0.0001 1 5 1 7.52 E−06
Barometric pressure Secondary 1 4.296 0.1 4296 1 4.43896 1 4.1 5304 1 33032.9 1 33032.9 1 33032.9 0 0 0 0 0
Feedwater flow pressure Class 2 939.4594 9.394594 948.854 930.0648 1 33032.9 1 33035.5 1 33030.4 0.001 893 0.001 894 0.001 894 0.2681 32 2.02E−06
HP feedwater flow temperature Class 1 292.1 856 2.921 856 295.1 074 289.2637 1 33032.9 1 32935.3 1 331 29.8 −0.07342 −0.07277 −0.0731 −33.281 3 −0.00025
HP feedwater flow differential pressure Class 1 67.4361 7 0.000659 67.45725 67.41 51 1 33032.9 1 33053.7 1 3301 2.2 0.499931 0.500009 0.49997 986.3022 0.00741 4
Calibrated leading discharge coefficient Class 1 1 .002387 0.01 0024 1 .01 241 1 0.992363 1 33032.9 1 34374.8 1 31 691 .1 1 .008679 1 .008658 1 .008668 1 33866.6 1 .006266

GENERAL NOTE: See Section 5 calculations for applicable units of measure.

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

67
 Figure D-3-2
Calculation Table for the Measured HP Steam Flow Post-Test Uncertainty Example
Measurement Uncertainty Budget Uncertainty of Test Results
Test Value Systematic Random Total HP Steam Flow 1 33,032.9
Standard
Instrument Method Overall Deviation Total Sensitivity Systematic Random Total
Systematic Systematic Systematic of the Student’s t, Random Measurement (Absolute Uncertainty Uncertainty Uncertainty
Uncertainty, Uncertainty, Uncertainty, Mean, t95,v Uncertainty, Uncertainty, Basis), of Result, of Result, of Result,
Measured Parameter Mean, X Symbol Binst Bmethod U95,SYS sX U95,RAND U95,TOT θ UR, SYS UR, RAND UR
HP drum temperature 530.0954 T 1 .0000 0.0000 1 .0000 0.041 4 2.0003 0.0828 1 .0034 −1 .434 E−02 0.0 0.0 0.0
HP drum pressure 900.0900 P 0.9001 0.0000 0.9001 2.2000 2.0003 4.4007 4.491 8 2.226 E−04 0.0 0.0 0.0
HP drum level — Start −24.3068 z1 0.0750 0.2669 0.2773 0.0089 4.3027 0.0381 0.2799 −5.41 2 E+02 −1 50.1 −20.6 1 51 .5
HP drum level — End −24.2785 z2 0.0750 0.2669 0.2773 0.0089 4.3027 0.0381 0.2799 5.41 2 E+02 1 50.1 20.6 1 51 .5
Change in HP drum level equivalent flow 1 5.30 ∆z 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 .000 E+00 0.0 0.0 0.0
Barometric pressure 1 4.296 P 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.002 2.0003 0.004 0.005 0.000 E+00 0.0 0.0 0.0
HP feedwater flow pressure 939.46 P 2.27 0.00 2.27 0.27 2.0003 0.54 2.33 2.681 E−01 0.6 0.1 0.6
HP feedwater flow temperature 292.1 9 T 1 .00 0.00 1 .00 0.04 2.0003 0.08 1 .00 −3.328 E+01 −33.3 −2.5 33.4
HP feedwater flow differential pressure 67.44 dP 0.23 0.00 0.23 0.06 2.0003 0.1 2 0.26 9.863 E+02 221 .9 1 1 8.5 251 .6
Calibrated leading disharge coefficient 1 .002 Cx 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.003 1 .339 E+05 446.9 0.0 446.9

Root sum of 543.2 1 22.1

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

squares
556.8
HP Steam Flow Uncertainty
(HP Feedwater Flow
68

+ Drum Level Change) 0.41 9%

GENERAL NOTE: See Section 5 calculations for applicable units of measure.

 Figure D-4-1
Sensitivity Calculation Table for the Predicted HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example — HRSG Energy Balance Method

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D: EXAMPLE 2 SENSITIVITY WORKSHEET

Project: ASME PTC 4.4 Date:
Predicted HP Steam Flow by HRSG Heat Balance
Test: 3 Pressure HRSG Engineer:

Percent Change for Sensitivity: 1 .00 and New Parameter

New Exhaust Flow Absolute Relative
Average Incremental New Value of With New Steam Flow at Sensitivity Sensitivity
Line No. Measured Parameter Value Change Parameter New Parameter New Exhaust Flow Coefficient Coefficient
1 Ambient dry-bulb temperature 70 0.7 70.7 3433091 433024 77.1 429 0.01 25
2 Wet-bulb temperature 64.5 0.65 65.1 5 3431 259 432794 −270.7692 −0.0403
3 Ambient pressure 1 4.3 0.1 4 1 4.44 3433004 4331 04 957.1 429 0.031 6
4 GT fuel flow 76831 768 77599 3430925 432756 −0.2786 −0.0494
5 GT steam injection flow 92208 922 931 30 3431 776 432859 −0.1 204 −0.0256
6 GT exhaust temperature 1 1 23 11 1 1 34 33801 79 431 459 −1 37.3636 −0.3563
7 HRSG stack temperature 31 9 3.2 322.2 3446600 434708 543.1 250 0.4002
8 HRSG heat loss 2274000 22700 2296700 3432727 432979 0.0004 0.0021
9 HP steam flow 432970 −4330 428640 34071 53 429549 0.7901 0.7901

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

10 HP feedwater temperature 31 3 3.1 31 6.1 34261 43 4321 58 −261 .9355 −0.1 894
11 HP steam temperature 1 002 −1 0 992 3420208 43391 1 −94.1 000 −0.21 78
12 HP steam pressure 1 362 1 3.7 1 375.7 3431 726 432604 −26.71 53 −0.0840
69

13 Cold reheat flow 428000 −4280 423720 3428444 432398 0.1 336 0.1 321
14 Cold reheat temperature 626 6.3 632.3 342551 2 432722 −39.3651 −0.0569
15 Hot reheat pressure 260 2.6 262.6 3432460 432945 −9.61 54 −0.0058
16 Hot reheat temperature 1 005 −1 0 995 3421 600 426729 624.1 000 1 .4486
17 IP feedwater temperature 306 3.1 309.1 3430258 43261 2 −1 1 5.4839 −0.081 6
18 IP feedwater extract flow 781 60 782 78942 3432898 432955 −0.01 92 −0.0035
19 IP feedwater extract temperature 377 3.8 380.8 34341 53 4331 68 52.1 053 0.0454
20 IP steam flow 73760 738 74498 3436348 433364 0.5339 0.091 0
21 IP steam temperature 604 6 61 0 3433804 433090 20.0000 0.0279
22 IP steam pressure 301 3 304 3432535 432950 −6.6667 −0.0046
23 LP steam flow 56850 567 5741 7 3435750 433293 0.5697 0.0748
24 LP steam temperature 605 6 61 1 3433428 4331 06 22.6667 0.031 7
25 LP steam pressure 38 0.4 38.4 3432609 432922 −1 20.0000 −0.01 05
26 LP feedwater temperature 230 2.3 232.3 3432001 432888 −35.6522 −0.01 89

Base Value of Result 432970

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The percent change is the amount the average value is changed to obtain a new value of parameter.
(b) The new value of parameter is used as an input for the computer simulation.
(c) See Section 5 calculations for applicable units of measure.
 Figure D-4-2
Calculation Table for the Predicted HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example — HRSG Energy Balance Method
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D: EXAMPLE 2 UNCERTAINTY WORKSHEET
Project: ASME PTC 4.4 Date:
Predicted HP Steam Fl ow Uncertainty from H RSG Heat Balance
Test: 3 Pressure HRSG Engineer:

Random Component Systema!c Component

(Absolute
Sensi!vity
Absolute × Sample Absolute
Sensi!vity Devia!on Sensi!vity
Sample Absolute × Sample of Average) 4/ Systema!c × Systema!c Systema!c
Line Average Sample Number of Devia!on of Degrees of Sensi!vity Devia!on Degrees Uncertainty for Uncertainty for Uncertainty,
No. Measured Parameter Value Devia!on Samples Average Freedom Coefficient of Average of Freedom Parameter Parameter %
1 Ambient dry-bul b 70 1.10 12 0.32 11 77.1429 24.50 3.27 E+04 1.000 77.14 0
temperature
2 Wet-bulb tem perature 64.5 1.10 12 0.32 11 −270.7692 −85.98 4.97 E+06 1.000 −270.77 1
3 Ambient pressure 14.3 0.043 12 0.01 11 957.1429 11.85 1.79 E+03 0.036 34.22 0
4 GT fuel flow 76831 461 30 84.16 29 −0.2786 −23.45 1.04 E+04 384.155 −107.04 0
5 GT steam injec#on flow 92208 553 30 101.01 29 −0.1204 −12.16 7.54 E+02 922.08 −111.01 0

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

6 GT exhaust temperature 1123.0 2.90 30 0.53 29 −137.3636 −72.73 9.65 E+05 9 −1236.27 14
7 HRSG stack temperature 319.0 2.90 30.00 0.53 29 543.1250 287.57 2.36 E+08 2.5 1357.81 17
8 HRSG heat loss 2274000 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.0004 0.00 2.47 E−46 1137000 450.79 2
9 HP steam flow 432970 3896.73 30 711.44 29 0.2099 149.33 1.71 E+07 2164.85 454.40 2
70

10 HP feedwater temperature 313 2.90 30 0.53 29 −261.9355 −138.69 1.28 E+07 2 −523.87 2
11 HP steam temperature 1002 2.90 30 0.53 29 −94.1000 −49.82 2.12 E+05 4.008 −377.15 1
12 HP steam pressure 1362 2.9 30 0.53 29 −26.7153 −14.1448 1.38 E+03 5.448 −145.55 0
13 Cold reheat flow 428000 3852.00 30 703.28 29 0.1336 93.99 2.69 E+06 2568 343.20 1
14 Cold reheat temperature 626 2.90 30 0.53 29 −39.3651 −20.8424 6.51 E+03 2.504 −98.57 0
15 Hot reheat pressure 260.0 2.90 30 0.53 29 −9.6154 −5.09 2.32 E+01 1.04 −10.00 0
16 Hot reheat temperature 1005.0 2.90 30 0.53 29 624.1000 330.44 4.11 E+08 4.02 2508.88 57
17 IP feedwater temperature 306.0 2.90 30 0.53 29 −115.4839 −61.14 4.82 E+05 2 −230.97 0
18 IP feedwater extract flow 78160 703 30 128.43 29 −0.0192 −2.46 1.27 E+00 781.600 −14.99 0
19 IP feedwater extract 377 2.90 30 0.53 29 52.1053 27.59 2.00 E+04 2.000 104.21 0
temperature
20 IP steam flow 73760 664 30 121.20 29 0.5339 64.71 6.04 E+05 737.600 393.79 1
21 IP steam temperature 604 2.90 30 0.53 29 20.0000 10.59 4.34 E+02 2.416 48.32 0
22 IP steam pressure 301 2.90 30 0.53 29 −6.6667 −3.53 5.35 E+00 1.204 −8.03 0
23 LP steam flow 56850 512 30 93.41 29 0.5697 53.21 2.77 E+05 568.500 323.85 1
24 LP steam temperature 605 2.90 30 0.53 29 22.6667 12.00 7.15 E+02 2.420 54.85 0
25 LP steam pressure 38 2.90 30 0.53 29 −120.0000 −63.54 5.62 E+05 0.152 −18.24 0
26 LP feedwater temperature 230 2.90 30 0.53 29 −35.6522 −18.88 4.38 E+03 2.000 −71.30 0
 Figure D-4-2
Calculation Table for the Predicted HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example — HRSG Energy Balance Method (Cont’ d)
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D: EXAMPLE 2 UNCERTAINTY WORKSHEET (Cont’d)

Predicted H P Steam Fl ow Uncertainty from HRSG Heat Balance (Cont’d)

Base Value of Result 432970

Random U ncertainty of Result 525 Systema!c Uncertainty of Result 95% Confidence Level 3329
Degrees of Freedom for Random Uncertainty of Result 110.53
Student t Value 2.000
Total Uncertainty ±3491
Uncertainty Percent ±0.81%

GENERAL NOTE: See Section 5 calculations for applicable units of measure.

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

71
 Figure D-5-1
Sensitivity Calculation Table for the Predicted HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example — GT Energy Balance Method

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D: EXAMPLE 2 SENSITIVITY WORKSHEET

Project: ASME PTC 4.4 Date:
Predicted HP Steam Flow by Gas Turbine Heat Balance
Test: 3 Pressure HRSG Engineer:

Percent Change for Sensi!vity: 1.00 and New Parameter

New Exhaust Flow
Line New Value of With New Steam Flow at Absolute Sensi!vity Rela!ve Sensi!vity
No. Measured Parameter Average Value Incremental Change Parameter New Parameter New Exhaust Flow Coefficient Coefficient
1 Ambient dry-bulb temperature 70.0 0.70 70.7 3433084.0 432978 11.4286 0.0018
2 Wet-bulb temperature 64.5 0.65 65.2 3431382.0 432810 −246.1538 −0.0367
3 Ambient pressure 14.3 0.14 14.44 3432998.0 433012 300.0000 0.0099
4 GT Comp inlet temperature 70.0 0.70 70.7 3434812.0 433241 387.1429 0.0626
5 GT fuel flow 76831.0 768.00 77599.0 3490259.0 440147 9.3451 1.6583
6 GT fuel temperature 259.0 2.60 261.6 3433065.0 433020 19.2308 0.0115
7 GT fuel LHV 20534.0 205.00 20739.0 3491391.0 440288 35.6976 1.6930
8 GT steam inec#on flow 92208.0 922.00 93130.0 3432513.0 432953 −0.0184 −0.0039
9 GT steam injec#on temperature 547.0 5.50 552.5 3433701.0 433101 23.8182 0.0301

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

10 GT steam injec#on pressure 282.0 2.80 284.8 3432524.0 432954 −5.7143 −0.0037
11 GT megawa$ output 172.5 1.70 174.2 3410932.0 430260 −1594.1176 −0.6351
12 GT heat loss 33000000.0 330000.00 33330000.0 3431382.0 432810 −0.0005 −0.0370
72

13 GT exhaust temperature 1123.0 11.00 1134.0 3391952.0 432913 −5.1818 −0.0134

14 HP steam flow 432970.0 −4330.00 428640.0 3432616.0 428640 1.0000 1.0000
15 HP feedwater temperature 313.0 3.10 316.1 3432616.0 432965 −1.6129 −0.0012
16 HP steam temperature 1002.0 −10.00 992.0 3432616.0 435636 −266.6000 −0.6170
17 HP steam pressure 1362.0 13.70 1375.7 3432616.0 432692 −20.2920 −0.0638
18 Cold reheat flow 428000.0 −4280.00 423720.0 3432616.0 432920 0.0117 0.0115
19 Cold reheat temperature 626.0 6.30 632.3 3432616.0 433608 101.2698 0.1464
20 Hot reheat pressure 260.0 2.60 262.6 3432616.0 432964 −2.3077 −0.0014
21 Hot reheat temperature 1005.0 −10.00 995.0 3432616.0 428100 487.0000 1.1304
22 IP feedwater temperature 306.0 3.10 309.1 3432616.0 432956 −4.5161 −0.0032
23 IP feedwater extract flow 78160.0 782.00 78942.0 3432616.0 432975 0.0064 0.0012
24 IP feedwater extract temperature 377.0 3.80 380.8 3432616.0 432975 1.3158 0.0011
25 IP steam flow 73760.0 738.00 74498.0 3432616.0 432902 −0.0921 −0.0157
26 IP steam temperature 604.0 6.00 610.0 3432616.0 432939 −5.1667 −0.0072
 Figure D-5-1
Sensitivity Calculation Table for the Predicted HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example — GT Energy Balance Method (Cont’ d)

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D: EXAMPLE 2 SENSITIVITY WORKSHEET (Cont’d)

Predicted HP Steam Fl ow by Gas Turbine Heat Balance (Cont’d)

Percent Change for Sensi!vity: 1.00 and New Parameter

New Exhaust Flow
Line New Value of With New Steam Flow at Absolute Sensi!vity Rela!ve Sensi!vity
No. Measured Parameter Average Value Incremental Change Parameter New Parameter New Exhaust Flow Coefficient Coefficient
27 IP steam pressure 301.0 3.00 304.0 3432616.0 432958 −4.0000 −0.0028
28 LP steam flow 56850.0 567.00 57417.0 3432616.0 432936 −0.0600 −0.0079
29 LP steam temperature 605.0 6.00 611.0 3432616.0 432958 −2.0000 −0.0028
30 LP steam pressure 38.0 0.40 38.4 3432616.0 432964 −15.0000 −0.0013
31 LP feedwater temperature 230.0 2.30 232.3 3432616.0 432965 −2.1739 −0.0012

Base Value of Result 432970

GENERAL NOTES:

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

(a) The percent change is the amount the average value is changed to obtain a new value of parameter.
(b) The new value of parameter is used as an input for the computer simulation.
(c) See Section 5 calculations for applicable units of measure.
73
 Figure D-5-2
Calculation Table for the Predicted HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example — GT Energy Balance Method

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D: EXAMPLE 2 UNCERTAINTY WORKSHEET

Predicted HP Steam Fl ow by Gas Turbine Heat Balance
Project: PTC 4.4 Date:

Test: 3 Pressure HRSG Engineer:

Random Component Systema!c Component

(Absolute
Absolute Sensi!vity Absolute
Sensi!vity × Sample Devia!on Sensi!vity
Sample Absolute × Sample of Average) 4/ Systema!c × Systema!c Systema!c
Line Average Sample Number of Devia!on of Degrees of Sensi!vity Devia!on of Degrees Uncertainty for Uncertainty for Uncertainty,
No. Measured Parameter Value Devia!on Samples Average Freedom Coefficient Average of Freedom Parameter Parameter %
1 Ambient dry-bul b 70.00 1.10 12 0.32 11.00 11.43 3.63 1.58 E+01 1.000 11.43 0
temperature
2 Wet-bulb temperature 64.50 1.10 12 0.32 11.00 −246.15 −78.16 3.39 E+06 1.000 −246.15 0
3 Ambient pressure 14.30 0.0429 12 0.01 11.00 300.00 3.72 1.73 E+01 0.036 10.73 0
4 GT inlet temperature 70.00 1.10 12 0.32 11.00 387.14 122.93 2.08 E+07 1 387.14 0
5 GT fuel flow 76831.00 460.99 30 84.16 29.00 9.35 786.52 1.32 E+10 384.155 3589.95 26

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

6 GT fuel temperature 259.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 19.23 10.18 3.71 E+02 4 76.92 0
7 GT fuel LHV 20534.00 30. 00 3 17.32 2.00 35.70 618.30 7.31 E+10 82.136 2932.05 18
8 GT steam injec#on flow 92208.00 553.25 30 101.01 29.00 −0.02 −1.86 4.15 E−01 922.08 −17.00 0
74

9 GT steam injec#on 547.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 23.82 12.61 8.72 E+02 5 119.09 0
temperature
10 GT steam injec#on 282.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −5.71 −3.03 2.89 E+00 2.82 −16.11 0
pressure
11 GT megawa$ output 172.50 1.04 30 0.19 29.00 −1594.12 −301.23 2.84 E+08 0.69 −1099.94 2
12 GT heat loss 33000000 0. 00 30 0.00 29.00 −0.0005 0.0000 2.12 E−50 8250000 −4000.00 33
13 GT exhaust temperature 1123.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −5.18 −2.74 1.95 E+00 11 −57.00 0
14 HP steam flow 432970.00 3896.73 30 711.44 29.00 1.00 711.44 8.83 E+09 2164.85 2164.85 10
15 HP feedwater temperature 313.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −1.61 −0.85 1.83 E−02 2 −3.23 0
16 HP steam temperature 1002.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −266.60 −141.16 1.37 E+07 4.008 −1068.53 2
17 HP steam pressure 1362.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −20.29 −10.74 4.59 E+02 5.448 −110.55 0
18 Cold reheat flow 428000.00 3852.00 30 703.28 29.00 0.01 8.22 1.57 E+02 2568.000 30.00 0
19 Cold reheat temperature 626.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 101.27 53.62 2.85 E+05 4.695 475.46 0
20 Hot reheat pressure 260.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −2.31 −1.22 7.69 E−02 1.040 −2.40 0
21 Hot reheat temperature 1005.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 487.00 257.85 1.52 E+08 4.020 1957.74 8
22 IP feedwater temperature 306.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −4.52 −2.39 1.13 E+00 4.000 −18.06 0
23 IP feedwater extract flow 78160.00 703.44 30 128.43 29.00 0.01 0.82 1.57 E−02 781.600 5.00 0
24 IP feedwater extract 377.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 1.32 0.70 8.12 E−03 4.000 5.26 0
temperature
25 IP steam flow 73760.00 663.84 30 121.20 29.00 −0.09 −11.17 5.36 E+02 737.600 −67.96 0
26 IP steam temperature 604.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −5.17 −2.74 1.93 E+00 2.416 −12.48 0
27 IP steam pressure 301.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −4.00 −2.12 6.94 E−01 1.204 −4.82 0
 Figure D-5-2
Calculation Table for the Predicted HP Steam Flow Uncertainty Example — GT Energy Balance Method (Cont’ d)
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D: EXAMPLE 2 UNCERTAINTY WORKSHEET (Cont’d)
Predicted HP Steam Flow by Gas Turbine Heat Balance (Cont’d)

Random Component Systema!c Component

(Absolute
Absolute Sensi!vity Absolute
Sensi!vity × Sample Devia!on Sensi!vity
Sample Absolute × Sample of Average) /
4 Systema!c × Systema!c Systema!c
Line Average Sample Number of Devia!on of Degrees of Sensi!vity Devia!on of e Degrees Uncertainty for Uncertainty for Uncertainty,
No. Measured Parameter Value Devia!on Samples Average Freedom Coefficient Average of Freedom Parameter Parameter %
28 LP steam flow 56850.00 511.65 30 93.41 29.00 −0.06 −5.60 3.39 E+01 568.500 −34.09 0
29 LP steam temperature 605.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −2.00 −1.06 4.34 E−02 2.420 −4.84 0
30 LP steam pressure 38.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −15.00 −7.94 1.37 E+02 0.152 −2.28 0
31 LP feedwater temperature 230.00 2.90 30 0.53 29.00 −2.17 −1.15 6.05 E−02 4.000 −8.70 0

Base Value of Result 432970

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Random U ncertainty of Result 1307
Systema#c Uncertainty of Result 95% Confidence Level 6988
Degrees of Freedom for Random Uncertainty of Result 30.56
Student t Value 2.000
75

Total Uncertainty ±7461

Uncertainty Percent ±1.72%

GENERAL NOTE: See Section 5 calculations for applicable units of measure.

 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Table D-6-1
Example of Uncertainty Weighted Average
in Determination of the Predicted HP Steam Flow
Using Both the HRSG and GT Energy Balance Methods
HRSG
GT Heat Heat
Parameter Balance Balance Weighted
Steam flow, lb/hr 432,970 432,970 …
Uncertainty on HP steam flow, % 1.72 0.81 …
Weight, lb 0.180 0.820 …
Systematic uncertainty, % 6,988 3,329 3,006
Random uncertainty, % 1,307 525 491
Total uncertainty, % … … 3,162
HP steam flow, lb/hr … … 432,970
Total uncertainty, % … … 0.730

76
 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

NONMANDATORY APPENDIX E
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

E-1 CALCULATION WORKSHEETS

See Table E-1-1 and Figures E-1-1 through E-1-7.

Table E-1-1
Main Sheet: Working Fluid Data
State Pressure, Enthalpy, Flow, lb/hr
Stream Name [Note (1)] Temp, °F psig btu/lb [Note (2)]
HP feedwater in 0 313.0 1,535.0 285.78 − 418,460
HP spray 0 313.0 1,535.0 285.78 − 14,510
HP steam 1 1,002.0 1,362.0 1,495.10 432,970
Cold reheat 1 626.0 290.0 1,329.11 − 428,000
Reheat spray 0 377.0 305.0 350.55 − 1,260
Hot reheat 1 1,005.0 260.0 1,529.55 429,260
IP feedwater in 0 306.0 325.0 276.39 − 151,920
IP feedwater extract 0 377.0 305.0 350.55 78,160
IP steam out 1 604.0 301.0 1,316.27 73,760
LP steam out 1 605.0 38.0 1,335.19 56,850
LP feedwater in 0 230.0 61.0 198.45 − 56,850
NOTES:
(1) 0 = water; 1 = steam.
(2) + = out; − = in.

77
 Figure E-1-1
Duty Summary Table

Flow × Enthalpy = Duty

(lb/hr) (Btu/lb) (Btu/hr )
Comb Air In + GT Fuel + Injection 1 448038 Sum [E8] 31 5.55 Sum[I4] −456.93 Flow* Enthalpy (Negative Value)
Duct Burner Fuel 0 Input 0.00 [K−HV Net] 0.00 Flow* Enthalpy (Negative Value)
Augmenting Air 0 Input 0.00 Sum[J8] 0.00 Flow* Enthalpy (Negative Value)
Atomizing Steam 0 Input 0.00 Input 0.00 Flow* Enthalpy (Negative Value)
Gas Out of Stack 1 448038 Sum above 72.66 Sum[I7] 1 05.21 Flow* Enthalpy
Working Fluid Duty 758.00 Sum[B7]
Heat Loss 2.27 Input
Total Balance of Moist Air Heat = 408.55 Sum Above

Change in Bal of Air Enthalpy 206.824 btu/lb Sum[J4] − Sum[J6]

Balance of Airflow 1 975361 lb/hr = Total Balance of Moist Air Heat/Change in Bal Air h

(*)Steam Enthalpy − Steam Enthalpy at TREF = h − 1 087.734 Btu/lb

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

GENERAL NOTE: See Figure E-1-4 (Sheet E) for GT total exhaust flow composition [E12] .
78
 Figure E-1-2
Sheet A: Air Composition
DESCRIPTION: Sample Case
AIR COMPOSITION
Atmospheric Pressure 14.3 psia
Dry-Bulb Temperature 70.00°F
Wet-Bulb Temperature 64.50°F

Ln(P vapor) = C1 / T + C2 + C3 × T + C4 × T2 + C5 × T3 + C6 × T4 + C7 × Ln(T)

for t below 32°F (over ice) for t above 32°F (over water)
C1 = −1.0214165 E+04 C1 = −1.0440397 E+04
C2 = −4.8932428 E+00 C2 = −1.1294650 E+01
C3 = −5.3765794 E−03 C3 = −2.7022355 E−02
C4 = 1.9202377 E−07 C4 = 1.2890360 E−05
C5 = 3.5575832 E−10 C5 = −2.4780681 E−09
C6 = −9.0344688 E−14 C6 =
C7 = 4.1635019 E+00 C7 = 6.5459673 E+00
T = t wet bulb + 459.67 = 524.17 °R P vapor = 0.3004 psia

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Saturated Humidity Ra"o = HRsat = 18.0153/28.9658 × [1.00441333 × P vapor / (P − 1.00441333 × P vapor)]
HRsat = 0.01341 #H 2 0 / #DA
(1093 − .556 × t wet bulb) × HRsat −.240 × (t dry bulb − t wet bulb)
79

Humidity Ra"o (above water) =

(1093 + .444 × t dry bulb − t wet bulb)
Humidity Ra"o (above ice) = (1220 − .4 × t wet bulb) × HRsat −.240 × (t dry bulb − t wet bulb)
(1220 + .444 × t dry bulb − 0.48 × t wet bulb)
Humidity Ra"o = 0.012131 #H 2 0 / #DA
Frac"on Dry Air (FDA) = 18.0153
(28.9658) × (Humidity Ra"o) + 18.0153
Frac"on Dry Air (FDA) = 0.9809

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Air Weight Frac on
Compound Calcula on Air Mole Frac on MW [A3] × [A4] [A5] / Sum [A5]
N2 .780858 × FDA 0.7659 28.0134 21.4560 0.7461
O2 .20940 × FDA 0.2054 31.9988 6.5724 0.2286
CO 2 .0004 × FDA 0.0004 44.0095 0.0173 0.0006
H 2O 1 − FDA 0.0191 18.0153 0.3447 0.0120
Ar .009342 × FDA 0.0092 39.948 0.3661 0.0127
Moist Air Molecular Weight 28.7563
 Figure E-1-3
Sheet C: Fuel Gas Combustion Mole Change

DESCRIPTION: Sample Case

GT FUEL GAS COMBUSTION MOLE CHANGE
Fuel Flow = 76831 lb/hr

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16

Fuel
Mole N2 O2 CO 2 H 2O Ar SO2
Compoun d Frac on Mol. Wt. C2 × C3 [( * ) × C5] [( * ) × C7] [( * ) × C9] [( * ) × C11] [( * ) × C13] [( * ) × C15]
CH 4 0.9500 16.04250 15.240 0 0 −2 −8657 1 4328 2 8657 0 0 0 0
C2 H 6 0.0300 30.06900 0.902 0 0 −3.5 −478 2 273 3 410 0 0 0 0
C2 H 4 0.0000 28.05320 0 −3 2 2 0 0
C3 H 8 0.0000 44.09560 0 −5 3 4 0 0
C3 H 6 0.0000 42.07970 0 −4.5 3 3 0 0
Iso-C4H 10 0.0000 58.12220 0 −6.5 4 5 0 0
N-C4H 10 0.0000 58.12220 0 −6.5 4 5 0 0

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Iso-C5 H 12 0.0000 72.14880 0 −8 5 6 0 0
N-C5 H 12 0.0000 72.14880 0 −8 5 6 0 0
C6H 14 0.0000 86.17540 0 −9.5 6 7 0 0
80

N2 0.0100 28.01340 0.280 1 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CO 0.0000 28.01010 0 −0.5 1 0 0 0
CO 2 0.0100 44.00950 0.440 0 0 0 0 1 46 0 0 0 0 0 0
H 2O 0.0000 18.01530 0 0 0 1 0 0
H 2S 0.0000 34.08100 0 −1.5 0 1 0 1
H2 0.0000 2.01588 0 −0.5 0 1 0 0
He 0.0000 4.002602 0 0 0 0 0 0
O2 0.0000 31.99880 0 1 0 0 0 0
SO 2 0.0000 64.06600 0 0 0 0 0 1
Ar 0.0000 39.94800 0 0 0 0 1 0
Average Molecular Weight = 16.863 46 −9135 4647 9067 0 0
= mole = mole = mole = mole = mole = mole
change change change change change change
of N 2 of O 2 of CO 2 of H 2O of Ar of SO 2
( * ) = [C2] × (FUEL FLOW)/Sum [C4]
 Figure E-1-3
Sheet C: Fuel Gas Combustion Mole Change (Cont’ d)

DESCRIPTION: Sample Case (Cont’d)

GT FUEL GAS COMBUSTION MOLE CHANGE (Cont’d)

Combusti on Mole Change for [E4]

1263669 = lb Dry Air = Moles Change O 2 × 28.9658 / 0.20940

× 1.01213135 = 1 + lb Water per lb Dry Air (Humidity Ra!o)
1278999 = lb Moist Air for “INLET GAS COMPOSITION — Comb Air for GT Fuel”

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

81
 Figure E-1-4
Sheet E: Inlet Gas Composition

DESCRIPTION: Sample Case

INLET GAS COMPOSITION
Comb Air for DB Fuel = 0 lb/hr GT Fuel = 76831 lb/hr
Comb Air for GT Fuel = 1278999 lb/hr Water/Steam Injec!on Flow = 92208 lb/hr
Air Mole Weight = 28.7563 Balance of Air Flow = 1975361 lb/hr (from Summary table)

= [E2] × (Comb Air for DB Fuel + Comb Air for GT Fuel)/Air Molecular Weight
* = (Water or Steam Flow )/18.0153
* * = Balance of Air Flow × [E2]/Air Molecular Weight

E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9
Resultant
Air Combus!on Water / Steam Moles / Hr Gas Mass
Composi!on Mole / Hr Mole Change Injec!on = [E3] + [E4] Frac!on
Compound [A3] (*) Sheet C (**) + [E5] Mole Weight [E6] × [E7] = [E8]/Sum [E8]

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

N2 0.7659 34066 46 0 34111 28.0134 955577 0.6599
O2 0.2054 9135 −9135 0 0 31.9988 0 0.0000
CO 2 0.0004 17 4647 0 4665 44.0095 205298 0.1418
82

H 2O 0.0191 851 9067 5118 15036 18.0153 270883 0.1871

Ar 0.0092 408 0 0 408 39.948 16281 0.0112
SO 2 0.0000 0 0 0 0 64.066 0 0.0000
Sum = 54220 Sum = 1448038

GT Total Exhaust Flow = 3423398 lb/hr HRSG Inlet

= Sum[E8] + Balance of Air Flow E10 E11 E12
Bal of M Air Total Gas Mole
Mole/Hr Mole/Hr Frac!on
(***) = [E6] + [E10] = [E11]/Sum[E11]
52613 86725 0.70558
14109 14109 0.11479
27 4692 0.03817
1314 16350 0.13302
629 1037 0.00844
0 0 0.00000
Sum = 122913
 Figure E-1-5
Sheet I: Gas Enthalpy

GAS ENTHALPY
Gas Inlet T = 1123°F Gas Outlet T = 319°F
879.26°K 432.59°K

I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7

Compound Compound
Gas Mass Frac!on Enthalpy Gas Mass Frac!on Enthalpy
Compound [E9] (Eqs. Below) [I2] × [I3] [H9] (Eqs. Below) [I2] × [I3]
N2 0.6599 273.690 180.611 0.6599 64.470 42.544
O2 0.0000 252.728 0.000 0.0000 57.637 0.000
CO2 0.1418 266.545 37.790 0.1418 55.861 7.920

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

H2O 0.1871 511.395 95.666 0.1871 116.706 21.832
Ar 0.0112 132.109 1.485 0.0112 32.188 0.362
83

SO2 0.0000 189.429 0.000 0.0000 40.606 0.000

315.552 72.658
 Figure E-1-6
Sheet H: Outlet Gas Composition

DESCRIPTION: Sample Case

OUTLET GAS COMPOSITION
Water or Steam Injec!on = 0 lb/hr
Duct Burner Fuel Flow = 0 lb/hr
Augmen!ng Air Flow = 0 lb/hr

H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9
Combus!on Water/Steam Moles Resultant
Gas Inlet Mole Change Injec!on Augmen!ng Air Moles/Hr Outlet Gas
Moles/Hr Sheet F or Moles/Hr = Airflow × [A3] = [H2] + [H3] Mole Mass Frac!on
Compound [E6] Sheet G (*) Sum [A5] + [H4] + [H5] Weight [H6] × [H7] = [H8]/Sum [H8]
N2 34111 0 0 0 34111 28.0134 955577 0.6599

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

O2 0 0 0 0 0 31.9988 0 0.0000
CO 2 4665 0 0 0 4665 44.0095 205298 0.1418
84

H 2O 15036 0 0 0 15036 18.0153 270883 0.1871

Ar 408 0 0 0 408 39.948 16281 0.0112
SO 2 0 0 0 0 0 64.066 0 0.0000
( * ) = (water or steam flow) / 18.0153 Sum = 1448038
 Figure E-1-7
Sheet J: Air Enthalpy

DESCRIPTION: Sample Case

AIR ENTHALPY
Air at Inlet = 1123.00°F Air at Outlet = 319.00
= 879.26K = 432.59K

J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6

Air M a ss Fra c!on Com poun d En th a l py Com poun d En th a l py

Com poun d [A6] ( G a s En th a l py Sh eet) [J 2] × [J 3] ( G a s En th a l py Sh eet) [J 2] × [J 5]

N2 0.7461 273.690 204.209 64.470 48.103

O2 0.2286 252.728 57.762 57.637 13.173
CO 2 0.0006 266.545 0.160 55.861 0.034
H 2O 0.0120 511.395 6.130 116.706 1.399

ASME PTC 4.4-2023

Ar 0.0127 132.109 1.682 32.188 0.410
SO 2 0.0000 189.429 0.000 40.606 0.000
85

Air Enthalpy = 269.942 Air Enthalpy = 63.118

 ASME PTC 4.4-2023

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

86
ASME PTC 4.4-2023