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SOCIOLOGY KEYWORDS Cse

The document presents a compilation of keywords and phrases aimed at enhancing answers for the Sociology Optional in UPSC Mains, emphasizing the importance of language in achieving analytical depth. It includes a toolkit of sociological terms and concepts aligned with the syllabus, covering themes such as social institutions, stratification, and globalization. Additionally, it provides guidance on how to effectively use these terms to improve answer quality and scoring potential.

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SOCIOLOGY KEYWORDS Cse

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IAS

Prepared By :
X-IAS TEAM
8287115435
www.xias.in
x ias mains x- notes © X IAS WWW.XIAS.IN

About This Compilation – “Cardamom Effect” for Sociology Optional Answers in UPSC Mains
In UPSC Mains, especially in optional papers like Sociology, language is not just a medium—it’s a differentiator. Much
like cardamom enriches the aroma and flavor of a dish, insightful vocabulary and sociological expressions elevate the
analytical depth of your answers.
That’s why Team X IAS is proud to present this specially curated set of high-impact keywords, concepts, and
analytical phrases to give your Sociology Optional answers a clear edge in both Paper I.
What This Booklet Offers:
• A comprehensive toolkit of catchy two-word sociological terms and exam-ready phrases aligned with the
Sociology Optional syllabus.
• Keywords crafted to enhance clarity, conceptual depth, and analytical sharpness—all rooted in

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sociological theory and real-world application.
• Coverage of crucial themes such as Social Institutions, Stratification, Change, Indian Society, Caste,

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Globalization, and Social Movements, with references to classic thinkers, current issues, and latest data
(2024–25).

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• Content compiled from toppers’ notes, IGNOU material, standard textbooks (like Haralambos, Giddens,
and Bottomore), relevant reports, and Team X IAS’s unique value-added resources.
How to Use This Booklet:
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• Two-word sociological tags with brief explanations and illustrative examples—ideal for use in

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definitions, introductions, and value-added conclusions.
• Thought-provoking phrases that help frame nuanced arguments, critically evaluate theories, or present

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contemporary relevance—essential for scoring in the upper band.
• Tailored for both Paper I (Foundations of Sociology) to enrich your answers on topics like social

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institutions, rural/urban dynamics, development, and social justice.
We believe these refined expressions will help your answers stand out where sociological clarity meets
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intellectual depth. Let these terms be your secret toolkit in conquering the Sociology Optional in Mains!

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For More Enriched Content or Feedback:

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SYLLABUS TOPICS: GS1 – SOCIOLOGY PAPER - I

PAPER-I: Fundamentals of Sociology
1. Sociology - The Discipline
• Modernity and social changes in Europe and the emergence of Sociology.
• Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.
• Sociology and common sense.
2. Sociology as Science
• Science, scientific method and critique.
• Major theoretical strands of research methodology.
• Positivism and its critique.
• Fact value and objectivity.
• Non-positivist methodologies.
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3. Research Methods and Analysis
• Qualitative and quantitative methods.
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• Techniques of data collection.
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• Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.
4. Sociological Thinkers
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• Karl Marx: Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.

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• Emile Durkheim: Division of labor, social fact, suicide, religion and society.
• Max Weber: Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
• Talcott Parsons: Social system, pattern variables.
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• Robert K. Merton: Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups.
• Mead: Self and identity.
5. Stratification and Mobility
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• Concepts: Equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and deprivation.
• Theories of social stratification: Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.
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• Dimensions: Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity and race.
• Social mobility: Open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and causes of mobility.
6. Works and Economic Life https://t.me/X_IAS
• Social organization of work in different types of society: slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist
society.
• Formal and informal organization of work.
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• Labour and society.
7. Politics and Society
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• Sociological theories of power.
• Power, authority and legitimacy.
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• Political socialization and political participation.https://t.me/X_IAS
• Types of political systems: democratic and authoritarian.
• Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
8. Religion and Society
• Sociological theories of religion.
• Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
• Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
9. Systems of Kinship
• Family, household, marriage.
• Types and forms of family.
• Lineage and descent.
• Patriarchy and sexual division of labor.
• Contemporary trends.

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10. Social Change in Modern Society

• Sociological theories of social change.
• Development and dependency.
• Agents of social change.
• Education and social change.
• Science, technology and social change.

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I. SOCIOLOGY- THE DISCIPLINE

Topic 1: Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and the Emergence of Sociology
1. Urban Flux – Rapid transformation of city life under capitalist modernity. Example: Dharavi’s redevelopment into
a luxury township reflects urban flux.
2. Algorithmic Modernity – Restructuring of social systems through digital algorithms. Example: AI-based hiring
by Indian tech companies reflects algorithmic modernity.
3. Value Shift – Changing individual and collective priorities due to modernization. Example: The decline in
arranged marriages among urban youth reflects a value shift.
4. Secular Surge – Gradual movement away from religious institutions in public life. Example: Decreasing voter
influence of religious groups in metro cities reflects a secular surge.
5. Individual Turn – Emphasis on personal identity and autonomy in modern societies. Example: The popularity of
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solo travel and freelance careers reflects the individual turn.
6. Rational Reordering – Replacing traditional customs with logical systems and rules. Example: The
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implementation of UCC discussions reflects rational reordering of personal laws.
7. Nuclear Drift – Shift from joint to nuclear families in modern settings. Example: Urban apartment living with
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two-member households reflects nuclear drift.
8. Class Mobility – Movement across economic classes due to education or jobs. Example: Tier-2 city students
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cracking IIT-JEE reflects upward class mobility.
9. Tech Mediation – Digital tools mediating social interactions and access. Example: Telemedicine adoption in rural
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India reflects tech mediation in healthcare.
10. Digital Publics – Online platforms creating new collective spaces of discourse. Example: Hashtag campaigns like
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#MeToo reflect the rise of digital publics.
11. Work Recast – Reconfiguration of work norms in modern economies. Example: Gig work via Zomato and Uber
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reflects the work recast in urban India.

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12. Gender Realignment – Reconfiguration of gender roles in modern society. Example: Rise of female cab drivers
in metros reflects gender realignment.

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13. Identity Assertion – Emergence of identity-based political and cultural movements. Example: LGBTQ+ pride
marches reflect modern identity assertion.

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14. Information Overload – Saturation of society with unfiltered data streams. Example: Misinformation during
elections reflects the risks of information overload.

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15. Urban Alienation – Feeling of isolation despite dense urban populations. Example: Increasing mental health
issues in metro youth reflect urban alienation.
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16. Bureaucratic Rise – Expansion of organized, rule-based institutions. Example: Digitization of welfare services
through DBT reflects bureaucratic rise.
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17. Role Conflict – Tensions from juggling multiple social roles in modernity. Example: Working mothers
navigating career and caregiving reflects role conflict.
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18. Anomie Spread – Breakdown of social norms leading to normlessness. Example: Rising drug abuse among
urban teens reflects anomie spread.
19. Secular Consumerism – Focus on material culture over spiritual values. Example: Lavish destination weddings
reflect secular consumerism.
20. Education Boom – Mass expansion of formal learning institutions. Example: Edtech start-ups like BYJU’S reflect
the education boom.
21. Lifestyle Convergence – Homogenization of global habits and aspirations. Example: Indian teens adopting K-
pop trends reflects lifestyle convergence.
22. Migration Turn – Increased rural-urban and transnational migration. Example: Youth migrating from Bihar to
Gulf nations reflects the migration turn.
23. Hybrid Identities – Mix of traditional and modern cultural traits. Example: Women wearing jeans with bindis
reflects hybrid identities.
24. Civic Awakening – Rise in public awareness and protest culture. Example: Farmers’ protests against farm laws
reflect civic awakening.

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25. Religious Retreat – Withdrawal of religion from institutional life. Example: Drop in religious studies
enrolments reflects religious retreat.
26. Digital Intimacy – Technology shaping personal and emotional bonds. Example: Long-distance relationships
sustained via video calls reflect digital intimacy.
27. Career Centrality – Work becoming the core of personal identity. Example: Start-up founders sacrificing
personal life reflects career centrality.
28. Status Anxiety – Fear of losing one’s social or economic position. Example: Obsession with luxury branding
among youth reflects status anxiety.
29. Nation Reimagination – Redefining nationhood through modern lenses. Example: Debates around digital
nationalism reflect nation reimagination.
30. Leisure Explosion – Expansion of recreational industries and options. Example: Surge in weekend tourism and
cafés reflects a leisure explosion. https://t.me/X_IAS
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31. Cultural Commodification – Turning culture into marketable goods. Example: Selling tribal art on e-commerce
platforms reflects cultural commodification.
32. Time Discipline – Strict regulation of time in capitalist societies. Example: Punch-in systems in offices reflect
industrial time discipline.
33. Public Surveillance – Monitoring individuals through modern tech. Example: Use of facial recognition in public
transport reflects public surveillance.

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34. Social Acceleration – Increasing pace of life due to technological change. Example: 10-minute grocery apps
reflect social acceleration.
35. Norm Disruption – Breakdown or reshaping of older moral codes. Example: Acceptance of live-in relationships
reflects norm disruption.
36. State Penetration – Deep reach of the state into everyday life. Example: Aadhaar-linked welfare delivery
reflects state penetration.
37. Knowledge Society – Dominance of information-based occupations and status. Example: Boom in coding
bootcamps reflects rise of the knowledge society.
38. Structural Detraditionalization – Weakening of traditional authority systems. Example: Youth rejecting caste-
based career advice reflects structural detraditionalization.
39. Aspirational Turn – Focus on upward mobility and better life goals. Example: Rise in civil service coaching in
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small towns reflects aspirational turn.
40. Consumer Citizenship – Participation in society through market choices. Example: Boycott trends on social
media reflect consumer citizenship. https://t.me/X_IAS
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Topic 2: Scope of the Subject and Comparison with Other Social Sciences
1. Disciplinary Bridge – Sociology connects abstract theory with social reality. Example: Using Durkheim’s ideas to
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explain rising student suicides reflects a disciplinary bridge.
2. Cross-Disciplinary Lens – Incorporating insights from multiple social sciences. Example: Using economics and
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sociology to study unemployment reflects a cross-disciplinary lens.
3. Sociological Edge – Focus on social structures beyond individual behavior. Example: Analyzing caste in NEET
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results through group patterns shows sociology’s edge.
4. Everyday Focus – Study of routine life and ordinary interactions. Example: Research on Delhi Metro etiquette
reflects sociology’s everyday focus.
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5. Norm-Centricity – Emphasis on shared expectations and social norms. Example: Examining online trolling
behavior reflects sociology’s norm-centricity.

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6. Subjective Depth – Exploration of meaning people attach to actions. Example: Studying religious conversions
through personal narratives reflects subjective depth.

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7. Group Orientation – Prioritizing social groups over individuals. Example: Examining gang violence in UP as
group behavior reflects group orientation.
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8. Pattern Discovery – Identifying recurring social phenomena. Example: Noting caste patterns in college
admissions reflects pattern discovery.
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9. Structural Insight – Understanding how institutions shape life chances. Example: Analyzing how school type
affects UPSC success shows structural insight.
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10. Cultural Reading – Interpreting social behavior through cultural symbols. Example: Analysis of wedding rituals
on Instagram reflects sociology’s cultural reading.
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11. Analytical Layering – Adds multiple levels of interpretation to social facts. Example: Analyzing riots through
class, caste, and ideology reflects analytical layering.
12. Social Distance – Measuring relational gaps between groups. Example: Study of housing discrimination against
Muslims reflects social distance.
13. Institutional Lens – Viewing human behavior through formal structures. Example: Studying panchayat gender
roles reflects an institutional lens.
14. Value Emphasis – Attention to moral codes guiding behavior. Example: Rise of ethical consumerism reflects
sociology’s value emphasis.
15. Latent Focus – Study of hidden or unintended social outcomes. Example: Coaching culture fostering stress
reflects latent focus.
16. Normative Balance – Examining balance between individual rights and social rules. Example: Hijab bans in
schools show sociology’s normative balance.
17. Social Embeddedness – Behavior situated within networks and norms. Example: MSMEs relying on caste
networks reflects social embeddedness.

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18. Interpersonal Web – Focus on face-to-face and networked relations. Example: Peer group influence on voter
turnout reflects an interpersonal web.
19. Deviance Inquiry – Understanding rule-breaking behavior in context. Example: Youth vaping trends reflect
sociology’s deviance inquiry.
20. Macro-Micro Duality – Connecting individual action to social structures. Example: Linking women’s workforce
exit to family norms shows macro-micro duality.
21. Multilevel Mapping – Tracing interactions across individual, group, and institutional levels. Example: Studying
school dropouts through home, caste, and policy reflects multilevel mapping.
22. Social Ecology – Examining how environment shapes group behavior. Example: Flood-prone slums influencing
migration reflect social ecology.
23. Reflexive Practice – Sociologist accounting for their own biases. Example: Researchers disclosing caste during
fieldwork shows reflexive practice.https://t.me/X_IAS
24. Collective Behaviour – Study of group actions outside norms. Example: Flash mobs protesting fee hikes reflect
collective behaviour. https://t.me/X_IAS
25. Method Mix – Use of both qualitative and quantitative tools. Example: Combining interviews and surveys on
dowry shows method mix. https://t.me/X_IAS
26. Theory Linkage – Tying observations to larger conceptual frameworks. Example: Linking TikTok bans to
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Weber’s rational-legal authority shows theory linkage.
27. Interdisciplinary Fusion – Blending methods and ideas from allied disciplines. Example: Using psychology and
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sociology to study teenage loneliness reflects interdisciplinary fusion.
28. Social Realism – Capturing the material and symbolic dimensions of society. Example: Films highlighting caste
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bias in jobs reflect social realism.

29. Relational Thinking – Focusing on relationships over isolated entities. Example: Studying employer-worker
dynamics in gig economy reflects relational thinking.

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30. Social Textuality – Reading culture and behavior as texts. Example: Decoding memes during elections reflects
social textuality.
31. Narrative Validity – Emphasizing authenticity in qualitative research. Example: Using migrant diaries to
understand distress reflects narrative validity.
32. Grounded Insight – Building understanding from field-level observations. Example: NGO reports on manual
scavenging reflect grounded insight.
33. Conceptual Clarity – Precision in defining abstract social ideas. Example: Differentiating caste and class in
protest movements shows conceptual clarity.
34. Causal Openness – Recognizing multiple factors behind social change. Example: Studying dropout rates
through gender, poverty, and access shows causal openness.
35. Cross-Societal Comparison – Comparing different cultural contexts. Example: Studying aging in Japan vs.
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Kerala reflects cross-societal comparison.
36. Historic Sensitivity – Situating issues in their historical trajectory. Example: Analyzing farmer suicides through
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Green Revolution lens shows historic sensitivity.
37. Data Grounding – Ensuring theory aligns with real-life data. Example: Using NFHS data in gender studies
reflects data grounding. https://t.me/X_IAS
38. Ethical Vigilance – Ensuring participant safety and dignity. Example: Masking identities in caste violence
studies shows ethical vigilance.
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39. Policy Application – Applying findings to governance and reform. Example: Using caste mobility research to
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shape reservation policy shows policy application.
40. Observation Priority – Direct observation as key data source. Example: Studying metro travel behavior via
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shadowing reflects observation priority.

Topic 3: Sociology and Common Sense

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1. Structured Intuition – Sociology questions everyday assumptions with evidence. Example: Challenging the myth
that women are less rational in leadership reflects structured intuition.

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2. Pattern Overlap – Common sense partially overlaps with sociological patterns. Example: Public belief that
poverty causes crime matches sociology’s pattern overlap.

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3. Empirical Challenge – Testing common beliefs through data and fieldwork. Example: NFHS data refuting “large
families prefer sons” shows empirical challenge.

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4. Contextual Lens – Understanding behavior within social, cultural context. Example: Examining dropout rates
among tribal girls through cultural norms reflects contextual lens.
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5. Critical Distance – Maintaining analytical detachment from everyday biases. Example: Studying honor killings
without moral panic shows critical distance.
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6. Myth Breaker – Sociology exposes inaccurate social beliefs. Example: Debunking “slum dwellers are jobless”
through field surveys shows sociology as a myth breaker.
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7. Data Disruption – Contradicting common sense using hard evidence. Example: Census data showing rising
female work participation disrupts assumptions.
8. Structural Thinking – Goes beyond individual to explain group behavior. Example: Analyzing teenage drug
abuse as a class-based issue reflects structural thinking.
9. Belief Audit – Sociology examines validity of societal beliefs. Example: Scrutinizing moral panic around interfaith
marriages reflects belief audit.
10. Cultural Deconstruction – Unpacking hidden ideologies in culture. Example: Analyzing TV serials’ portrayal of
ideal women reflects cultural deconstruction.
11. Beyond Appearances – Revealing deeper structures behind surface behavior. Example: Studying 'merit' in elite
school admissions shows sociology goes beyond appearances.
12. Norm Questioning – Examines socially accepted norms critically. Example: Interrogating dowry as a 'gift'
shows sociology’s norm questioning.
13. Lay Assumption – Ideas people take for granted. Example: Assuming single mothers are socially deviant
reflects a lay assumption.

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14. Value Bias – Common sense shaped by moral judgments. Example: Judging sex work as immoral reflects value
bias.
15. Class Blindness – Ignoring economic background in explaining choices. Example: Assuming laziness causes
poverty reflects class blindness.
16. Objective Stance – Sociology avoids moralizing to study facts. Example: Studying mob lynchings without moral
anger reflects objective stance.
17. Prejudice Layer – Common sense often driven by stereotypes. Example: Assuming Dalits get unfair advantage
in jobs reflects a prejudice layer.
18. Localised Logic – Common sense varies across cultures. Example: Belief that menstruation is impure in rural
Gujarat reflects localized logic.
19. Popular Bias – Socially dominant views mistaken as truth. Example: Belief that urban youth are apolitical
reflects popular bias. https://t.me/X_IAS
20. Anecdotal Fallacy – Drawing conclusions from personal experience. Example: Believing private schools are
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always better due to one case reflects anecdotal fallacy.

21. Experience Trap – Over-relying on personal stories to understand society. Example: Assuming all government
hospitals are poor based on one visit reflects experience trap.
22. Normative Oversimplification – Reducing complex realities to right-wrong binaries. Example: Labelling live-in
relationships as ‘bad’ reflects normative oversimplification.

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23. Informal Logic – Knowledge formed through tradition and hearsay. Example: Belief that Muslim women are
always oppressed reflects informal logic.
24. Folk Rationality – Reasoning rooted in cultural worldviews. Example: Explaining illnesses through spirits
reflects folk rationality.
25. Ideological Overlay – Pre-existing belief systems shaping perceptions. Example: Viewing reservation as anti-
merit reflects ideological overlay.
26. Simplistic Causality – Common sense seeks single-cause explanations. Example: Linking crime only to
unemployment shows simplistic causality.
27. Lay Objectivity – Belief that one is neutral without scientific basis. Example: Claiming “I’m not casteist, I just
prefer my own” reflects lay objectivity.
28. Naturalized Thinking – Treating social phenomena as biological. Example: Assuming men are ‘naturally’ better
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at math reflects naturalized thinking.
29. Authority Assumption – Believing social norms must be followed. Example: Accepting arranged marriage as
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default reflects authority assumption.
30. Generalized Knowledge – Relying on vague, widespread beliefs. Example: Saying “all youth are on phones”
reflects generalized knowledge. https://t.me/X_IAS
31. Cultural Commonality – Mistaking dominant cultural practices as universal. Example: Assuming vegetarianism
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is default Indian diet reflects cultural commonality.
32. Micro Worldview – Seeing society only from a personal angle. Example: Rejecting gender inequality because “it
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didn’t happen in my house” reflects micro worldview.
33. Ethical Absolutism – Viewing moral values as universal truths. Example: Condemning LGBTQ+ choices as
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unnatural reflects ethical absolutism.
34. Superstition Drift – Common sense mingling with irrational beliefs. Example: Linking lunar eclipse to
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miscarriage reflects superstition drift.

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35. Social Familiarity – What is common is believed to be true. Example: Thinking joint families are always
harmonious reflects social familiarity.

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36. Immediate Judgement – Forming opinions without deeper analysis. Example: Blaming rape victims for
clothing reflects immediate judgment.

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37. Verbal Truth – Assuming something is true because it’s often repeated. Example: “India is a tolerant society”
without evidence shows verbal truth.

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38. Localised Evidence – Basing understanding on one’s immediate environment. Example: Judging cleanliness by
one city reflects localized evidence.
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39. Morality Over Method – Letting values interfere with analysis. Example: Refusing to study premarital sex
sociologically reflects morality over method.
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40. Custom Validity – Belief that traditional customs are always right. Example: Defending child marriage as
‘culture’ reflects custom validity.
II. Sociology as Science
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TOPIC-1: Science, scientific method and critique.
1. Methodical Inquiry – Systematic investigation of social patterns. Example: CSDS surveys on voter behaviour
reflect methodical inquiry.
2. Evidence Triangulation – Validating findings through multiple data sources. Example: Combining interviews,
field notes, and NSS data on caste shows evidence triangulation.
3. Hypothesis Framing – Creating testable sociological assumptions. Example: Studying if internet access
empowers rural women reflects hypothesis framing.
4. Objective Observation – Recording facts without bias. Example: Using FIR data to track hate crimes reflects
objective observation.
5. Variable Analysis – Examining how social factors affect each other. Example: Linking caste identity and
healthcare access shows variable analysis.
6. Sampling Design – Selecting representative participants for study. Example: NFHS using cluster sampling
reflects proper sampling design.

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7. Fact Construction – Deriving social facts through empirical tools. Example: Labour migration trends documented
during COVID show fact construction.
8. Systematic Process – Following an ordered research sequence. Example: Field surveys with coding and analysis
reflect a systematic process.
9. Controlled Setting – Isolating variables for accurate testing. Example: Time-use studies of working women use
controlled settings.
10. Empirical Grounding – Basing findings on observable data. Example: Pew’s report on Indian religious tolerance
shows empirical grounding.
11. Replicable Results – Findings that can be reproduced. Example: NSSO’s consistent poverty trends show
replicable results.
12. Deductive Logic – Moving from theory to data. Example: Testing Weber’s bureaucracy in Indian PSUs uses
deductive logic. https://t.me/X_IAS
13. Inductive Reasoning – Deriving theory from ground-level data. Example: Fieldwork among manual scavengers
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led to caste stigma theory using inductive reasoning.
14. Predictive Capacity – Ability to foresee social patterns. Example: Pre-poll surveys predicting electoral
outcomes show predictive capacity. https://t.me/X_IAS
15. Causal Explanation – Explaining relationships between variables. Example: Linking poverty and dropout rates
reflects causal explanation.
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16. Conceptual Clarity – Clear definition of sociological terms. Example: Defining ‘urban poor’ using NSS data
ensures conceptual clarity.
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17. Operational Definition – Converting abstract ideas into measurable indicators. Example: Defining
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‘empowerment’ through decision-making roles reflects operational definition.
18. Data Verification – Confirming information before theorizing. Example: Cross-checking NHFS data on
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malnutrition shows data verification.

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19. Theoretical Rigor – Applying consistent frameworks to research. Example: Using Marx’s class analysis for farm
laws protests reflects theoretical rigor.

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20. Analytical Frame – Structure used to interpret data. Example: Using feminist lens to analyze unpaid care work
reflects analytical frame.

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21. Neutral Stance – Researcher detachment from subjectivity. Example: Studying communal politics without
religious bias shows a neutral stance.

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22. Reliability Check – Ensuring consistency in research tools. Example: Testing repeated questionnaire results for
family surveys ensures reliability check.
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23. Validity Assurance – Ensuring tools measure what they claim. Example: Matching caste discrimination
indicators with lived realities reflects validity assurance.
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24. Theory Application – Applying concepts to social reality. Example: Using Durkheim’s anomie to study student
suicides reflects theory application.
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25. Quantitative Tools – Numeric techniques for data study. Example: Census tabulations on population trends use
quantitative tools.
26. Qualitative Depth – Gaining insight through interviews and narratives. Example: Studying Muslim women’s
education aspirations through interviews reflects qualitative depth.
27. Statistical Inference – Drawing patterns from sample data. Example: Inferring rural health gaps from sample
hospital visits uses statistical inference.
28. Generalisation Power – Applying findings to broader society. Example: Trends from ASER survey applied to
national education debate show generalisation power.
29. Field Immersion – Engaging deeply with community studied. Example: Studying caste panchayats in Rajasthan
through direct observation shows field immersion.
30. Scientific Neutrality – Avoiding ideological bias in inquiry. Example: Surveying farmer protests across regions
reflects scientific neutrality.
31. Replication Crisis – Difficulty in reproducing past findings. Example: Varying results in rural employment data

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reflect replication crisis.

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32. Ethnographic Note – Observational https://t.me/X_IAS
notes during fieldwork. Example: Documenting sanitation workers’ lives in
UP used ethnographic notes.
33. Data Saturation – Point where new https://t.me/X_IAS
data adds no insight. Example: Repeated interviews in flood-hit Bihar
villages reaching data saturation.
34. Field Reflexivity – Acknowledging https://t.me/X_IAS
researcher’s influence on data. Example: A Dalit researcher navigating
Savarna field sites shows field reflexivity.
35. Peer Validation – Getting findingshttps://t.me/X_IAS
reviewed by others. Example: Publishing social mobility study in journals
shows peer validation.
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36. Triadic Relation – Interplay of researcher, subject, and society. Example: Observing street vendors in Delhi
reflects triadic relation.
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37. Public Relevance – Impacting policy or public understanding. Example: NCERT’s sociological content shaping
textbooks shows public relevance.
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38. Ethical Protocol – Ensuring research doesn’t harm participants. Example: Seeking consent while interviewing
riot survivors reflects ethical protocol.
39. Theory Confirmation – Validating https://t.me/X_IAS
existing frameworks. Example: Confirming Weber’s status groups in urban
malls shows theory confirmation.
40. Comparative Insight – Comparing patterns across groups. Example: Studying education of Dalit vs. OBC girls in
MP reflects comparative insight.
Topic 2: Major Theoretical Strands of Research Methodology
1. Positivist Lens – Studying society through observable, measurable facts. Example: NCRB crime statistics used to
analyze social deviance reflect a positivist lens.
2. Interpretive Frame – Understanding subjective social meanings. Example: Exploring farmer suicides via
personal diaries reflects an interpretive frame.
3. Structural Approach – Viewing society through institutions and hierarchies. Example: Analyzing caste in
Panchayati Raj reflects a structural approach.
4. Functional Analysis – Studying how social parts maintain order. Example: Examining role of Self-Help Groups in
rural stability shows functional analysis.

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5. Critical Theory – Unpacking power structures and ideology. Example: Analyzing media portrayal of protests like
Shaheen Bagh reflects critical theory.
6. Symbolic Interaction – Studying meaning-making in daily life. Example: Analyzing Instagram influencers’ body
image discourse reflects symbolic interaction.
7. Feminist Method – Exploring gendered experiences in research. Example: Studying menstrual leave debates in
workplaces reflects feminist method.
8. Grounded Theory – Building theory from field data upward. Example: Creating caste-mobility typologies from
Bihar village interviews reflects grounded theory.
9. Phenomenological View – Capturing lived, subjective experiences. Example: Recording transgender hostel
students’ experiences shows a phenomenological view.
10. Ethnographic Depth – Deep community immersion to study culture. Example: Living with Devadasi
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communities to study stigma reflects ethnographic depth.
11. Conflict Perspective – Viewing society as arena of struggle. Example: Analyzing gig worker strikes through
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class struggle reflects conflict perspective.
12. Rational Choice – Focusing on individual cost-benefit decisions. Example: Studying migration to Gulf for better
pay reflects rational choice. https://t.me/X_IAS
13. Postmodern Critique – Questioning universal truths and grand narratives. Example: Studying multiple Dalit
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identity movements shows postmodern critique.
14. Cultural Relativism – Studying beliefs within cultural context. Example: Understanding Adivasi healing rituals
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without labeling them unscientific shows cultural relativism.
15. Discourse Analysis – Studying language and power in text. Example: Analyzing NEP 2020 speeches for
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ideological framing reflects discourse analysis.
16. Narrative Method – Using stories to explore social meaning. Example: Documenting acid attack survivors’
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journeys through storytelling shows narrative method.

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17. Case Study – Deep analysis of a single case or unit. Example: Studying Bhilwara’s social fabric as a communal
harmony model is a case study.

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18. Macro Perspective – Studying large-scale social structures. Example: Analyzing urbanization’s impact on caste
mobility reflects macro perspective.

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19. Micro Dynamics – Examining everyday interpersonal interactions. Example: Observing mother-daughter role
shifts in nuclear families shows micro dynamics.

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20. Reflexive Sociology – Acknowledging researcher’s positionality. Example: A Savarna researcher writing on
caste admits biases reflects reflexive sociology.
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21. Emic Perspective – Insider’s view of social practices. Example: A tribal researcher explaining customary forest
use reflects emic perspective.
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22. Etic Perspective – Outsider’s analytical viewpoint. Example: UNDP’s assessment of tribal livelihoods from
development lens reflects etic perspective.
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23. Neo-Functionalism – Modern take on structural harmony. Example: Explaining online education’s role in
system equilibrium uses neo-functionalism.
24. Standpoint Theory – Knowledge shaped by social location. Example: Dalit women’s view on temple entry
issues reflects standpoint theory.
25. Actor-Network – Viewing humans and non-humans in systems. Example: Studying Aadhaar ecosystem using
actor-network theory.
26. Value Neutrality – Avoiding moral judgments in analysis. Example: Studying sex work in metros without bias
reflects value neutrality.
27. Power Mapping – Tracing influence across actors and institutions. Example: Mapping digital platforms' sway
over political narratives reflects power mapping.
28. Action Research – Solving real problems through study. Example: Researchers improving menstrual hygiene
via school-level engagement shows action research.
29. Mixed Perspective – Using multiple methodologies together. Example: Studying reservation debates through
both stats and interviews reflects mixed perspective.

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reported cases and silences reflects realist method.
31. Comparative Method – Analyzing similarities/differences across units. Example: Comparing dowry laws across
Indian states uses comparative method.
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32. Life History – Recording a person’s full social journey. Example: Following a manual scavenger’s journey from

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childhood to activism reflects life history method.
33. Theoretical Sampling – Choosing cases to refine theory. Example: Interviewing diverse gig workers to refine

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precarity concept shows theoretical sampling.
34. Content Analysis – Systematic study of communication material. Example: Coding women’s portrayal in 2024
OTT content shows content analysis.
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35. Participatory Method – Subjects co-create knowledge. Example: LGBTQIA+ youth designing their own survey
tools shows participatory method.
36. Dialogic Method – Generating knowledge through open conversations. Example: Community podcasts on local
governance in Kerala reflect dialogic method.
37. Autoethnography Tool – Researcher’s own experience as data. Example: A queer person researching pride
marches via personal narrative uses autoethnography tool.
38. Decolonial Lens – Breaking away from Western frameworks. Example: Studying caste without Western race
analogies uses a decolonial lens.
39. Situated Knowledge – Understanding that all knowledge is context-based. Example: Rural women’s COVID
coping strategies reflect situated knowledge.
40. Thick Description – Rich detail capturing cultural nuances. Example: Writing about Muslim women’s dargah
visits in Ajmer with emotional tone shows thick description.

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Topic 3: Positivism and its Critique

1. Empirical Rigor – Emphasis on data-driven social inquiry. Example: NCRB’s uniform data collection on hate
crimes reflects empirical rigor.
2. Law-like Generalizations – Seeking universal laws in social behaviour. Example: Studies linking education with
fertility rates reflect law-like generalizations.
3. Value Neutrality – Excluding bias in scientific analysis. Example: Studying interfaith marriages without moral
judgment reflects value neutrality.
4. Objective Reality – Assumption that social facts exist outside individuals. Example: Census data on caste
demographics reflects objective reality.
5. Social Fact – External, constraining forces shaping individual behaviour. Example: Dowry expectations
influencing marriages reflect a social fact.
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6. Predictive Model – Anticipating outcomes based on variables. Example: Predicting voting patterns from youth
unemployment rates uses a predictive model.
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7. Measurement Bias – Errors from flawed tools or assumptions. Example: Underreporting of caste-based violence
in NCRB reflects measurement bias.
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8. Scientific Laws – Discovering cause-effect in social processes. Example: Establishing link between poverty and
dropout rates reflects scientific laws.
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9. Deterministic Logic – Seeing human behaviour as fixed by external conditions. Example: Blaming crime solely on
slum environment reflects deterministic logic.
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10. Positivist Reduction – Oversimplifying complex realities into variables. Example: Reducing gender inequality
to wage gaps alone reflects positivist reduction.
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11. Anti-positivism – Rejecting scientific detachment in social inquiry. Example: Studying communal riots through

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personal trauma narratives reflects anti-positivism.
12. Interpretive Sociology – Understanding meanings behind actions. Example: Analyzing why women prefer self-

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help groups reflects interpretive sociology.
13. Subjective Reality – Social truths shaped by perception. Example: Exploring fears around inter-caste love
reflects subjective reality.
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14. Contextual Inquiry – Importance of time and place in analysis. Example: Studying mental health stigma among

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Adivasi youth reflects contextual inquiry.
15. Human Agency – Recognizing individuals’ ability to act freely. Example: Women rejecting dowry despite
pressure reflect human agency.
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16. Emotional Knowledge – Validating feelings as data. Example: Studying grief in COVID orphaned children
reflects emotional knowledge.
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17. Meaning-Making – Emphasis on symbolic understanding. Example: Understanding choice of marriage symbols
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among queer couples reflects meaning-making.
18. Micro Focus – Attention to small-scale social interactions. Example: Studying greetings in slum communities
shows micro focus.
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19. Moral Engagement – Researcher involved ethically and emotionally. Example: Feminist researchers
campaigning against marital rape shows moral engagement.
20. Non-linearity – Rejecting linear cause-effect chains. Example: Mapping urban poverty with intersecting factors
reflects non-linearity.
21. Hermeneutic Lens – Deep interpretation of human expressions. Example: Decoding temple songs sung by
widows uses a hermeneutic lens.
22. Agency-Centric – Centering individual decisions in analysis. Example: Highlighting dalit student activism in
universities reflects agency-centric approach.
23. Situated Knowledge – Knowledge shaped by social location. Example: Research by disabled scholars on
accessibility reflects situated knowledge.
24. Insider Perspective – Learning from within the community. Example: A trans person documenting gender
norms from experience reflects insider perspective.

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25. Meaning over Measure – Prioritizing subjective insights over numerical data. Example: Understanding divorce
through emotional narratives over statistics shows meaning over measure.

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26. Critical Positivism – Blending empiricism with reflexivity. Example: Studying caste bias in education using both
surveys and reflexive journaling shows critical positivism.
27. Ideal Type – Conceptual tool to https://t.me/X_IAS
study complex phenomena. Example: Comparing Indian babudom with
Weberian bureaucracy uses ideal type.
28. Methodological Pluralism – Usinghttps://t.me/X_IAS
diverse methods to grasp reality. Example: Studying migration through
interviews and census reflects methodological pluralism.
29. Value-Laden Inquiry – Research openly influenced by social concerns. Example: Studying manual scavenging
with focus on dignity shows value-laden inquiry.
30. Lived Experience – Emphasis on what people feel and face. Example: Capturing trauma of NEET aspirants'
suicides reflects lived experience.
31. Rejection of Universalism – Denying one-size-fits-all explanations. Example: Challenging Western gender
categories in tribal India reflects rejection of universalism.
32. Actor Perspective – Giving primacy to individual interpretation. Example: Studying climate change perceptions
among fishers uses actor perspective.
33. Multiple Truths – Embracing diverse realities. Example: LGBTQIA+ identities varying across regions reflects
multiple truths.
34. Reflexivity Tool – Researcher constantly reassessing own bias. Example: Savarna feminist rethinking questions

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during caste interviews reflects reflexivity tool.

35. Thick Description – Detailed cultural context in data. Example: Studying Muslim wedding rituals in Kerala with
layered analysis shows thick description.
36. Symbolic Order – Shared meanings shaping actions. Example: Importance of mangalsutra in marriage reflects
symbolic order.
37. Rejection of Control – Accepting that social research can’t control variables. Example: Letting riot survivors tell
stories freely shows rejection of control.
38. Open-ended Design – Allowing research paths to evolve. Example: Changing study focus during fieldwork in
Manipur shows open-ended design.
39. Anti-reductionism – Resisting oversimplification. Example: Analyzing farmer protests beyond income levels
shows anti-reductionism.
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40. Standpoint Method – Starting from lived realities of the marginalized. Example: Dalit women’s water access
challenges reflect standpoint method.
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Topic 4: Fact, Value, and Objectivity
1. Value Imprint – Social research often reflects researcher’s values. Example: Caste-based NGO studies showing
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upper-caste bias reflect value imprint.
2. Objective Distance – Maintaining neutrality between subject and researcher. Example: Studying temple entry
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movements without religious bias shows objective distance.
3. Ethical Objectivity – Staying neutral without ignoring ethics. Example: Reporting on mob lynching without
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communal labeling shows ethical objectivity.
4. Fact Filtering – Selection of data influenced by viewpoint. Example: Highlighting urban poor but not rural
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distress in surveys reflects fact filtering.
5. Cultural Lens – Interpretation shaped by cultural background. Example: Western feminist views on veiling in
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India show cultural lens in research.

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6. Normative Pull – Research influenced by what ought to be. Example: Framing girl education as empowerment
goal shows normative pull.

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7. Intersubjective Agreement – Shared understanding among researchers validates objectivity. Example: Multiple
scholars agreeing on farmer protest causes reflects intersubjective agreement.

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8. Value Intrusion – Personal beliefs unintentionally shape outcomes. Example: Researcher’s political leaning
influencing protest reportage reflects value intrusion.

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9. Critical Reflexivity – Researcher questions own assumptions. Example: Feminist scholar checking class privilege
during gender fieldwork shows critical reflexivity.
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10. Fact Construction – Facts are not neutral but socially shaped. Example: Census categories on caste reflect fact
construction.
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11. Bias Disclosure – Researcher openly shares background and position. Example: Dalit activist-scholar stating
lived experience upfront shows bias disclosure.
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12. Data Objectivity – Striving for facts regardless of ideology. Example: Publishing religious hate crime stats
despite political tension shows data objectivity.
13. Method Integrity – Rigor in tools ensures impartiality. Example: Using mixed sampling in NEET anxiety study
shows method integrity.
14. Transparency Norm – Research must reveal its limits. Example: Stating sample size and margin of error in OBC
reservation study shows transparency norm.
15. Contextual Fact – Meaning of data depends on context. Example: Inter-caste marriage rates vary by region,
showing contextual fact.
16. Ethical Neutrality – Avoiding personal judgment while discussing sensitive issues. Example: Reporting
prostitution data without moral overtones shows ethical neutrality.
17. Constructed Reality – Social ‘facts’ are created through human interaction. Example: Gender roles changing
due to social media debates show constructed reality.
18. Soft Objectivity – Partial neutrality possible in social studies. Example: Interview-based caste analysis showing
pattern without generalization reflects soft objectivity.

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19. Interpretive Balance – Mixing understanding and explanation. Example: Studying child marriage with both
cultural and statistical lens shows interpretive balance.
20. Political Silence – Avoiding facts to escape political backlash. Example: Delayed release of caste census data
reflects political silence.
21. Implicit Framing – Research shaped by how question is posed. Example: Framing farmer protest as “law and
order issue” shows implicit framing.
22. Objective Standpoint – Neutral perspective adopted in sensitive fields. Example: Studying temple entry
debates from both sides shows objective standpoint.
23. Interest-Free Inquiry – Research without vested agenda. Example: Independent audit of rural healthcare by
citizen group reflects interest-free inquiry.
24. Norm Conflicts – Ethical values clash with objectivity. Example: Researcher torn between reporting tribal
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illegal logging and protecting community reflects norm conflicts.
25. Contextual Bias – Local factors shape data interpretation. Example: Rising dowry deaths in affluent districts
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show contextual bias in economic explanations.
26. Structural Filters – Institutions influence which facts are visible. Example: Media houses omitting labor rights
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violations reflect structural filters.
27. Reflexive Transparency – Researcher aware of their influence. Example: A Savarna scholar citing own caste
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location in Dalit study shows reflexive transparency.
28. Ethics Override – Moral duty can override neutrality. Example: Researcher whistleblowing child abuse in
shelter reflects ethics override.
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29. Objective Incompleteness – No social research is fully neutral. Example: Different accounts of Delhi riots
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across platforms show objective incompleteness.
30. Fact vs Fiction – Blurred lines in narratives posing as research. Example: Sensational books on Indian politics
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lacking citations reflect fact vs fiction.

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31. Political Objectivity – Avoiding partisan leanings in analysis. Example: Studying UCC debate without
majoritarian framing shows political objectivity.

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32. Peer Review – Vetting for bias and rigor. Example: SC-ST studies approved after academic review reflect peer
review objectivity.

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33. Accountability Factor – Researcher accountable to community studied. Example: Disclosing tribal land rights
data back to the people shows accountability factor.

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34. Emotional Distance – Needed gap between research and emotion. Example: Interviewing riot victims without
breaking into tears shows emotional distance.
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35. Moral Integrity – Staying honest even if inconvenient. Example: Reporting increase in child labor despite
sponsor pressure reflects moral integrity.
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36. Ideological Neutrality – Keeping research free from ideology. Example: Documenting student protests across
party lines reflects ideological neutrality.
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37. Value Balance – Navigating between facts and fairness. Example: Reporting both police and victim accounts in
custodial death reflects value balance.
38. Structured Openness – Allowing diverse interpretations within method. Example: Interpreting gender
transition stories across communities shows structured openness.
39. Epistemic Humility – Accepting limits of one's own knowledge. Example: Urban researcher admitting lack of
understanding of tribal belief systems shows epistemic humility.
40. Insider Bias – Shared identity affecting data judgment. Example: Queer researcher excusing trans community
flaws reflects insider bias.
41. Consensus Validity – Agreement among experts lends credibility. Example: Common conclusions on education
inequality in Delhi slums show consensus validity.
42. Politicized Data – Facts framed to serve narratives. Example: Different parties using the same poverty data for
opposite claims shows politicized data.
43. Competing Truths – Multiple realities from the same event. Example: Media narratives around CAA protests
reflect competing truths.

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44. Field Dependence – Researcher’s relation to environment matters. Example: Researcher known to community
getting richer data shows field dependence.
45. Ambiguity Tolerance – Comfort with unclear outcomes. Example: Studying caste dynamics in love marriages
with inconclusive findings reflects ambiguity tolerance.
46. Cultural Objectivity – Avoiding ethnocentric judgment. Example: Studying Khasi matriliny without labeling it
backward shows cultural objectivity.
47. Structured Ethics – Predefined moral codes in study. Example: Signing consent before interviewing sex
workers reflects structured ethics.
48. Instrumental Bias – Tools themselves distort results. Example: English-only survey in rural Jharkhand shows
instrumental bias.
49. External Validation – Facts cross-checked with multiple sources. Example: NGO’s caste violence report verified
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with FIRs reflects external validation.
50. Fact-Value Fusion – Research outcome shaped by ethical lens. Example: Study on menstrual leave policy
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shaped by gender justice lens shows fact-value fusion.
Topic 5: Non-Positivist Methodologies
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1. Verstehen Approach – Emphasizes empathetic understanding in sociology. Example: Understanding farmer
suicides through lived experiences reflects the Verstehen approach.
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2. Interpretive Lens – Focuses on meanings individuals attach to actions. Example: Analyzing love jihad debates
through community narratives shows use of interpretive lens.
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3. Symbolic Interactionism – Studies how symbols shape social interaction. Example: Examining hijab as identity
in college protests shows symbolic interactionism.
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4. Ethnographic Method – Immersive study of cultures and communities. Example: Studying trans lives in Delhi

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slums through lived shadowing uses ethnographic method.
5. Phenomenology – Focuses on subjective experiences over external facts. Example: Capturing migrant workers'

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pandemic trauma through first-person narratives reflects phenomenology.
6. Grounded Theory – Theory is built from field data, not imposed. Example: Developing class hierarchy patterns

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among gig workers from interviews reflects grounded theory.
7. Narrative Inquiry – Uses storytelling to understand social realities. Example: Documenting Dalit women’s

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journeys in panchayats through personal stories shows narrative inquiry.
8. Feminist Methodology – Focuses on gendered experiences and power relations. Example: Studying unpaid care

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work during lockdown highlights feminist methodology.
9. Reflexive Method – Researcher reflects on own role in shaping data. Example: Queer scholar noting their
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influence in LGBTQ fieldwork uses reflexive method.
10. Postmodern Approach – Challenges grand theories and embraces plurality. Example: Exploring identities in
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digital influencers without binaries shows postmodern approach.
11. Life History Method – Studies individual life trajectories to understand society. Example: Interviewing
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intergenerational sex workers in Sonagachi uses life history method.
12. Action Research – Research aims to produce social change. Example: Studying school dropout rates and
lobbying for midday meals reflects action research.
13. Autoethnography – Researcher uses personal experience as data. Example: Dalit scholar writing about caste-
based discrimination in academia is autoethnography.
14. Thick Description – Deep, contextual detail in cultural studies. Example: Describing rituals in a Nagaland tribal
wedding using thick description.
15. Critical Theory – Questions structures of domination and inequality. Example: Examining caste hierarchy in
tech employment uses critical theory.
16. Dialogic Method – Builds knowledge through dialogue with participants. Example: Co-authoring field reports
with slum youth reflects dialogic method.
17. Situated Knowledge – All knowledge is shaped by social context. Example: Tribal women's health narratives
differing from state surveys show situated knowledge.
18. Emic Perspective – Insider view of a culture or group. Example: Studying Khasi matriliny from community’s

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viewpoint is an emic perspective.

19. Etic Perspective – External, comparative view of a group. Example: Comparing Khasi system with other
matrilineal systems reflects etic perspective.

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20. Participatory Observation – Researcher becomes part of the group studied. Example: Joining farmers’ protests
to observe strategy use shows participatory observation.
21. Discourse Analysis – Studies how language creates social meaning. Example: Analyzing political speeches on
minority rights using discourse analysis.
22. Critical Reflexivity – Constantly interrogating researcher’s influence and bias. Example: A Brahmin studying
caste violence while disclosing location uses critical reflexivity.
23. Emotional Validity – Recognizing emotions as valid data. Example: Studying grief among COVID widows
through their expression of loss reflects emotional validity.
24. Visual Sociology – Uses images and media as research material. Example: Analyzing Instagram posts of Gen Z
protesters shows visual sociology.
25. Performative Method – Uses art and performance in data gathering. Example: Street play used to elicit views
on gender norms shows performative method.
26. Actor-Network Theory – Focuses on human and non-human interactions. Example: Tracing Aadhaar’s role in

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welfare access uses actor-network theory.

27. Intersectional Analysis – Looks at overlapping identities and oppressions. Example: Studying tribal LGBTQ
youth reflects intersectional analysis.
28. Co-creation Method – Research is done with, not on people. Example: Homeless people designing survey
questions reflects co-creation method.
29. Decolonial Method – Challenges Western frameworks in knowledge. Example: Using oral tribal history over
census data shows decolonial method.
30. Voice-Centered Research – Prioritizes participants’ voice over researcher’s. Example: Transcribing refugee
children’s narratives without summary uses voice-centered research.
31. Embodied Knowledge – Emphasizes lived bodily experiences. Example: Studying manual scavenging through
bodily pain reflects embodied knowledge.
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32. Temporal Analysis – Studies how time shapes social practices. Example: Observing caste changes across
generations in one family reflects temporal analysis.
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33. Emotional Sociology – Emotions are central to understanding society. Example: Exploring fear among Muslims
post-lynching reflects emotional sociology.
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34. Sensory Ethnography – Uses touch, sound, smell in data. Example: Studying life in fish markets through smell
and sound reflects sensory ethnography.
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35. Participatory Visuals – Participants create images/videos as data. Example: Migrant workers filming lockdown
struggles shows participatory visuals.
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36. Queer Methodology – Challenges heteronormative assumptions in research. Example: Studying fluid identities
in drag communities shows queer methodology.
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37. Embodied Reflexivity – Researcher reflects through body experiences. Example: Scholar studying fasting

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protests through own hunger experience shows embodied reflexivity.
38. Situated Ethics – Ethics are contextual, not universal. Example: Gaining consent from elders, not just

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participants, in tribal fieldwork shows situated ethics.
39. Critical Ethnography – Research aimed at social justice. Example: Studying bonded labor to push for policy
change shows critical ethnography.
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40. Polyvocality – Multiple voices represented in findings. Example: Dalit, OBC, and Brahmin youth views equally

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shown in campus caste study reflect polyvocality.
III. RESEARCH METHODS AND ANALYSIS

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Topics: Qualitative & Quantitative Methods | Data Collection Techniques | Variables, Sampling, Hypothesis,
Reliability, Validity
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1. Mixed Toolbox – Use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Example: NFHS combines interviews and
statistical surveys, showcasing a mixed toolbox.
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2. Depth Interviews – Open-ended discussions to gain insights. Example: Interviewing ASHA workers on menstrual
taboos reflects depth interviews.
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3. Survey Sheets – Standardized questionnaires for data collection. Example: Swachh Survekshan uses survey
sheets to assess sanitation.
4. Focused Grouping – Group discussion on specific topics. Example: Farmers’ input on MSP policies collected via
focused grouping.
5. Time Surveys – Data gathered across timelines for comparison. Example: Studying literacy rise across census
years reflects time surveys.
6. Ethno Immersion – Living among subjects for observation. Example: Researchers staying in Kutch villages to
study post-earthquake recovery show ethno immersion.
7. Key Informants – Locals providing insider knowledge. Example: Senior panchayat women acting as key
informants in gender bias research.
8. Snowball Sample – Participants refer next participants. Example: LGBTQ+ mental health study used snowball
sample due to community sensitivity.
9. Random Draw – Subjects chosen by chance to avoid bias. Example: Voter behavior survey selecting participants
via random draw.

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10. Stratified Split – Dividing population into subgroups for balance. Example: Stratified split used in caste-wise
political preference analysis.
11. Case Profile – Studying one unit intensively. Example: Case profile of a tribal school improving NEP compliance.
12. Content Mining – Analyzing textual material for themes. Example: Studying election manifestos using content
mining.

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13. Likert Scaling – Measuring attitudes on a scale. Example: Youth opinion on online education measured via
Likert scaling.
14. Purposive Pull – Subjects chosen for specific traits. Example: Urban poor women selected purposively for
sanitation study.
15. Data Triangulation – Using multiple sources to ensure accuracy. Example: Combining NGO records, interviews,
and media for Dalit atrocity study shows triangulation.
16. Observation Grid – Tool to record behavior systematically. Example: Child nutrition habits in Anganwadis
documented via observation grid.
17. Longitudinal Lens – Tracking changes over long period. Example: Income patterns of rural households pre- and
post-COVID studied through longitudinal lens.
18. Cross-sectional Cut – Snapshot of population at one point in time. Example: Caste voting patterns during 2024
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elections studied using cross-sectional cut.
19. Hypothesis Draft – Tentative statement to be tested. Example: "Higher education leads to reduced dowry
acceptance" as a hypothesis draft. https://t.me/X_IAS
20. Null Check – Assumes no relation between variables. Example: Testing if gender impacts voting choices with a
null check. https://t.me/X_IAS
21. Operational Clarity – Defining concepts in measurable terms. Example: Defining ‘digital literacy’ in terms of
app usage is operational clarity.
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22. Validity Lens – Measures if tool reflects true concept. Example: Checking if survey on caste bias captures actual
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discrimination ensures validity lens.
23. Reliable Repeat – Consistency in repeated measures. Example: Getting same child nutrition results over weeks
shows reliable repeat.
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24. Variable Frame – Elements that vary across subjects. Example: In a rural poverty study, income and education
were key variable frames.
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25. Dependent Marker – Outcome influenced by other variables. Example: School dropout rates as dependent
marker influenced by caste.

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26. Independent Trigger – Variable that causes change. Example: Mother’s education level as independent trigger
for child nutrition.

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27. Field Diary – Real-time documentation during research. Example: NGO interns recording reactions in
menstruation awareness sessions using field diaries.
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28. Coding Grid – Classifying qualitative data into themes. Example: Interviews on caste shaming coded under
‘discrimination’, ‘silence’, ‘resistance’.
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29. Pilot Pulse – Small trial before final study. Example: Testing adolescent behavior survey on one Delhi school
acts as pilot pulse.
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30. Sample Size – Number of participants in a study. Example: 1000 tribal households surveyed for forest rights
forms sample size.
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31. Tabular Crunch – Quantitative data arranged in tables. Example: Table showing caste-wise college dropouts is
tabular crunch.
32. Thematic Net – Identifying patterns from open responses. Example: Analyzing gig workers’ stress using a
thematic net.
33. Response Rate – Percentage of people who participate. Example: Online gender sensitization poll with 80%
response rate.
34. Bias Trap – Systematic error affecting research. Example: Only interviewing elite women in rural gender study
creates bias trap.
35. Double-barrel Question – Two queries in one question. Example: “Do you feel safe and respected in school?” is
a double-barrel question.
36. Informed Consent – Participants know purpose and risk. Example: Seeking informed consent from sex workers
in health study.
37. Ethical Debrief – Explaining study after completion. Example: Telling slum youth how their responses helped
policy after survey shows ethical debrief.

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38. Field Fatigue – Participant tiredness during long research. Example: Slum respondents skipping answers in
long interviews shows field fatigue.
39. Rapport Building – Establishing trust with subjects. Example: Spending weeks with tribal elders before data
collection aids rapport building.
40. Anonymity Shield – Keeping identities secret. Example: Assigning pseudonyms to Dalit girls in honor killing
study reflects anonymity shield.
IV. SOCIOLOGICAL THINKERS
TOPIC-1: KARL MARX
1. Class Dialectic – History shaped by conflicts between social classes. Example: Gig workers protesting for rights
against Zomato-Swiggy reflects class dialectic.
2. Material Base – Economic structures determining societal superstructure. Example: India's shift to service
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economy changing urban values shows material base.
3. Bourgeois Hegemony – Domination of capitalist class in culture and institutions. Example: EdTech ads
https://t.me/X_IAS
promoting success through costly courses reflect bourgeois hegemony.
4. Surplus Seizure – Capitalists appropriating value produced by workers. Example: Garment factories in Noida
https://t.me/X_IAS
underpaying workers shows surplus seizure.
5. Alienated Labor – Workers disconnected from product, process, and self. Example: Factory line workers
https://t.me/X_IAS
unaware of final product experience alienated labor.
6. Wage Fetishism – Illusion that wage equals true worth of labor. Example: ₹300/day for tribal plantation labor
reveals wage fetishism.
https://t.me/X_IAS
7. Base Superstructure – Economy influencing law, politics, and ideology. Example: Pro-industry land laws reflect
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base-superstructure relationship.
8. Class Consciousness – Awareness among oppressed about exploitation. Example: Amazon warehouse strikes
https://t.me/X_IAS
in US emerge from class consciousness.

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9. False Needs – Desires manufactured by capitalist advertising. Example: Rise of influencer marketing in rural
areas reflects false needs.

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10. Proletariat Push – Working class striving to change conditions. Example: Ola drivers’ unionization efforts show
proletariat push.

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11. Commodity Trap – Social relations hidden behind products. Example: Coffee marketed as ‘premium
experience’ hides farm exploitation – a commodity trap.

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12. Means Capture – Elite control over production tools and capital. Example: Billionaire-led agritech monopolies
signify means capture.
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13. Labor Power – Capacity to work sold as a commodity. Example: Delivery agents selling time per order
represents labor power.
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14. Class Polarization – Growing gap between rich and poor. Example: India’s richest 1% holding 40% wealth
shows class polarization.
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15. Historical Steps – Society evolving through stages of conflict. Example: Shift from zamindari to private real
estate shows historical steps.
16. Revolutionary Tide – Inevitable upheaval from class conflict. Example: France’s pension protests reflect
revolutionary tide.
17. Use-Value Gap – Utility of goods vs. market exchange value. Example: ₹200 designer water bottle vs. ₹10 local
brand shows use-value gap.
18. Exploitation Index – Difference between labor input and wage received. Example: E-waste workers in
Seelampur earning ₹100/day signals exploitation index.
19. Superstructure Echo – Legal and cultural forms echoing economic interests. Example: Startup-friendly reforms
ignoring gig worker rights show superstructure echo.
20. Feudal Residue – Pre-capitalist relations persisting in modern setups. Example: Caste-based land control in
Bihar shows feudal residue.
21. Private Dominion – Ownership of resources by a few. Example: Adani’s control over ports and energy reflects
private dominion.

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22. Profit Motive – Driving force behind capitalist actions. Example: Pharma firms hiking life-saving drug prices
shows profit motive.
23. Worker Revolt – Uprising against capitalist conditions. Example: Anganwadi workers’ protests in Gujarat signal
worker revolt.
24. Class Segregation – Spatial divide based on economic class. Example: Gated communities next to slums in
Gurugram show class segregation.
25. Capital Grip – Capital’s control over lives and time. Example: Tech employees on 12-hour shifts face capital
grip.
26. Alienation Spiral – Deepening disconnection from meaningful life. Example: Urban youth burnout in tech jobs
reveals alienation spiral.

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33. Profit Pyramid – Few at the top benefit most. Example: EdTech unicorn CEOs profiting during job losses
reflects profit pyramid.
34. Surplus Crisis – Overproduction with under-consumption. Example: Unsold flats in metros amidst
homelessness shows surplus crisis.
35. Class Mirage – Belief in upward mobility within rigid structure. Example: Dream of ‘startup success’ for gig
workers creates class mirage.
36. Reification Lens – Treating social relations as things. Example: Judging people solely by salary is a reification
lens.
37. Tech Alienation – Tech-mediated jobs increasing disconnection. Example: Call center workers under
algorithmic control face tech alienation.
38. Crisis Machinery – Systemic crisis built into capitalism. Example: Recurrent bank collapses reflect capitalism’s
crisis machinery. https://t.me/X_IAS
39. Extractive Mode – Systems that exploit without renewal. Example: Lithium mining in tribal zones follows
extractive mode. https://t.me/X_IAS
40. Debt Control – Financial systems enslaving workers. Example: Gig workers trapped in bike loans represent
debt control. https://t.me/X_IAS
Topic-2: Emile Durkheim
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1. Organic Solidarity – Social cohesion from specialized roles. Example: Delhi Metro staff’s interdependence
across roles shows organic solidarity.
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2. Mechanical Solidarity – Cohesion from shared beliefs and similarity. Example: Tribal resistance in Bastar
reflects mechanical solidarity.
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3. Moral Regulation – Norms guiding individual desires. Example: Rise in coaching suicides in Kota indicates
weakened moral regulation.
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4. Collective Conscience – Shared beliefs binding society. Example: National mourning for CDS Rawat shows
collective conscience.
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5. Social Integration – Degree of connectedness in society. Example: NEET dropouts facing isolation indicate low
social integration.
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6. Anomic Suicide – Suicide due to normlessness or instability. Example: Job loss-triggered farmer suicides post-

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loan defaults show anomic suicide.
7. Egoistic Suicide – Result of weak social bonds. Example: Elderly living alone in metros and dying unnoticed
shows egoistic suicide.
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8. Altruistic Suicide – Dying for group or cause. Example: Soldiers volunteering in high-risk missions reflect
altruistic suicide.
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9. Fatalistic Suicide – Suicide due to oppressive regulation. Example: Prisoners in solitary confinement dying by
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suicide show fatalistic suicide.
10. Norm Vacuum – Absence of shared societal expectations. Example: Rapid AI job losses creating identity crisis
reflects norm vacuum.
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11. Sacred Sphere – Set apart, revered elements in society. Example: Ram Mandir rituals reflect sacred sphere.
12. Profane Sphere – Ordinary aspects of daily life. Example: Office culture memes reflect profane sphere.
13. Collective Ritual – Practices reaffirming group unity. Example: Ganesh Visarjan celebrations display collective
ritual.
14. Moral Density – Intensity of social interaction. Example: Viral social campaigns on Instagram show increasing
moral density.
15. Division Strain – Conflict from specialized roles mismatch. Example: Tech graduates working food delivery jobs
show division strain.
16. Functionalist Lens – Viewing society as interconnected parts. Example: Pandemic response coordination
shows functionalist lens.
17. Conscience Clash – Tension between personal and collective beliefs. Example: Hijab row in colleges reflects
conscience clash.

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18. Group Morality – Ethical codes shared by a group. Example: ISRO scientists avoiding political affiliation show
group morality.
19. Forced Division – Unnatural imposition of roles. Example: Reservation bypass in private hiring reflects forced
division.
20. Labor Alienation – Disconnection despite specialization. Example: Remote tech workers facing burnout show
labor alienation.
21. Social Glue – Forces binding individuals to groups. Example: Caste panchayats enforcing norms reflect social
glue.
22. Suicide Audit – Studying patterns to understand society. Example: NCRB tracking student suicides enables
suicide audit.
23. Norm Drift – Slow fading of shared values. Example: Decline in wedding rituals in urban India shows norm
drift. https://t.me/X_IAS
24. Integration Gap – Lack of group belonging. Example: Trans youth rejected by family experience integration
gap. https://t.me/X_IAS
25. Crisis Rituals – Collective acts in uncertain times. Example: Candle marches post-rape cases reflect crisis
rituals. https://t.me/X_IAS
26. Labor Morality – Ethical rules guiding professions. Example: Medical council ethics on pharma freebies show
labor morality.
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27. Anomie Surge – Rise in normlessness during social change. Example: Crypto fraud victims in tier-2 cities reflect
anomie surge.
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28. Moral Overload – Conflict from excessive ethical codes. Example: Dual expectations on women professionals
show moral overload.
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29. Solidarity Shift – Change from mechanical to organic unity. Example: Rural-to-urban migration shows
solidarity shift.
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30. Sacred Violation – Offense to revered beliefs. Example: Quran desecration protests abroad show sacred
violation.

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31. Digital Sacred – Reverence transferred to online space. Example: Profile picture changes after tragedy show
digital sacred.

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32. Symbolic Unity – Shared symbols creating belonging. Example: Indian flag during cricket matches shows
symbolic unity.

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33. Ethical Decay – Erosion of moral norms. Example: Exam paper leaks reflect ethical decay.
34. Moral Panic – Widespread fear over social threat. Example: Deepfake scare in student circles reflects moral
panic.
https://t.me/X_IAS
35. Sacred Displacement – Religious meaning given to secular items. Example: Worship of celebrity idols reflects
sacred displacement.
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36. Communal Cohesion – Unity within religious groups. Example: Langar system in Gurudwaras shows
communal cohesion.
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37. Regulative Norms – Rules shaping individual behavior. Example: Traffic fines for helmetless riding reflect
regulative norms.
38. Modern Rituals – Secular practices gaining sacredness. Example: Flash mobs for climate awareness act as
modern rituals.
39. Moral Vacuum – Absence of ethical clarity. Example: Teen influencers promoting risky products reflect moral
vacuum.
40. Civic Religion – Nation as sacred idea. Example: Voter ink as pride symbol reflects civic religion.
41. Emotion Regulation – Collective expression of grief/joy. Example: Public crying at exam failures shows
emotion regulation.
42. Law as Norm – Legal system reflecting collective morality. Example: Same-sex marriage debate highlights law
as norm.
43. Sacred Sanction – Religious backing for social rules. Example: Temple bans on women reflect sacred sanction.

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44. Norm Erosion – Disappearance of traditional expectations. Example: Decline in joint families signals norm
erosion.
45. Religion Bond – Faith acting as group glue. Example: Eid gatherings after conflict show religion bond.
46. Ceremonial Order – Structure provided by rituals. Example: Temple inauguration sequences show ceremonial
order.
47. Emotive Integration – Sharing of feelings in rituals. Example: Candlelit vigils for martyrs reflect emotive
integration.
48. Moral Individualism – Focus on inner conscience over group. Example: Young voters choosing NOTA shows
moral individualism.
49. Suicide Clusters – Series of suicides in a region/group. Example: Multiple Kota suicides in a month show
suicide clusters.
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50. Social Pressure – Conformity demanded by collective. Example: Rural youth forced into family trade reflects
social pressure.
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Topic-3: Sociological Thinkers – Max Weber
1. Instrumental Action – Rational behavior aimed at a goal. Example: Students choosing UPSC coaching for career
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stability reflect instrumental action.
2. Value Action – Action driven by belief or value. Example: A forest officer rejecting bribes despite pressure
shows value action.
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3. Affective Action – Action led by emotions. Example: Mob violence after a political murder reflects affective
action.
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4. Traditional Action – Behavior rooted in customs. Example: Touching elders’ feet during Diwali shows
traditional action.
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5. Weberian Lens – Viewing society through subjective meaning. Example: Studying gig workers' identity
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formation reflects Weberian lens.

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6. Ideal Bureaucrat – Model official with rule-based neutrality. Example: Election officers following strict code
show ideal bureaucrat traits.

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7. Rational Capitalism – System driven by efficiency and planning. Example: Startup IPOs with data-driven
projections show rational capitalism.

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8. Charismatic Authority – Power due to personal appeal. Example: Support for Chandrababu Naidu’s comeback
shows charismatic authority.

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9. Traditional Authority – Power legitimized by heritage/custom. Example: Khasi chieftains exercising clan
power show traditional authority.
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10. Legal-Rational Authority – Power through codified rules. Example: Power of Lokpal derives from legal-
rational authority.
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11. Formal Rationality – Decision-making based on logic. Example: Tax reforms using AI audits reflect formal
rationality.
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12. Substantive Rationality – Decisions rooted in ethics. Example: NGOs refusing foreign funds on ethical grounds
show substantive rationality.
13. Authority Crisis – Legitimacy breakdown in leadership. Example: Manipur police losing public trust reflects
authority crisis.
14. Work Ethic – Discipline and diligence as a value. Example: Kerala nurses migrating abroad with high work
ethic.
15. Secular Vocation – Viewing jobs as moral calling. Example: Rural teachers resisting transfers show secular
vocation.
16. Iron Cage – Feeling trapped by rigid bureaucracy. Example: Citizens navigating online passport delays reflect
iron cage.
17. Goal Displacement – Means replace original purpose. Example: Coaching centers chasing ranks over learning
show goal displacement.
18. Formal Hierarchy – Ranked structure of authority. Example: Indian Railways staff chain reflects formal
hierarchy.

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19. Written Rules – Codified procedures over discretion. Example: RTI replies adhering strictly to manual show
written rules.
20. Impersonality Norm – Treatment without favoritism. Example: Online recruitment tests ensure impersonality
norm.
21. Status Fetish – Excessive respect for titles. Example: 'IAS' car plates on wedding invites reflect status fetish.
22. Efficiency Drive – Rational push for productivity. Example: UPI’s real-time model shows India’s efficiency drive.
23. Credential Culture – Obsession with certified merit. Example: Hiring based solely on IIT/IIM degrees shows
credential culture.
24. Managerial Authority – Leadership through technical competence. Example: Bank managers reshuffling NPAs
reflect managerial authority.
25. Document Fetish – Excessive paperwork in governance. Example: Pension delays due to missing form show
document fetish. https://t.me/X_IAS
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26. Ethical Neutrality – Separation of values from analysis. Example: NITI Aayog reports sticking to data show
ethical neutrality.
27. Bureaucratic Drift – Shift from policy goals. Example: Delay in PMAY home delivery shows bureaucratic drift.
28. Charisma Transfer – Institutionalization of leader’s appeal. Example: Modi’s brand shaping BJP’s youth wing
shows charisma transfer.
29. Voter Rationality – Choosing based on calculated interests. Example: Farmers supporting MSP promises show
voter rationality.
30. Market Morality – Economic ethics influencing behavior. Example: D2C brands avoiding animal testing reflect
market morality.
31. Power Legitimacy – Recognition of rightful rule. Example: Supreme Court validating Delhi Ordinance shows
power legitimacy.
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32. Disenchantment Thesis – Rationality reducing mystical belief. Example: Decline in astrologer visits among
urban youth shows disenchantment thesis.
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33. Predictability Trap – Loss of spontaneity due to routine. Example: Standardized school assemblies reflect
predictability trap.
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34. Rule Fixation – Excessive reliance on procedures. Example: Aadhaar errors causing subsidy delay show rule
fixation.
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35. Hyper Regulation – Overburdening with codes and laws. Example: Multiple startup compliances reflect hyper
regulation.
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36. Office Insulation – Detachment of officials from people. Example: DM offices with strict appointment slots
show office insulation.
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37. Discretion Anxiety – Fear of deviating from norms. Example: Field officers avoiding spot decisions reflect
discretion anxiety.
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38. Civic Rationality – Logics behind state planning. Example: Public transport planning using GIS data shows civic
rationality.
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39. Compliance Culture – Social expectation to follow rules. Example: Queueing in airports post-COVID shows
compliance culture.
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40. Charisma Crisis – Collapse of personal appeal legitimacy. Example: Student protests after abrupt VC decisions
show charisma crisis.
Topic 4: Talcott Parsons
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1. System Stability – Balance among institutional roles. Example: Smooth functioning of India’s election
machinery reflects system stability.
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2. Role Differentiation – Specific tasks assigned within structure. Example: Panchayat leaders and SHG workers
show role differentiation.
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3. Status Integration – Harmony between multiple social roles. Example: A woman balancing teaching and
motherhood reflects status integration.
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4. Norm Consensus – Shared societal expectations guiding behavior. Example: Wearing helmets while biking
reflects norm consensus.
5. Social Equilibrium – Steady state through institutional coordination. Example: Coordination between RBI and
Finance Ministry shows social equilibrium.
6. Functional Unity – Interdependent roles contributing to system. Example: Anganwadi workers linking health
and education show functional unity.
7. Goal Attainment – System’s ability to achieve objectives. Example: NITI Aayog’s SDG localization reflects goal
attainment.
8. Pattern Maintenance – Upholding cultural values for continuity. Example: NCERT syllabus revision retaining
constitutional values reflects pattern maintenance.
9. Latency Function – System’s ability to preserve motivation. Example: National Service Scheme builds latent
commitment among students.
10. Social Integration – Cohesion across diverse institutions. Example: Multi-faith disaster relief in Sikkim shows
social integration.

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11. Adaptive Function – Adjusting to changing environment. Example: Rural schools adopting digital learning
shows adaptive function.
12. Value System – Set of shared beliefs. Example: NEP 2020’s emphasis on Indian knowledge systems reflects
value system.
13. Affective Neutrality – Acting without emotional bias. Example: Civil services reforms urging impartiality reflect
affective neutrality.
14. Affective Orientation – Emotion-based interactions. Example: Telemedicine counselors supporting patients
emotionally show affective orientation.
15. Universalistic Standards – Judging based on general rules. Example: CUET marking across boards reflects
universalistic standards.
16. Particularistic Standards – Judging by personal relations. Example: Caste-based local candidate support shows
particularistic standards. https://t.me/X_IAS
17. Achievement Norm – Status through performance. Example: UPSC rankers gaining social recognition show
achievement norm. https://t.me/X_IAS
18. Ascription Norm – Status by birth or identity. Example: Political dynasty scions winning elections reflect
ascription norm. https://t.me/X_IAS
19. Self-Oriented Action – Choices based on personal goals. Example: Start-up founders choosing autonomy show
self-oriented action.
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20. Collectivity Orientation – Prioritizing group interest. Example: Tribal protests to preserve forest rights show
collectivity orientation.
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21. Socialization Agent – Institutions shaping norms and values. Example: NCC inculcating discipline among youth
reflects socialization agent.
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22. Cultural Integration – Merging values for unity. Example: G20 culture festivals promoting unity in diversity
show cultural integration.
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23. System Disequilibrium – Disruption in institutional harmony. Example: Judicial-executive tensions over
appointments reflect system disequilibrium.

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24. Function Failure – Breakdown in institutional role. Example: Rising NEET suicides highlight function failure of
education.

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25. Latency Breakdown – Collapse of value motivation. Example: Youth apathy towards voting reflects latency
breakdown.

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26. Structural Strain – Conflict due to institutional misfit. Example: Work-from-home policy tensions reflect
structural strain.
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27. Norm Conflict – Clash of expectations. Example: Hijab-ban debate in colleges reflects norm conflict.
28. Cultural Drift – Gradual value shift in society. Example: Youth moving from marriage to live-in shows cultural
drift.
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29. System Adaptability – Flexibility to societal changes. Example: Courts recognizing same-sex live-in couples
shows system adaptability.
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30. Goal Strain – Struggle to meet collective objectives. Example: Urban floods despite AMRUT missions show goal
strain.
31. Integration Lag – Slower value acceptance across groups. Example: Rural resistance to LGBTQ rights reflects
integration lag.
32. Role Conflict – Clashing expectations from same person. Example: Women doctors balancing surgery and
family show role conflict.
33. Institutional Overload – Burdened systemic structures. Example: High court case backlogs show institutional
overload.
34. Sub-system Harmony – Coordination among institutional parts. Example: Health, education, and nutrition
under Poshan 2.0 show sub-system harmony.
35. Norm Internalization – Acceptance of norms as natural. Example: Habitual online bill payments reflect norm
internalization.

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36. Functional Prerequisite – Basic https://t.me/X_IAS
system needs for survival. Example: Reliable telecom for online education is a
functional prerequisite.
37. Symbolic Legitimacy – Culturalhttps://t.me/X_IAS
approval of roles. Example: Bharat Ratna to Karpoori Thakur reflects symbolic
legitimacy.
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38. Value Commitment – Internalization of shared ideals. Example: Young IAS officers promoting girl education
reflect value commitment.
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39. Cultural Transmission – Passing values across generations. Example: National Anthem in school assemblies
reflects cultural transmission.
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40. Action System – Interlinked set of role-performers. Example: COVID task forces uniting doctors, police, media
show action system.
Topic-5 : Sociological Thinkers – Robert K. Merton
1. Manifest Role – Intended, visible purpose of an institution. Example: Parliament passing bills reflects its
manifest role.
2. Latent Effect – Unintended consequences of action. Example: Work-from-home led to rural digital migration as
a latent effect.
3. Ritual Formalism – Performing acts without intended impact. Example: Annual school prayers with no value
reflection show ritual formalism.
4. Deviant Innovation – Using unapproved means to reach goals. Example: Using AI tools for cheating in exams is
deviant innovation.
5. Cultural Lag – Norms failing to catch up with changes. Example: Teachers banning ChatGPT shows cultural lag.

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6. Structural Strain – Tension from mismatched goals and means. Example: Unemployed graduates joining MLM
schemes reflect structural strain.
7. Status Anxiety – Fear of social inferiority. Example: UPSC dropouts facing family shame reflects status anxiety.
8. Conformist Citizen – One who accepts goals and legal means. Example: Lakhs attempting UPSC with dedication
are conformist citizens.
9. Retreatist Youth – Rejecting both goals and means. Example: Drug abuse in Punjab shows retreatist youth.
10. Ritualistic Worker – Following rules but lacking ambition. Example: Government clerks ignoring deadlines
reflect ritualistic workers.
11. Rebel Group – Rejecting norms, proposing alternatives. Example: Climate protesters demanding degrowth
policies are rebel groups.
12. Reference Peer – Group influencing behavior standards. Example: Instagram influencers shape fashion as
reference peers. https://t.me/X_IAS
13. Anticipatory Shift – Imitating groups one aspires to join. Example: Rural students dressing like urban peers
show anticipatory shift. https://t.me/X_IAS
14. Role Set – Multiple expectations from a single status. Example: Teachers also managing admin duties reflect
role set. https://t.me/X_IAS
15. Function Overlap – One role serving multiple functions. Example: Aanganwadi centers providing both nutrition
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and pre-schooling reflect function overlap.
16. Latent Patriotism – Unspoken national loyalty. Example: Massive disaster donations post-Manipur violence
show latent patriotism.
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17. Manifest Protest – Visible political demonstration. Example: Farmers' tractor rally during budget session was a
manifest protest.
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18. Strain Response – Reaction to institutional pressure. Example: Students faking internships on CVs show strain
response.
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19. Innovative Deviance – Goal-seeking through unapproved means. Example: Buying fake certificates to apply
abroad reflects innovative deviance.

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20. Social Drift – Gradual detachment from norms. Example: Rising youth interest in gambling apps shows social
drift.

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21. Relative Deprivation – Feeling deprived compared to others. Example: Jobless engineers seeing influencers
earn lakhs shows relative deprivation.

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22. Role Strain – Inability to meet all expectations. Example: Women UPSC aspirants managing home duties show
role strain.
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23. Illegitimate Means – Unapproved ways to success. Example: NEET paper leaks expose use of illegitimate
means.
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24. Symbolic Deviance – Norm violation to express ideology. Example: Burning effigies in protest is symbolic
deviance.
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25. Overconformity Trap – Blind adherence causing inefficiency. Example: Clerical insistence on physical forms
despite digital options shows overconformity trap.
26. Functional Deviance – Norm-breaking serving latent purpose. Example: Political satire spreading awareness
reflects functional deviance.
27. Rebel Icon – Deviant admired by society. Example: Dissenting lawyers fighting for civil liberties become rebel
icons.
28. Reference Anxiety – Stress from not matching reference group. Example: Aspiring influencers stressing over
views reflects reference anxiety.
29. Latent Discrimination – Hidden unfair treatment. Example: Ignoring Dalit candidates despite merit shows
latent discrimination.
30. Conformity Pressure – Compulsion to follow norms. Example: Students forced into coaching culture show
conformity pressure.
31. Ritual Obedience – Following rules for appearances. Example: Fake attendance in offline classes reflects ritual
obedience.

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reflects latent protest.

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35. Latent Protest – Silent resistance without visible action. Example: Students quietly boycotting a biased teacher

36. Reference Conflict – Competinghttps://t.me/X_IAS

role models. Example: Aspirants torn between civil service and social media
stardom show reference conflict.
37. Functional Hypocrisy – Pretending
functional hypocrisy.
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values for system stability. Example: Greenwashing by corporations shows

38. Secondary Deviance – Identity shaped by deviant label. Example: Ex-prisoners rejected by society show
secondary deviance.
39. Label Rejection – Refusing imposed identities. Example: Queer collectives rejecting societal labels reflect label
rejection.
40. Strain Innovation – New means under pressure. Example: Students forming peer co-ops for study materials
show strain innovation.
Topic 6: Sociological Thinkers – G.H. Mead
1. Social Self – Identity shaped through interactions. Example: A child mimicking YouTubers develops a social self.
2. Symbolic Interaction – Communication using shared meanings. Example: Emojis shaping youth expression
shows symbolic interaction.

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3. Looking Glass – Self-perception built through others’ views. Example: Teen anxiety over Instagram likes
reflects looking glass.
4. Role Taking – Imagining oneself from others’ perspective. Example: Actors training as cops show role taking.
5. Significant Other – People influencing early identity. Example: Parents supporting NEET dreams are significant
others.
6. Generalized Other – Internalized social norms and values. Example: Standing for the national anthem reflects
generalized other.
7. Self Formation – Emergence of identity over time. Example: College debates shaping opinions reflect self
formation.
8. Reflected Appraisal – Self-worth based on feedback. Example: Reels going viral boosts reflected appraisal.
9. Impression Management – Controlling how one is seen. Example: Curating LinkedIn profiles shows
impression management. https://t.me/X_IAS
10. Social Mirror – Society’s judgment shaping identity. Example: Trans persons facing slurs experience the social
mirror. https://t.me/X_IAS
11. Role Conflict – Struggle between multiple identities. Example: Working mothers during board exams show role
conflict. https://t.me/X_IAS
12. Label Adoption – Internalizing social identity. Example: NEET failures calling themselves ‘losers’ reflect label
adoption.
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13. Peer Validation – Self-worth tied to group approval. Example: Campus elections shaped by popularity show
peer validation.
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14. Virtual Self – Online persona shaping real self. Example: Influencers maintaining positivity online show virtual
self.
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15. Self Projection – Broadcasting selected traits. Example: Sharing study timetables online reflects self projection.
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16. Public Identity – Image crafted for society. Example: Politicians visiting temples project public identity.

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17. Private Self – Inner, unseen self-concept. Example: LGBTQ individuals hiding orientation reflect private self.
18. Contextual Identity – Self shaped by surroundings. Example: Caste-conscious behavior in villages shows
contextual identity.
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19. Split Self – Conflict between real and projected self. Example: Smiling hosts with mental stress reflect split self.

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20. Symbolic Label – Identity formed through cultural symbols. Example: Hijab wearers facing prejudice reflect
symbolic label.
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21. Imitative Phase – Early self built by copying. Example: Kids mimicking social media dances show imitative
phase.
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22. Play Stage – Taking one role at a time. Example: Children pretending to be teachers show play stage.
23. Game Stage – Understanding multiple roles simultaneously. Example: Teens coordinating sports fests reflect
game stage.
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24. Ego Strength – Confidence from positive self-image. Example: Women leading protests despite threats show
ego strength.
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25. Audience Self – Self built to please observers. Example: Fashion choices based on likes reflect audience self.
26. Role Embrace – Accepting an identity fully. Example: UPSC aspirants identifying as ‘future IAS’ reflect role
embrace.
27. Stigma Resistance – Rejecting imposed negative identity. Example: Acid attack survivors becoming influencers
show stigma resistance.
28. Empathetic Self – Self shaped by others’ emotions. Example: Volunteers helping flood victims reflect
empathetic self.
29. Cultural Identity – Belongingness to shared heritage. Example: Tribal youth reviving folk music reflects
cultural identity.
30. Self-Awareness – Conscious recognition of one’s traits. Example: Therapists promoting journaling build self-
awareness.
31. Gendered Identity – Self shaped by gender roles. Example: Male nurses facing ridicule reflect gendered
identity.

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32. Normative Self – Identity aligning with social rules. Example: Students removing piercings for interviews show
normative self.
33. Deviant Identity – Self shaped by breaking norms. Example: Inter-caste couples facing threats show deviant
identity.
34. Self-Stigma – Internalized shame due to societal views. Example: Dropouts avoiding relatives show self-stigma.

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35. Authentic Self – True expression of identity. Example: Dalit poets sharing lived experiences reflect authentic
self.
36. Performative Identity – Self displayed through roles. Example: Actors playing themselves on vlogs reflect
performative identity.
37. Social Feedback – Self shaped by interaction responses. Example: Stand-up comics adjusting jokes mid-show
show social feedback.
38. Excluded Identity – Denied participation in identity space. Example: Hijra community barred from housing
shows excluded identity.
39. Identity Politics – Self asserted through collective identity. Example: Pasmanda movement challenging elite
Muslim status reflects identity politics.
40. Self-Reinvention – Conscious change of persona. Example: Failed startups rebranding themselves reflect self-
reinvention. https://t.me/X_IAS
V. STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY
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TOPIC-1: concepts – equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty, and deprivation.
Concept: Equality
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1. Legal Parity – Equal treatment under the law. Example: SC’s equal marriage rights ruling aims at legal parity.
2. Educational Access – Equal opportunity in learning. Example: Delhi’s Mission Buniyaad promotes educational
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access for underprivileged kids.
3. Health Equity – Fair access to healthcare services. Example: Mohalla Clinics reduce health disparity, ensuring
health equity.
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4. Voting Uniformity – Equal weight to every vote. Example: Remote EVM deployment in tribal Assam upholds
voting uniformity.
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5. Caste Inclusion – Proactive bridging of caste gaps. Example: Bihar’s caste survey aims for caste inclusion in
welfare.
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6. Gender Symmetry – Equal rights and opportunities across genders. Example: Women Army officers’
permanent commission affirms gender symmetry.

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7. Language Neutrality – Equal status to all languages. Example: NEET offering regional languages enforces
language neutrality.

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8. Pay Parity – Equal salary for equal work. Example: Equal pay order for women cricketers promotes pay parity.
9. Digital Equity – Universal internet and tech access. Example: PM-WANI public WiFi hotspots push for digital
equity.
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10. Religious Balance – State neutrality across religions. Example: SC’s mosque protection verdict reinforces
religious balance.
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11. Disability Rights – Equal treatment for the differently abled. Example: Delhi HC mandating lifts in schools
boosts disability rights.
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12. Land Justice – Equal land rights for marginalized. Example: Telangana’s Dalit Bandhu scheme supports land
justice.
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13. Identity Respect – Equal dignity to all identities. Example: Kerala’s gender-neutral uniforms promote identity
respect.
14. Skill Equity – Fair access to employment training. Example: PM Vishwakarma Yojana ensures skill equity for
artisans.
15. Transit Equality – Uniform access to public transport. Example: Free bus rides for women in Tamil Nadu
promote transit equality.
16. Representation Fairness – Equal voice in decision-making. Example: Women’s reservation bill targets
representation fairness.
17. Housing Rights – Equal access to safe living spaces. Example: Delhi’s Jahan Jhuggi Wahan Makan ensures
housing rights.
18. Academic Balance – Equal curriculum for diverse schools. Example: NCERT’s common curriculum draft
ensures academic balance.

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19. Water Equality – Equitable water access to all communities. Example: Rajasthan’s Jal Jeevan scheme targets
water equality in SC colonies.
20. Tax Justice – Fair tax burden across income groups. Example: Calls to reintroduce wealth tax reflect demand for
tax justice.
Concept: Inequality
1. Wealth Skew – Unequal distribution of financial resources. Example: Top 1% owning 40% of India’s wealth
shows wealth skew.
2. Digital Divide – Unequal access to digital infrastructure. Example: Tribal hamlets in Odisha lacking 4G highlight
digital divide.
3. Caste Stratification – Hierarchical ordering by caste. Example: Manual scavenging incidents underline
persistent caste stratification.
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4. Gender Gap – Disparity in outcomes between genders. Example: India’s declining female labour force reflects
gender gap.
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5. Urban Bias – Resource preference for urban over rural. Example: Metro-centric AIIMS hospitals show urban
bias.
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6. Educational Disparity – Uneven access to quality education. Example: Rural students' poor CUET performance
shows educational disparity.
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7. Healthcare Divide – Inequity in medical services access. Example: Infant mortality spike in tribal MP reveals
healthcare divide.
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8. Income Inequality – Wide earnings gap across classes. Example: Gig workers earning ₹200/day vs CEOs shows
income inequality.
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9. Language Marginalization – Linguistic communities sidelined. Example: Protests in Assam over Bodo script

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exclusion show language marginalization.
10. Employment Inequity – Unequal job access across groups. Example: Dalits facing tech job exclusion marks
employment inequity.
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11. Political Underrepresentation – Lack of political voice for groups. Example: Pasmanda Muslims demand quota

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due to political underrepresentation.
12. Housing Segregation – Residential divide by class/caste. Example: No-rent policies for SC/ST tenants expose
housing segregation.
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13. Religious Discrimination – Bias against specific faiths. Example: Muslim students denied hostel entry show
religious discrimination.
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14. Judicial Disparity – Unequal legal outcomes for same crimes. Example: Unequal bail in hate speech cases
reveals judicial disparity.
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15. Skill Gap – Disparity in vocational preparedness. Example: Urban vs rural students in coding jobs shows skill
gap.
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16. Climate Inequity – Unequal impact of climate change. Example: Heatstroke deaths in rickshaw pullers mark
climate inequity.
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17. Nutrition Divide – Dietary gaps between classes. Example: Anaemia in rural girls vs urban elite shows nutrition
divide.
18. Transport Disparity – Uneven mobility infrastructure. Example: Lack of buses in Bundelkhand shows
transport disparity.
19. Internet Inequality – Skewed access to digital education. Example: Rural girl skipping online NEET prep
reveals internet inequality.
20. Cultural Hierarchy – Preference for elite over folk culture. Example: Neglect of tribal art in national curriculum
shows cultural hierarchy.
Concept: Hierarchy
1. Caste Ladder – Traditional ranking of castes in society. Example: Temple entry bans for Dalits reflect enduring
caste ladder.
2. Corporate Pyramid – Hierarchical structure in organizations. Example: Start-up CEOs earning 300x entry-level
staff show corporate pyramid.

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3. Feudal Legacy – Residual class control from feudalism. Example: Zamindar-run panchayats in Bihar reflect
feudal legacy.
4. Academic Ranking – Prestige-based layering of institutions. Example: JNU vs Tier-3 college disparities show
academic ranking.
5. Gender Order – Patriarchal hierarchy privileging men. Example: Male-only temple priest appointments reveal
gender order.
6. Religious Stratification – Ranking of religions in social status. Example: Anti-conversion laws reinforce
religious stratification.
7. Urban Dominance – Cities placed above rural areas in planning. Example: Smart City funds ignoring rural belts
show urban dominance.
8. Military Chain – Rigid command hierarchy in armed forces. Example: Agniveer exit without pensions highlights
military chain rigidity. https://t.me/X_IAS
https://t.me/X_IAS
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https://t.me/X_IAS
9. Language Ranking – Privileging dominant over vernacular tongues. Example: Hindi-first UPSC interface
sidelines others in language ranking.
10. Professional Status – Valuing jobs based on perceived prestige. Example: IAS vs Anganwadi pay gap reflects
professional status hierarchy.
11. Bureaucratic Layers – Stratified administrative structure. Example: Delayed rural file approvals show
bureaucratic layers.
12. Social Prestige – Unequal symbolic status in society. Example: Inter-caste marriage resistance shows social
prestige concerns.
13. Cultural Dominance – Elite cultural forms overpowering local ones. Example: OTT ignoring Bhojpuri cinema
shows cultural dominance.

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14. Educational Ladder – Structured movement from basic to elite learning. Example: NEET coaching boom fuels
educational ladder stress.
15. Workplace Tiering – Uneven roles and authority in offices. Example: Contractual sanitation workers vs staff
reveals workplace tiering.
16. Rural Subordination – Marginalization of villages in governance. Example: Low digital gram panchayat funding
signals rural subordination.
17. Civic Segregation – Infrastructure stratified by location. Example: Urban slums lacking sanitation mark civic
segregation.
18. Media Hierarchy – Dominance of metro narratives in coverage. Example: Tribal protests ignored on national
TV show media hierarchy.
19. Knowledge Control – Centralization of intellectual authority. Example: EdTech firms dictating syllabus reflects
knowledge control. https://t.me/X_IAS
20. Relief Prioritization – Biased distribution of aid. Example: Post-cyclone relief skipping SC-dominated villages
https://t.me/X_IAS
shows relief prioritization hierarchy.
Concept: Exclusion
https://t.me/X_IAS
1. Caste Outcasting – Denial of social participation based on caste. Example: Dalit groom barred from horse riding
in UP reflects caste outcasting.
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2. Digital Lockout – Inaccessibility to digital tools and platforms. Example: Tribal students missing online classes
show digital lockout.
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3. Urban Marginalization – Exclusion of slum dwellers from city planning. Example: Delhi’s beautification
evictions before G20 signal urban marginalization.
https://t.me/X_IAS
4. Language Silencing – Ignoring vernacular languages in policy or education. Example: Ignoring Santhali in
Jharkhand schools reflects language silencing.
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5. Gender Seclusion – Institutional restriction of women in public spaces. Example: Ban on women entering

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Sabarimala shrine highlights gender seclusion.
6. Educational Gatekeeping – Barriers to elite education for the poor. Example: CUET’s English bias reveals
educational gatekeeping.
https://t.me/X_IAS
7. Tech Exclusion – Leaving certain groups out of technological progress. Example: Elderly unable to use UPI apps
face tech exclusion.
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8. Religious Denial – Blocking participation in faith-based practices. Example: SC/ST community denied entry in
temple shows religious denial.
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9. Institutional Bias – Discriminatory practices within formal systems. Example: Lower hostel allotment for SC
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students shows institutional bias.
10. Job Barriers – Systemic hurdles in employment for certain groups. Example: LGBTQ+ hiring bias in private
sector reflects job barriers.
https://t.me/X_IAS
11. Housing Denial – Discriminatory refusal to rent or sell homes. Example: North East tenants rejected in metros
reveal housing denial.
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12. Civic Disconnection – Detachment from participatory citizenship. Example: Migrant workers excluded from
local voting shows civic disconnection.
13. Healthcare Blocking – Barriers to access medical aid. Example: Denial of blood donation by trans persons
reflects healthcare blocking.
14. Cultural Exclusion – Neglect of indigenous or minority arts. Example: Lack of tribal folk in Republic Day parade
shows cultural exclusion.
15. Digital Literacy Gap – Inability to engage with tech systems. Example: SC women unable to access online PDS
reflect digital literacy gap.
16. Financial Invisibility – Exclusion from formal banking. Example: Nomadic tribes without Aadhaar face
financial invisibility.
17. Sporting Segregation – Unequal access to sports infrastructure. Example: Rural schools lacking playfields show
sporting segregation.

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18. Political Alienation – Feeling of disconnection from the political process. Example: Low Pasmanda Muslim
voter turnout indicates political alienation.
19. Legal Disempowerment – Inability to access justice systems. Example: Lack of legal aid in jails shows legal
disempowerment.
20. Knowledge Exclusion – Barriers to participating in academic discourse. Example: First-gen learners struggling
in NEP implementation show knowledge exclusion.
Concept: Poverty
1. Hidden Hunger – Micronutrient deficiency despite food intake. Example: High anaemia in tribal children shows
hidden hunger.
2. Cycle Trap – Intergenerational nature of poverty. Example: Manual scavenger families stuck in same job reveal
cycle trap.
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3. Nutritional Poverty – Inability to afford balanced diet. Example: Mid-day meal downgrades in Jharkhand
schools show nutritional poverty.
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4. Urban Deprivation – Poor living conditions in city slums. Example: Fire in Delhi’s slum cluster reflects urban
deprivation.
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5. Seasonal Joblessness – Periodic unemployment in rural sectors. Example: Migrant exodus post-harvest from
Bihar shows seasonal joblessness.
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6. Education Deficit – Poor access to meaningful education. Example: School dropouts among MGNREGA families
reflect education deficit.
https://t.me/X_IAS
7. Income Insecurity – Irregular and unstable earnings. Example: Daily wage workers losing jobs post-floods
show income insecurity.
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8. Digital Exclusion – Lack of access to digital economy. Example: Rural vendors unable to use QR codes reflect
digital exclusion.
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9. Asset lessness Syndrome – Total lack of productive assets. Example: Landless Dalit households in MP display
asset lessness syndrome.
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10. Housing Fragility – Insecure and unsafe shelters. Example: Cyclone-removal of thatched homes in Sundarbans
shows housing fragility.
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11. Food Insecurity – Uncertain and insufficient food access. Example: Starvation death of PDS-excluded family in
Odisha shows food insecurity.
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12. Energy Poverty – Inability to access modern energy. Example: Kerosene-only villages in Jharkhand reveal
energy poverty.
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13. Healthcare Inaccessibility – Inability to afford or access treatment. Example: Viral outbreak deaths in rural
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Assam show healthcare inaccessibility.
14. Water Scarcity – Lack of clean, usable water. Example: Women walking 5 km daily in Bundelkhand show water
scarcity.
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15. Disability Poverty – Additional disadvantages due to disability. Example: Disabled beggars lacking welfare
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access reflect disability poverty.
16. Rural Immobility – Inability to migrate for better prospects. Example: No bus links in aspirational districts
reveal rural immobility.
17. Livelihood Erosion – Sudden loss of means to earn. Example: Fishing ban in Kerala post-oil spill reflects
livelihood erosion.
18. Monetary Scarcity – Extreme lack of financial resources. Example: ₹20 per day wage of brick kiln workers
marks monetary scarcity.
19. Credit Starvation – Denial of institutional loans. Example: SHG women rejected loans due to no digital history
face credit starvation.
20. Poverty Feminization – Disproportionate poverty among women. Example: Women-headed households in
Assam floods show poverty feminization.
Concept: Deprivation
1. Learning Deprivation – Lack of access to quality education. Example: Drop in reading levels in ASER report
reflects learning deprivation.

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2. Sanitation Denial – Absence of hygienic sanitation facilities. Example: Manual scavenging deaths in Ujjain
highlight sanitation denial.
3. Resource Withholding – Unequal allocation of public resources. Example: Tribal belts excluded from smart city
funds show resource withholding.
4. Cultural Dispossession – Loss of traditional knowledge and identity. Example: Development displacing
Dongria Kondh rituals reflects cultural dispossession.
5. Digital Backwardness – Exclusion from digital access and literacy. Example: Rural girls lacking smartphone
access face digital backwardness.
6. Health Deprivation – Inadequate healthcare infrastructure or services. Example: Women delivering babies on
roads in Rajasthan show health deprivation.
7. Climate Displacement – Forced relocation due to environmental hazards. Example: Kuttanad families
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migrating due to floods show climate displacement.
8. Nutritional Deficit – Chronic deficiency in required food intake. Example: Deaths from malnourishment in
https://t.me/X_IAS
Melghat highlight nutritional deficit.
9. Employment Vacuum – Absence of dignified job opportunities. Example: Educated youth turning to gig work
shows employment vacuum. https://t.me/X_IAS
10. Landlessness Grief – Socioeconomic vulnerability due to no land ownership. Example: Protests by homeless SC
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families in Haryana show landlessness grief.
11. Transport Neglect – Inaccessibility to mobility infrastructure. Example: Villages without roads in Chhattisgarh
show transport neglect.
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12. Urban Displacement – Forced eviction due to redevelopment. Example: Slum bulldozing near Mumbai airport
reflects urban displacement.
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13. Mental Health Void – Absence of psychological care support. Example: Student suicides in coaching hubs show
mental health void.
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https://t.me/X_IAS
14. Skill Deficit – Lack of employable skills in population. Example: Migrant returnees in UP unable to find jobs
reveal skill deficit.

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15. Political Apathy – State neglect of marginalized groups. Example: Denial of forest rights to Adivasis in MP
shows political apathy.

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16. Information Blockade – Lack of timely and relevant information. Example: Farmers unaware of MSP changes
in Odisha face information blockade.

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17. Gendered Disparity – Unequal deprivation based on gender. Example: Female school dropout spike during
menstruation reflects gendered disparity.
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18. Shelter Insecurity – Lack of stable housing options. Example: Homeless elderly sleeping under flyovers in Delhi
show shelter insecurity.
https://t.me/X_IAS
19. Aid Inequality – Biased distribution of welfare schemes. Example: Flood-hit SC areas skipped in Bengal relief
drive show aid inequality.
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20. Civic Deprivation – Denial of basic urban civic amenities. Example: No water supply in unauthorized colonies
of Gurugram signals civic deprivation.
TOPIC-2: Theories of social stratification- structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.
A.Structural Functionalist Theory
1. Role Allocation – Assigning individuals to societal roles for stability. Example: NEP’s skill mapping initiative
reflects role allocation.
2. Merit Ladder – Social mobility based on individual merit. Example: UPSC toppers from rural backgrounds show
merit ladder.
3. Status Harmony – Balance between different status groups. Example: Panchayat quota system aims for status
harmony.
4. Value Consensus – Shared values maintaining social order. Example: Constitution Day observance in schools
promotes value consensus.
5. Social Adhesion – Institutions binding people together. Example: Mid-day meal scheme fosters social adhesion
in diverse classrooms.

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6. Functional Necessity – Inequality seen as necessary for motivation. Example: Surge in tech aspirants post-
startup success reflects functional necessity.
7. Systemic Order – Interrelated parts working for societal balance. Example: Public-private coordination during
Covid shows systemic order.
8. Educational Filtering – Schools as gatekeepers of opportunity. Example: CUET filtering elite colleges indicates
educational filtering.
9. Occupational Ranking – Hierarchy based on job prestige. Example: Doctor vs sanitation worker divide during
pandemic reflects occupational ranking.
10. Stability Focus – Prioritizing continuity over disruption. Example: Opposition to quota reforms reflects stability
focus.
11. Social Integration – Cohesion among different social roles. Example: National Service Scheme promotes social
integration. https://t.me/X_IAS
12. Inequality Acceptance – Justifying disparity as functional. Example: Rural support for fee-based private
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schools shows inequality acceptance.
13. Social Cohesion – Sense of belonging through shared roles. Example: Election volunteerism builds social
cohesion. https://t.me/X_IAS
14. Task Distribution – Allocation of functions for social balance. Example: Anganwadi worker roles show
grassroots task distribution.
https://t.me/X_IAS
15. Reward Differentiation – Higher rewards for complex roles. Example: Surgeons earning more than nurses
reflects reward differentiation.
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16. Functional Legitimacy – Stratification accepted due to perceived utility. Example: Army hierarchy respected by
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public shows functional legitimacy.
17. Moral Integration – Ethical norms embedded in social roles. Example: IPS training on ethics fosters moral
integration.
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18. Efficiency Model – Role fit judged by output. Example: Corporate promotions based on KPIs follow efficiency
model.

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19. Competence Incentive – Inequality as a driver for competence. Example: Olympiad rewards for toppers reflect
competence incentive.

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20. Normative Stability – Norms that stabilize status quo. Example: Marriage within caste often reflects normative
stability.
B.Marxist Theory
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21. Class Polarization – Widening divide between rich and poor. Example: Billionaire wealth rise during recession
shows class polarization.
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22. Surplus Extraction – Capitalists profit off workers’ labor. Example: Gig workers paid below minimum wage
reflect surplus extraction.
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23. Capital Concentration – Accumulation of wealth among few. Example: 4 industrialists cornering green energy
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tenders reflect capital concentration.
24. Proletariat Struggles – Exploitation of working class. Example: Strikes by delivery agents show proletariat
struggles.
25. False Consciousness – Workers unaware of their oppression. Example: Support for low-wage jobs with no
benefits reflects false consciousness.
26. Class Antagonism – Conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat. Example: Farmers vs corporates debate on
MSP shows class antagonism.
27. Alienated Labor – Disconnection from work’s purpose. Example: Factory workers in SEZs facing depression
show alienated labor.
28. Economic Determinism – Economy shapes all social relations. Example: Tech job boom altering marriage
prospects shows economic determinism.
29. Ownership Divide – Power difference due to asset control. Example: Landless Dalit farmers show ownership
divide.

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30. Exploitation Cycle – Repetition of unfair labor practices. Example: Tea estate workers stuck in generational
debt reflect exploitation cycle.
31. Class Consciousness – Awareness of exploitation and unity. Example: Gig worker unionization marks rise in
class consciousness.
32. Revolutionary Potential – Capacity to overturn the system. Example: Protests against farm laws symbolized
revolutionary potential.
33. Monopoly Capitalism – Few firms dominating entire sectors. Example: One app owning food, groceries, and
payments shows monopoly capitalism.
34. Wage Slavery – Working just to survive. Example: Textile workers earning ₹300/day reflect wage slavery.
35. Means Ownership – Control over production resources. Example: Private corporates owning telecom
infrastructure shows means ownership.
C.Weberian Theory https://t.me/X_IAS
36. Status Stratification – Inequality based on lifestyle or prestige. Example: IAS officers’ ceremonial privileges
show status stratification. https://t.me/X_IAS
37. Party Influence – Power derived from political networks. Example: Student leaders entering politics reflect
party influence. https://t.me/X_IAS
38. Lifestyle Barrier – Habitus separating social groups. Example: High-rise gated communities create lifestyle
barrier.
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39. Charismatic Authority – Power from personal appeal. Example: Influencers leading public protests show
charismatic authority.
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40. Class Situation – Market position determines life chances. Example: Edu-tech job loss victims reveal class
situation vulnerability.
https://t.me/X_IAS
41. Power Stratification – Unequal distribution of decision-making ability. Example: Urban elite shaping city plans
shows power stratification.
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https://t.me/X_IAS
42. Market Positioning – Access to economic resources via market. Example: Digital entrepreneurs with investor
backing show market positioning.

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43. Status Closure – Restricting group membership to maintain prestige. Example: Elite clubs denying OBC
members reflect status closure.

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44. Multi-dimensional Inequality – Stratification beyond class alone. Example: Muslim women entrepreneurs face
multi-dimensional inequality.

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45. Credential Inflation – Rising education required for same jobs. Example: PhDs working as clerks show
credential inflation.
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46. Social Honour – Respect given irrespective of wealth. Example: Teachers felicitated in villages reflect social
honour.
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47. Cultural Capital – Non-economic assets affecting mobility. Example: English fluency helping job selection
reflects cultural capital.
https://t.me/X_IAS
48. Opportunity Hoarding – Elite controlling access to success. Example: Legacy admissions in top colleges show
opportunity hoarding.
49. Power Legitimacy – Justification of unequal power. Example: Police crackdown on protestors seen as lawful
shows power legitimacy.
50. Status Anxiety – Fear of losing social rank. Example: Rise in NEET suicides reflects status anxiety.
Topic-3: Dimensions of Stratification – Gender, Ethnicity & Race
1. Gender Gap – Unequal outcomes based on gender. Example: G20 gender employment disparity reflects
persistent gender gap.
2. Ethnic Marginalization – Exclusion based on ethnic identity. Example: Violence against Meiteis and Kukis
shows ethnic marginalization.
3. Race Hierarchy – Stratification based on race or skin color. Example: Colourism in matrimonial ads reveals race
hierarchy.
4. Glass Ceiling – Invisible barrier to leadership for women. Example: No woman in top 10 Indian unicorn CEOs
shows glass ceiling.

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5. Token Representation – Superficial inclusion of minorities. Example: Single Dalit candidate in major party list
reflects token representation.
6. Gender Coding – Associating roles with a specific gender. Example: Girls pushed into caregiving careers shows
gender coding.
7. Caste-Ethnic Fusion – Intersection of caste and ethnicity. Example: Tribal Dalits facing double discrimination
show caste-ethnic fusion.
8. Feminized Poverty – Higher poverty rates among women. Example: Widow-headed households in Rajasthan
reflect feminized poverty.
9. Ethnic Enclaves – Spatial segregation of ethnic groups. Example: Rohingya refugee colonies in Delhi show
ethnic enclaves.
10. Color Capital – Fair skin perceived as social capital. Example: Skin-lightening products’ boom highlights color
capital. https://t.me/X_IAS
11. Gendered Labour – Work divided by gender norms. Example: Female Anganwadi workers unpaid for extra
work shows gendered labour. https://t.me/X_IAS
12. Cultural Racism – Prejudice via cultural stereotypes. Example: North Eastern students mocked for food choices
reflects cultural racism. https://t.me/X_IAS
13. Masculine Monopoly – Male dominance in sectors. Example: Fewer women in STEM faculty shows masculine
monopoly.
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14. Race Profiling – Targeting based on racial features. Example: African nationals in Delhi being harassed reflects
race profiling.
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15. Gender Budgeting – Policies targeting gender equity. Example: Delhi's pink toilet program is gender budgeting
in action.
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16. Ethnic Polarization – Sharp divisions among ethnic groups. Example: Assam’s NRC protests reveal ethnic
polarization.
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17. Reproductive Control – Regulation of women’s bodily autonomy. Example: Debates over surrogacy laws
highlight reproductive control.
18. Color Prejudice – Bias based on skin tone. Example: Models with dark skin rarely featured shows color
prejudice.
19. Gendered Violence – Violence rooted in gender norms. Example: Hathras case exemplifies caste-based
gendered violence.
20. Ethnic Hierarchy – Structured dominance of one ethnic group. Example: Indigenous Gonds losing land to
settlers shows ethnic hierarchy.
21. Race Migration – Movement shaping racial identities. Example: Afghan Sikh resettlement in Punjab reflects
race migration.
22. Gender Tax – Additional costs women bear. Example: Higher price for women’s hygiene products reflects
gender tax. https://t.me/X_IAS
23. Ethnic Vote-Bank – Political reliance on ethnic groups. Example: Manipuri vote swing showcases ethnic vote-
bank politics. https://t.me/X_IAS
24. Gender Policing – Enforcing gender conformity. Example: Dress codes for girls in colleges show gender
policing. https://t.me/X_IAS
25. Ethnic Criminalization – Linking ethnicity to crime. Example: Stereotyping tribals as Naxals reflects ethnic
criminalization.
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26. Race Invisibility – Erasure of racial identities in discourse. Example: Lack of race column in census reflects race
invisibility.
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27. Gender Stigma – Social disapproval of gender deviance. Example: Trans community’s housing rejection shows
gender stigma.
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28. Ethnic Stereotyping – Fixed ideas about ethnic traits. Example: Biharis seen as "migrants" in Mumbai reflects
ethnic stereotyping.
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29. Race Disparity – Unequal access due to racial differences. Example: Foreign students of African origin facing
housing bias shows race disparity.

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30. Gender Essentialism – Belief in fixed gender traits. Example: Girls told to avoid sports due to delicacy reflects
gender essentialism.

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31. Race Denialism – Ignoring existence of racial issues. Example: Refusal to acknowledge anti-African racism in
India reflects race denialism.

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32. Gendered Law – Laws reflecting patriarchal norms. Example: Marital rape exemption in IPC shows gendered
law.
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33. Ethnic Assimilation – Forcing ethnic groups to adapt. Example: Tribal school curriculum erasing local dialects
shows ethnic assimilation.
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34. Gender Quota – Reserved representation for women. Example: 33% women’s reservation in Lok Sabha reflects
gender quota.
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35. Caste-Gender Trap – Double discrimination faced by Dalit women. Example: Bhanwari Devi’s case reflects
caste-gender trap.
36. Race Fetishism – Exoticizing racial features. Example: Social media trends glorifying “Afro” hair
inappropriately shows race fetishism.
37. Gendered Citizenship – Limited rights based on gender. Example: NRC’s gender documentation issues reflect
gendered citizenship.
38. Ethnic Censorship – Suppressing ethnic expressions. Example: Ban on tribal language signage shows ethnic
censorship.
39. Patriarchal Morality – Moral norms serving patriarchy. Example: Honour killings justify patriarchal morality.
40. Race Branding – Marketing based on racial appeal. Example: Tourism ads using tribal faces for ‘exotic’ feel
shows race branding.
TOPIC-4: Social Mobility – open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and causes of mobility
1. Vertical Mobility – Movement up or down in social hierarchy. Example: A sanitation worker becoming a UPSC
officer shows vertical mobility.

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2. Horizontal Mobility – Change in occupation without status change. Example: A teacher switching to content
writing reflects horizontal mobility.
3. Caste Mobility – Shift in caste status or perception. Example: Dalit entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley symbolize
caste mobility.
4. Gendered Mobility – Unequal mobility opportunities across genders. Example: Low female CEO ratio in India
highlights gendered mobility.
5. Intergenerational Shift – Status change between generations. Example: A farmer’s son becoming an IAS officer
shows intergenerational shift.
6. Intragenerational Rise – Status change within an individual's life. Example: Ola cabbie turning franchise owner
shows intragenerational rise.
7. Social Climbing – Strategic efforts to gain higher status. Example: Influencers from small towns entering elite
media reflect social climbing.https://t.me/X_IAS
8. Structural Mobility – Mobility due to societal changes. Example: Startup boom enabling rural youth careers
shows structural mobility. https://t.me/X_IAS
9. Blocked Mobility – Denial of upward movement. Example: NEET-qualified students from poor areas facing fees
barrier face blocked mobility.https://t.me/X_IAS
10. Educational Ladder – Education as a route to status upliftment. Example: Tribal girl from Odisha topping
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board exams shows educational ladder.
11. Economic Lift – Financial growth enabling class change. Example: Women SHG members launching D2C brands
show economic lift.
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12. Cultural Capital – Knowledge and tastes aiding mobility. Example: English-medium schooling for slum kids
fosters cultural capital.
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13. Social Capital – Networks aiding mobility. Example: LinkedIn mentorship programs for rural youth enhance
social capital.
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14. Mobility Trap – Structural barriers despite merit. Example: First-gen graduates unable to get jobs show
mobility trap.

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15. Migration Boost – Mobility via geographical relocation. Example: Bihar migrants in Dubai’s tech sector show
migration boost.

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16. Digital Bridge – Internet reducing social gap. Example: Coding bootcamps for rural youth represent digital
bridge.

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17. Policy Push – Government schemes aiding mobility. Example: PM Vishwakarma Yojana training artisans marks
policy push.
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18. Skill Uplift – Mobility via vocational training. Example: ITI-trained youth hired in MNCs show skill uplift.
19. Aspirational Shift – Changing life goals due to exposure. Example: Instagram creators from tier-3 cities show
aspirational shift.
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20. Mobility Ladder – Societal steps to climb higher. Example: Cracking UPSC seen as top mobility ladder.
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21. Disguised Stagnation – Apparent change without real uplift. Example: MBA holders doing gig jobs show
disguised stagnation.
22. Occupational Leap – Dramatic job-based upliftment. Example: Street vendor turning YouTuber shows
occupational leap.
23. Informal Pathways – Non-institutional ways to upliftment. Example: Influencer economy giving rise to
informal pathways.
24. Caste Lock-in – Caste-based immobility. Example: Landless Dalit labourers denied tenancy show caste lock-in.
25. Rural Exodus – Village to city shift for opportunity. Example: Punjab youth shifting to Canada shows rural
exodus.
26. Gender Migration – Women moving for empowerment. Example: Nurses migrating from Kerala to Gulf show
gender migration.
27. Dowry Mobility – Status increase via marriage alliances. Example: Marrying into a higher caste using dowry
shows dowry mobility.

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28. Cultural Fluency – Using social etiquette for class entry. Example: Spoken English courses enabling jobs reflect
cultural fluency.
29. Symbolic Entry – Inclusion without real change. Example: SC/ST names in urban elite colleges without network
access reflect symbolic entry.
30. Digital Mobility – Internet as a mobility enabler. Example: Rural creators earning via YouTube reflect digital
mobility.

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36. Class Mobility – Shift across income-based classes. Example: Ola drivers becoming fleet owners show class
mobility.
37. Media Entry – Upward movement through fame. Example: Slumdog Millionaire child actor’s career reflects
media entry.
38. Reservation Exit – Voluntary giving up of quota to signal mobility. Example: Some OBC students opting out of
reservations reflect reservation exit.
39. Displacement Decline – Mobility lost due to forced displacement. Example: Land acquisition in tribal areas
causing job loss shows displacement decline.
40. Marital Exit – Social uplift through marriage. Example: Women marrying into urban households for status show
marital exit.
VI. WORKS AND ECONOMIC LIFE
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TOPIC-1: Social organization of work in different types of society
1. Slave Economy – System where labor is extracted from enslaved people. Example: Global debate on Qatar’s
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migrant workers echoes modern slave economy.
2. Bonded Labour – Forced unpaid work due to debt or coercion. Example: Brick kiln workers in Bihar still face
bonded labour conditions.
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3. Feudal Contract – Labor tied to landowners through loyalty and obligation. Example: Farmers in interior
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Rajasthan still follow informal feudal contracts.
4. Land Tenure – Rights over land defining labour and productivity. Example: Telangana’s Dharani portal reforms
outdated land tenure systems.
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5. Manorial Control – Feudal lords managing labor via land control. Example: Large zamindari estates in Bengal
resembled manorial control.
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6. Serf System – Peasants bound to work for landlords. Example: Nepal’s Kamaiya system abolished in law still
echoes serf system.
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7. Jajmani Ties – Caste-based service-labour exchanges. Example: Barbers and potters in UP villages still follow
Jajmani ties.

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8. Craft Guilds – Skilled artisan associations regulating labor. Example: Varanasi weaver collectives mirror old
craft guild structures.

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9. Merchant Capitalism – Trade-led production and accumulation. Example: Gujarat’s textile traders showcase
modern merchant capitalism.

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10. Industrial Shift – Move from agrarian to machine-based labor. Example: Delhi’s outskirts turning into auto-
parts hubs shows industrial shift.
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11. Wage Dependency – Survival linked to wages alone. Example: Ola/Uber driver protests over pay cuts show
wage dependency.
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12. Factory Discipline – Regulated, clock-bound labor system. Example: Electronics assembly lines in Noida reflect
factory discipline.
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13. Proletarian Class – Working class selling labor for survival. Example: Gig workers with no benefits echo the
proletarian class.
14. Capitalist Logic – Profit maximization governing labor deployment. Example: Startups cutting staff post-
funding bust shows capitalist logic.
15. Labour Alienation – Detachment from the product of work. Example: Amazon warehouse workers feel labour
alienation in repetitive tasks.
16. Surplus Extraction – Taking more than laborer's share. Example: Tea plantation wages in Assam show surplus
extraction.
17. Class Division – Division based on ownership and labor roles. Example: IT managers and gig workers illustrate
class division.
18. Machine Supremacy – Replacing human labor with machines. Example: Amazon’s robotics in warehousing
reflects machine supremacy.
19. Deskilled Work – Reduction of skill due to mechanization. Example: Mass food delivery replacing trained cooks
shows deskilled work.

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20. Labour Commodification – Treating labor as a tradable good. Example: Freelancers on gig platforms reflect
labour commodification.
21. Production Units – Organizational structures for work. Example: SEZs in Gujarat functioning as advanced
production units.
22. Labour Mobility – Movement of workers for employment. Example: Kerala nurses migrating to UK show labour
mobility.
23. Precariat Class – Workers in insecure, unstable jobs. Example: Swiggy riders with no job security form the
precariat class.
24. Gig Economy – Short-term, contract-based labor model. Example: Urban company beauticians reflect gig
economy dynamics.
25. Digital Labour – Online platform-driven work. Example: YouTube creators monetizing content show rise of
digital labour. https://t.me/X_IAS
26. Labour Fragmentation – Dividing labor into smaller informal tasks. Example: Zomato splitting roles into
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delivery-only shows labour fragmentation.
27. Contract Labour – Hired temporarily through agencies. Example: Construction workers in Metro projects
mostly work as contract labour.https://t.me/X_IAS
28. Unpaid Work – Labor with no direct monetary compensation. Example: Domestic work by women in Indian
households shows unpaid work.
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29. Reproductive Labour – Work that sustains daily life. Example: Stay-at-home mothers perform invisible
reproductive labour.
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30. Survival Economy – Work done only for subsistence. Example: Street vending by urban poor reflects survival
economy.
31. Rentier Class – Owners of capital or land earning without working. Example: Delhi landlords living off rental
income form rentier class.

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32. Labour Substitution – Replacing skilled labor with cheaper alternatives. Example: Automation in banks reflects
labour substitution.
33. Neo-feudalism – Modern forms of feudal dependency. Example: Informal sector workers tied to local
strongmen reflect neo-feudalism.
34. Seasonal Work – Employment dependent on season. Example: Migrants working in sugarcane fields show
seasonal work patterns.
35. Daily Wagers – Paid on a per-day basis without job security. Example: Urban construction workers represent
daily wagers.
36. Collective Bargaining – Workers negotiating with employers. Example: IT employee unions in Pune pushing
for remote work show collective bargaining.
37. Labour Rights – Entitlements of workers in any economy. Example: Demands for gig worker insurance reflect
rising labour rights discourse.https://t.me/X_IAS
38. Union Revival – Comeback of labor unions in new sectors. Example: Ola-Uber drivers forming unions in
Mumbai show union revival. https://t.me/X_IAS
39. Labor Invisibility – Work that is ignored or unacknowledged. Example: Ragpickers in Indian cities symbolize
labor invisibility. https://t.me/X_IAS
40. Workplace Surveillance – Monitoring employees digitally. Example: App-based tracking of delivery workers
shows workplace surveillance.
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TOPIC-2: Formal and informal organization of work
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1. Compliance Culture – Workplace norms driven by strict protocols. Example: Infosys' biometric attendance
system fosters a compliance culture.
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2. Shadow Economy – Unregulated income-generating work. Example: Street hawkers in Sarojini Nagar thrive in
a shadow economy.
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3. Credential Gatekeeping – Access to jobs through formal qualifications. Example: UGC-NET eligibility bars

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many PhD holders from lectureships, showing credential gatekeeping.
4. Documented Workforce – Employees registered under formal systems. Example: IT sector employees with PF

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accounts are part of a documented workforce.
5. Task Informality – Job roles lacking official structure. Example: Ola cab drivers choosing surge areas operate
under task informality.
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6. Benefit Disparity – Gap in entitlements between work sectors. Example: Contract sanitation workers lack ESI

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or pension, showing benefit disparity.
7. Hierarchy Drift – Informal roles reshaping formal ranks. Example: Political aides without designation
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commanding power in ministries show hierarchy drift.
8. Pay Transparency – Open sharing of salary structures. Example: Pay matrix in 7th Pay Commission ensures
pay transparency.
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9. Contractual Precarity – Insecurity in time-bound employment. Example: Anganwadi workers on yearly
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renewal face contractual precarity.
10. Hidden Bosses – Unseen controllers of informal labor. Example: Textile workshops in Surat run by middlemen
show hidden bosses.
11. Desk Illusion – Formal setting masking unregulated work. Example: Co-working spaces hosting informal
startups reflect desk illusion.
12. Routine Rigidity – Fixed processes in formal setups. Example: Railways clerks follow strict file movement steps
showing routine rigidity.
13. Gate Pass Economy – Access-based labor within formal units. Example: Contract workers at ISRO pass through
a gate pass economy.
14. Vernacular Enterprise – Local language-driven informal businesses. Example: WhatsApp-based tiffin services
in Indore show vernacular enterprise.
15. Permit Workarounds – Informal evasion of official licenses. Example: Street food vendors operating without
FSSAI licenses use permit workarounds.

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16. Backdoor Entry – Hiring outside merit-based channels. Example: Municipal hiring on political
recommendations shows backdoor entry.
17. Office Facade – Formal-looking firms running informally. Example: FAANG-tagged training centers without
affiliation display office facade.
18. Service Casuals – Unrecognized staff in service sectors. Example: Hospital cleaners without ID cards are treated
as service casuals.
19. Payroll Gaps – Missing or delayed salary processing. Example: ASHA workers protesting due to delayed
honorarium reflect payroll gaps.
20. Nepotism Channels – Family networks influencing work entry. Example: Local panchayat appointments via
kinship ties show nepotism channels.
21. Work Identity – Recognition based on employment. Example: Delivery agent badges serve as work identity in
urban India. https://t.me/X_IAS
22. Startup Scramble – Hustle culture of unstable formal startups. Example: Edtech employees switching firms
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post-layoffs show startup scramble.
23. Shed Economy – Work happening in informal factory sheds. Example: Aligarh’s lock industry still runs within a
shed economy. https://t.me/X_IAS
24. Gig Monotony – Repetitive tasks in gig roles. Example: UrbanClap beauticians doing fixed-format facials show
gig monotony.
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25. Legal Exclusion – Lack of coverage under labor laws. Example: Domestic workers excluded from minimum
wage laws face legal exclusion.
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26. Third-party Staffing – Hiring via intermediaries. Example: Metro housekeeping done by outsourced firms
reflects third-party staffing.
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27. Invisible Backbone – Informal workers sustaining formal firms. Example: Contractual sweepers in IT parks act
as invisible backbone.
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28. Job Fluidity – Overlapping or undefined job roles. Example: Newsroom interns switching beats daily show job
fluidity.

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29. Proxy Attendance – Faking presence in formal workplaces. Example: Government school teachers using proxy
attendance in rural Bihar.

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30. Paywall Access – Jobs behind coaching or fees. Example: Edtech sales jobs only offered to those who’ve paid
course fees show paywall access.

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31. Vendor Ecosystem – Informal suppliers attached to formal firms. Example: Amazon’s kirana delivery model is
powered by a vendor ecosystem.
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32. Exit Barriers – Difficulty in leaving informal jobs. Example: Women home-based bidi workers in Odisha face
exit barriers.
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33. Bureaucratic Drift – Loophole exploitation within formal rules. Example: Data entry vendors flouting RTI
deadlines show bureaucratic drift.
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34. Skill Exploitation – Use of high skills in underpaid jobs. Example: Engineers working as call center agents show
skill exploitation.
35. Time Theft – Informal under-reporting of work hours. Example: Unmarked overtime by private guards reflects
time theft.
36. Middleman Layer – Intermediaries between labor and employer. Example: Construction labor via local
"Thekedars" shows middleman layer.
37. Gendered Informality – Women's dominance in unrecognized roles. Example: Women tailoring units operating
from homes reflect gendered informality.
38. Identity Evasion – Workers using fake credentials. Example: Security guards with fake Aadhaar cards show
identity evasion.
39. Coercive Regularity – Informal jobs mimicking formality by force. Example: Vegetable vendors made to wear
ID badges show coercive regularity.
40. Peer Surveillance – Workers monitoring each other. Example: BYJU’s team leaders tracking hourly targets
show peer surveillance.

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41. Casteed Labor – Work role assigned by caste norms. Example: Manual scavengers from Valmiki community
face casteed labor.
42. Automation Spillover – Informal jobs affected by tech shift. Example: Retail billers losing jobs to QR-based
kiosks reflect automation spillover.
43. Wage Silence – Culture of not discussing salaries. Example: IT engineers unaware of peer salaries show wage
silence.
44. Daily Drill – Routinized, repetitive informal labor. Example: Domestic maids performing exact tasks every day
show daily drill.
45. Whistle Absence – No formal grievance systems. Example: No redress for delivery boys facing harassment
shows whistle absence.
46. Skill Camouflage – Informal work hiding high competence. Example: YouTube editors working for influencers
show skill camouflage. https://t.me/X_IAS
47. Legal Fiction – Pretending compliance with labor laws. Example: Firms marking employees as consultants for
tax savings show legal fiction.https://t.me/X_IAS
48. On-call Culture – Always-available informal roles. Example: App-based tutors working midnight shifts show
on-call culture. https://t.me/X_IAS
49. Disguised Formality – Informal jobs under formal contracts. Example: Paytm sales agents marked as interns
reflect disguised formality.
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50. Audit Avoidance – Structuring firms to escape oversight. Example: Small food factories avoiding GST audit
show audit avoidance.
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TOPIC-3: Labour and society
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1. Wage Dependency – Reliance on fixed income for survival. Example: Factory shutdown in Manesar left
thousands in wage dependency crisis.
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2. Labour Fragmentation – Dispersal of workforce across informal sectors. Example: Gig jobs on Blinkit reflect
rising labour fragmentation.
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3. Precarious Employment – Jobs without long-term security. Example: App-based delivery roles show patterns
of precarious employment.
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4. Jobless Growth – Economic expansion without parallel employment rise. Example: India’s rising GDP with

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stagnant manufacturing jobs shows jobless growth.
5. Skill Mismatch – Incompatibility between qualifications and available work. Example: BTech graduates

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working as insurance agents reflect skill mismatch.
6. Gendered Labour – Division of work based on gender norms. Example: Domestic work disproportionately
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handled by women reflects gendered labour.
7. Caste Labour – Hereditary allocation of occupation. Example: Dalit sanitation workers in UP represent caste
labour legacy.
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8. Migrant Vulnerability – Risks faced by mobile workers. Example: Brick kiln labourers from Bihar in Telangana
face migrant vulnerability.
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9. Invisible Work – Unrecognized and unpaid labour. Example: Women’s care work at home reflects invisible
work.
10. Gigification Trend – Shift from salaried to gig roles. Example: Dunzo riders reflect the deepening gigification
trend.
11. Digital Exploitation – Algorithm-controlled, underpaid jobs. Example: Cab drivers penalized for cancellation
reflect digital exploitation.
12. Wage Theft – Denial of promised earnings. Example: Construction workers in Noida protesting for unpaid dues
faced wage theft.
13. Informal Dominance – Prevalence of unregulated labour systems. Example: 90% of India’s workforce in
unorganised sectors shows informal dominance.
14. Survival Labour – Bare-minimum earning work. Example: Street vendors earning under ₹200 daily show
survival labour.

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15. Union Decay – Weakening of collective bargaining bodies. Example: Closure of textile unions in Ahmedabad
shows union decay.
16. Child Workforce – Involvement of children in earning activities. Example: Children in mica mines of Jharkhand
show child workforce reality.
17. Emotional Labour – Managing emotions as part of a job. Example: Air hostesses trained to smile constantly
show emotional labour.
18. Platform Reliance – Dependence on digital intermediaries for work. Example: Urban Company beauticians
reflect platform reliance.
19. Overtime Normalization – Acceptance of extended work hours. Example: Tech employees routinely working
10–12 hours reflect overtime normalization.
20. Workplace Harassment – Abuse faced by workers at jobsites. Example: MeToo cases in Indian media highlight
workplace harassment. https://t.me/X_IAS
21. Skill Devaluation – Reduction in value of specific competencies. Example: Handloom workers losing markets to
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power looms show skill devaluation.
22. Health Hazards – Occupational exposure to physical risks. Example: Silicosis in Rajasthan’s stone-cutting
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industry reflects health hazards.
23. Shift Fatigue – Exhaustion from odd or extended work shifts. Example: Zomato riders on 12-hour shifts suffer
from shift fatigue.
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24. Workplace Alienation – Disconnection from one’s work. Example: Call center workers feeling robotic reflect
workplace alienation.
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25. Seasonal Labour – Temporary work tied to seasons. Example: Sugarcane cutters migrating during harvest
reflect seasonal labour.
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26. Footloose Labour – Constantly mobile, insecure jobs. Example: MNREGA workers shifting districts for work
reflect footloose labour.

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27. Bonded Labour – Workers tied through debt or coercion. Example: Brick kiln debt workers in Punjab reflect
bonded labour.
28. Skill Exodus – Migration of trained professionals abroad. Example: Indian nurses moving to the UK show a skill
exodus.
29. Labor Deskilling – Repetitive work reducing skill use. Example: Workers on Amazon packing lines undergo
labor deskilling.
30. Job Stigma – Social disapproval attached to certain work. Example: Manual scavenging still seen as dirty work
shows job stigma.
31. Pension Vacuum – Lack of retirement safety nets. Example: E-rickshaw drivers without savings face pension
vacuum.
32. Digital Labour – Work mediated through screens and apps. Example: Instagram reel editors reflect the rise of
digital labour. https://t.me/X_IAS
33. Sanitation Injustice – Poor conditions for sanitation staff. Example: Delhi’s sewer workers dying in manholes
show sanitation injustice. https://t.me/X_IAS
34. Workplace Surveillance – Monitoring of workers’ activity. Example: Amazon warehouses using CCTV and
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trackers show workplace surveillance.
35. Crowdsourced Work – Dispersed tasks via online platforms. Example: Freelance content creators on Fiverr do
crowdsourced work.
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36. Sectoral Disparity – Unequal treatment across industries. Example: IT workers with WFH vs. garment workers
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on-site reflects sectoral disparity.
37. Ageing Labour – Elderly continuing to work. Example: Elderly rickshaw pullers in Varanasi reflect ageing
labour.
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38. Exclusion Zones – Areas denying labour rights. Example: SEZs exempt from labour laws function as exclusion
zones.
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39. Skill Laddering – Upgrading of roles via training. Example: NSDC’s skilling programs enable skill laddering in
rural youth.

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40. Rural Exodus – Out-migration from villages due to lack of jobs. Example: Bihar youth migrating to Haryana
reflect rural exodus.
VII. POLITICS AND SOCIETY
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TOPIC-1: sociological theories of power

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1. Surveillance Citizenship – Citizens regulated through digital tracking and behavior data. Example: Voter
profiling via Aadhaar-linked data in Telangana reflects surveillance citizenship.
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2. Power Cartography – Mapping how authority flows through formal and informal nodes. Example: Unelected
PMO advisors influencing legislation show power cartography in governance.
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3. Algorithmic Sovereignty – Control via AI and code-based decision systems. Example: Punjab police using
predictive policing tools reflects algorithmic sovereignty.
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4. Meme Politics – Using humor and virality as instruments of influence. Example: BJP and Congress deploying
Instagram reels reflects meme politics in elections.
5. Haptic Control – Tactile, bodily forms of dominance in spaces. Example: School uniform diktats in Gujarat
reflect haptic control of discipline.
6. Spatial Hierarchy – Power encoded in physical spaces. Example: VIP corridors vs. slum demolitions in Delhi
reflect spatial hierarchy.
7. Lingual Gatekeeping – Exclusion through control of language use. Example: Hindi dominance in central
government exams shows lingual gatekeeping.
8. Ceremonial Authority – Symbolic legitimacy maintained through rituals. Example: Ram Mandir Pran Pratistha
event displayed ceremonial authority in politics.
9. Data Feudalism – Unequal power from control over digital data. Example: Reliance Jio’s data dominance points
to emerging data feudalism.
10. Silicon Statecraft – Governance shaped by tech monopolies and platforms. Example: Government partnerships
with Google on education tools reflect silicon statecraft.

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11. Post-truth Legitimacy – Gaining power via emotional truths over facts. Example: Deepfake videos in 2024
campaigns reflect post-truth legitimacy politics.
12. Narrative Monopoly – Singular control of public discourse. Example: State-run DD and AIR broadcasting
selective news is narrative monopoly.
13. Digital Populism – Mobilizing support through social media affect. Example: “Abki Baar X Sarkar” WhatsApp
forwards show digital populism in action.
14. Icon Power – Control via mass identification with images/icons. Example: Use of Ambedkar’s image by multiple
parties reflects icon power appropriation.
15. Aesthetic Nationalism – Building power through visual representation of nationhood. Example: G20 logo
campaigns reflect aesthetic nationalism.
16. Biometric Discipline – Regulation through bodily surveillance tools. Example: Rajasthan’s biometric ration
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verification reveals biometric discipline.
17. Emotive Mobilization – Power through mass emotional triggers. Example: Sandeshkhali protests over
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women’s safety used emotive mobilization.
18. Electoral Spectacle – Elections turned into grand performances. Example: Drone-lit rallies in UP show the rise
of electoral spectacle.
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19. Crisis Optics – Using emergencies to justify expanded control. Example: Manipur violence being cited for
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extended AFSPA shows crisis optics.
20. Sacred Statehood – Political authority cloaked in religious legitimacy. Example: Temple diplomacy during
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elections reflects sacred statehood tactics.
21. Credit Power – Control through financial lending and debt. Example: Farmer loan waivers during elections
reflect credit power politics.
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22. Moral Gatekeeping – Deciding what is acceptable based on values. Example: Ban on same-sex marriage in India
reflects moral gatekeeping.
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23. Platform Sovereignty – Dominance via digital platforms’ rules. Example: X removing opposition content shows
platform sovereignty.

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24. Rhetorical Hegemony – Control of public opinion through persuasive speech. Example: “Revdi culture”
narrative shows rhetorical hegemony.

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25. Visibility Politics – Power gained by occupying public space. Example: Women’s mahapadavs during protests
reflect visibility politics.

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26. Conscience Capital – Influence through moral credibility. Example: Rahul Gandhi’s Bharat Jodo Yatra built
conscience capital.
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27. Heritage Weaponry – Using cultural past to justify present power. Example: Renaming cities like Allahabad to
Prayagraj reflects heritage weaponry.
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28. Silent Subversion – Quiet undermining of dominant power. Example: Independent media outlets using satire
show silent subversion.
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29. Image Warfare – Battle of public perceptions through visuals. Example: Political ads with manipulated imagery
reflect image warfare.
30. Populist Optics – Using mass appeal for legitimacy. Example: ₹500 LPG subsidy announcement during polls
shows populist optics.
31. Informal Mandate – Power exercised without formal authority. Example: RSS's influence over policy decisions
shows informal mandate.
32. Moral Authority – Dominance through ethical credibility. Example: Wrestlers protesting WFI chief evoked
moral authority.
33. Coded Messaging – Implicit communication to specific groups. Example: Dog-whistle politics during CAA
protests show coded messaging.
34. Electoral Leverage – Policy decisions shaped by vote banks. Example: Caste-based census demand in Bihar
shows electoral leverage.
35. Mythic Leadership – Power built on historical or religious myths. Example: Narrative around Ram as national
protector shows mythic leadership.

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reflects proxy power.

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37. Proxy Power – Exercising control through intermediaries. Example: Use of bureaucrats for political ends

capital use.
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38. Sanction Capital – Using punishment as power currency. Example: ED raids before elections reflect sanction

39. Consent Engineering – Manufacturing approval through social messaging. Example: UCC debate push before
elections shows consent engineering.
40. Echo Governance – Decisions based on reinforced digital opinions. Example: Farm law rollback after online
outrage shows echo governance.
TOPIC-2: Power, Authority and Legitimacy
1. Ritual Power – Authority derived through religious or ceremonial performance. Example: PM’s central role in
Ayodhya consecration shows ritual power.
2. Soft Compliance – Willing obedience without coercion. Example: Mask-wearing during COVID persisted due to
soft compliance.
3. Inherited Mandate – Authority passed through lineage or legacy. Example: Tejashwi Yadav’s political capital
shows inherited mandate.

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4. Functional Legitimacy – Authority accepted due to performance efficiency. Example: KCR’s irrigation schemes
boosted his functional legitimacy.
5. Media-Built Authority – Power created through media portrayal. Example: Frequent TV appearances made CM
Yogi a media-built authority.
6. Moral Consent – Legitimacy earned through ethical conduct. Example: Farmer leaders during protests gained
moral consent.
7. Narrative Sanction – Legitimacy constructed through stories of sacrifice or service. Example: Modi’s chaiwala
narrative created narrative sanction.
8. Legal Illusion – Formal legitimacy masking informal domination. Example: Frequent ordinance route by Centre
reflects legal illusion.
9. Fear Hegemony – Obedience driven by punitive fear. Example: ED and CBI usage before polls reflects fear
hegemony. https://t.me/X_IAS
10. Symbolic Compliance – Outward obedience masking inner dissent. Example: Students saluting flag but
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protesting syllabus reflects symbolic compliance.
11. Selective Rulemaking – Laws applied unequally to preserve power. Example: Protest permissions denied to
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some groups shows selective rulemaking.
12. Emotive Authority – Legitimacy drawn from shared emotional identity. Example: Mamata Banerjee’s mass
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appeal after injury shows emotive authority.
13. Procedural Control – Using rules and formalities to retain power. Example: Disqualification of opposition
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MLAs in Maharashtra shows procedural control.
14. Popular Endorsement – Authority reinforced via public voting. Example: Repeated electoral wins by AAP in
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Delhi show popular endorsement.
15. Traditional Anchoring – Power rooted in longstanding customs. Example: Khap panchayats draw authority
from traditional anchoring.
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16. Statist Legitimacy – Recognition through state mechanisms and offices. Example: Governor’s assent gives bills
statist legitimacy.

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17. Constitutional Cloak – Power acts masked by legality. Example: UAPA usage framed under constitutional cloak
of security.

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18. Faith-Based Authority – Leadership accepted through religious belief. Example: Jaggi Vasudev’s influence on
environmental policy reflects faith-based authority.

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19. Institutional Deference – Respect given to position, not person. Example: SC judges respected despite
ideological differences show institutional deference.
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20. Majoritarian Justification – Legitimacy through majority support. Example: NRC push in Assam justified
through majoritarian justification.
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21. Revolutionary Capital – Authority gained from leading change. Example: Arvind Kejriwal’s anti-corruption
image built revolutionary capital.
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22. Bureaucratic Legitimacy – Credibility derived from administrative role. Example: EC’s moral code
enforcement reflects bureaucratic legitimacy.
23. Narrative Obedience – People obey leaders who craft dominant stories. Example: Viksit Bharat narrative
ensures narrative obedience.
24. Referential Authority – Power borrowed from past icons. Example: Netaji’s legacy used in Bengal politics
reflects referential authority.
25. Hereditary Perception – Belief in power passed by bloodline. Example: Priyanka Gandhi’s appeal draws on
hereditary perception.
26. Technocratic Trust – Belief in rule by experts. Example: ISRO chief’s announcements gain technocratic trust.
27. Charisma Transference – Borrowed legitimacy from another leader. Example: Candidates invoking Modi
during campaigns show charisma transference.
28. Forced Obedience – Compliance due to threat of consequence. Example: AFSPA zones compel forced
obedience.

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29. Neutrality Facade – Pretense of impartiality to retain power. Example: Doordarshan’s coverage of only ruling
party shows neutrality facade.
30. Silent Loyalty – Passive support without vocal endorsement. Example: Urban voters silently backing BJP
reflects silent loyalty.
31. Visual Legitimacy – Power reinforced through public imagery. Example: Posters of leaders at ration shops
build visual legitimacy.
32. Oral Persuasion – Speech-based power exercise. Example: PM’s Mann Ki Baat sustains oral persuasion.
33. Exile Influence – Authority from abroad. Example: Gurpatwant Singh Pannun’s Khalistani messaging reflects
exile influence.
34. Crisis Legitimacy – Authority earned in handling emergencies. Example: Odisha CM’s response to cyclone built
crisis legitimacy.
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35. Suppressed Consent – Public compliance due to lack of options. Example: Fear of job loss silencing criticism
reflects suppressed consent.
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36. Iconic Authority – Legitimacy from being a symbol of cause. Example: Medha Patkar as Narmada symbol shows
iconic authority.
37. Coercive Continuity – Long power tenure via fear. Example: Local sarpanch re-elected under threat shows
coercive continuity.

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38. Proximity Power – Influence through closeness to leader. Example: PM’s close aides shaping policies show
proximity power.
39. Intellectual Legitimacy – Respect earned via thought leadership. Example: Ashoka University professors
influencing policy reflect intellectual legitimacy.
40. Non-state Authority – Influence outside legal structures. Example: Village godmen resolving disputes reflect
non-state authority.
TOPIC-3: Types of Political Systems – Democratic and Authoritarian.
1. Ballot Sovereignty – Power lies with the people through electoral choice. Example: Lok Sabha 2024 turnout
highlights ballot sovereignty.
2. Symbolic Republic – Democratic structure without full participation. Example: Unelected village heads in Bihar
reflect symbolic republic.
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3. Executive Dominance – When the executive overshadows other branches. Example: Frequent ordinances show
executive dominance.
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4. Masked Autocracy – Authoritarianism hidden under democratic processes. Example: Russia’s 2024 elections
reflect masked autocracy.
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5. Civic Vacuum – Absence of active civil society in governance. Example: Internet shutdowns during protests
show civic vacuum.
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6. Controlled Pluralism – Limited political diversity under central control. Example: China’s “multi-party
cooperation” reflects controlled pluralism.
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7. Elective Despotism – Leaders with mass support override dissent. Example: Tunisia’s constitutional changes
show elective despotism.
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8. Centralised Federalism – Strong central government in a federal setup. Example: Centre overruling state

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decisions on law & order shows centralised federalism.
9. Majoritarian Drift – Tilt in policy favoring majority population. Example: Citizenship laws criticized for
majoritarian drift.
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10. Rubberstamp Legislature – Parliament lacking meaningful debate. Example: Rapid passing of bills in Monsoon

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Session shows rubberstamp legislature.
11. Authoritarian Populism – Control combined with mass rhetoric. Example: Erdogan’s governance in Turkey
shows authoritarian populism.
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12. Democratic Erosion – Gradual weakening of democratic institutions. Example: Election Commission’s

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autonomy questioned, showing democratic erosion.
13. State Absolutism – All powers concentrated in the state. Example: North Korea’s closed regime reflects state
absolutism.
https://t.me/X_IAS
14. Opposition Suppression – Systematic weakening of dissent. Example: ED raids on rival leaders reflect
opposition suppression.
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15. Electoral Showbiz – Polls reduced to personality-driven campaigns. Example: Leader-centric ads dominate
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2024 campaigns, showing electoral showbiz.
16. Orchestrated Voting – Elections held but with pre-determined outcomes. Example: Belarus elections reflect
orchestrated voting.
17. Digital Surveillance – Technology used to monitor citizens. Example: CCTNS and social media tracking reflect
digital surveillance.
18. Democratic Myth – Institutions exist but public voice is curbed. Example: Myanmar’s junta-run elections reflect
democratic myth.
19. Emergency Normalcy – Prolonged use of emergency powers. Example: Manipur internet bans show emergency
normalcy.
20. Leader-Centricism – Democracy revolving around one personality. Example: 2024 campaigns framed around
one face show leader-centricism.
21. Silent Censorship – Covert control over speech. Example: Press self-censorship in Kashmir illustrates silent
censorship.

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22. Token Representation – Nominal inclusion without real power. Example: Nominated tribal leaders in J&K
show token representation.
23. State Capture – Private interests influencing state decisions. Example: Corporate lobbying on data privacy law
shows state capture.
24. Information Monopoly – Government dominance over media narratives. Example: Limited airtime to
opposition shows information monopoly.
25. Selective Democracy – Rights extended only to some groups. Example: Protests by minorities denied
permission show selective democracy.
26. Constitutional Decay – Institutions eroded while Constitution remains. Example: Weakening of RTI system
reflects constitutional decay.
27. Hybrid Regime – Mix of authoritarian control and democratic form. Example: Pakistan’s civil-military dynamics
reflect hybrid regime. https://t.me/X_IAS
28. Silent Ballot – Voting under coercion or fear. Example: Reports from Tripura reflect silent ballot trend.
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29. Civil Fatigue – Public disengagement due to repeated failures. Example: Low urban voting shows civil fatigue.
30. Procedural Democracy – Focus only on elections, ignoring substance. Example: Frequent elections without
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reform debates reflect procedural democracy.
31. Propaganda Politics – Constant media messaging to shape public view. Example: Daily slogan campaigns show
propaganda politics.
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32. State Media – Media functioning as government mouthpiece. Example: Doordarshan coverage favoring ruling
party reflects state media.
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33. Performance Pact – Voters accept control in exchange for development. Example: Gujarat model politics
reflects performance pact.
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34. Paternal Rule – State acting as guardian over citizens. Example: Liquor bans in Bihar show paternal rule.
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35. Passive Electorate – Voters disengaged beyond elections. Example: Voter silence on MP absenteeism shows
passive electorate.
https://t.me/X_IAS
36. Scripted Debates – Parliament discussions lacking spontaneity. Example: Lok Sabha scripted speeches reflect
scripted debates.
https://t.me/X_IAS
37. Narrative Capture – Dominance of state storylines over facts. Example: New history textbooks reflect narrative
capture.
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38. Data Nationalism – Using data control as sovereign assertion. Example: Ban on foreign data apps reflects data
nationalism.
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39. Feedback Vacuum – No channels for citizen review. Example: Lack of grievance redress in UIDAI reflects
feedback vacuum.
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40. Legal Absolutism – Laws made to consolidate power. Example: Use of sedition laws on protestors reflects legal
absolutism.
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41. Public Dependency – Voters tied to welfare benefits. Example: Direct benefit transfers driving loyalty shows
public dependency.
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42. Digital Disempowerment – Tech widening access gaps. Example: Aadhaar-based exclusions in PDS reflect
digital disempowerment.
43. Opposition Silence – Fear-driven lack of critique. Example: MPs skipping debates on key bills reflect opposition
silence.
44. Electoral Engineering – Structuring rules to favor incumbents. Example: Delimitation in J&K reflects electoral
engineering.
45. Charisma Politics – Emotional appeal over policy. Example: Mamata Banerjee’s street persona reflects
charisma politics.
46. Dynastic Loop – Power recycled within families. Example: Political heirs in Karnataka show dynastic loop.
47. Voter Conditioning – Shaping opinions through constant messaging. Example: WhatsApp groups pushing one
view show voter conditioning.
48. Subdued Contestation – Limited electoral alternatives. Example: Many seats seeing only two-party fight reflect
subdued contestation.

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49. Illiberal Democracy – Electoral system without liberal rights. Example: Hungary under Orbán shows illiberal
democracy.
50. Security-State Drift – Democracy leaning toward surveillance and control. Example: Facial recognition at
polling booths shows security-state drift.
TOPIC-4 :Power Elite, Bureaucracy, Pressure Groups, and Political Parties
1. Elite Cartel – Nexus of business, politics, and bureaucracy. Example: Regulatory relaxations for telecom giants
reflect elite cartel.
2. Power Syndicate – A small group controlling state decisions. Example: Centralised manifesto drafting shows
power syndicate.
3. Closed Bureaucracy – Lack of citizen access in administration. Example: Delay in RTI replies reflects closed
bureaucracy.
https://t.me/X_IAS
4. Rotational Elites – Elites switching between corporate and political roles. Example: CEOs joining political
cabinets reflect rotational elites.
https://t.me/X_IAS
5. Invisible Lobbying – Unseen influence on policy decisions. Example: Crypto regulation delay reflects invisible
lobbying.
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6. Legacy Politics – Dynastic control over party leadership. Example: Leadership changes in SP show legacy
politics.
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7. Silent Influencers – Actors shaping policy without visibility. Example: Think tanks influencing NEP reflect
silent influencers.
https://t.me/X_IAS
8. Technocratic Rule – Experts replacing elected voices. Example: NITI Aayog-driven reforms show technocratic
rule.
https://t.me/X_IAS
9. Paper Bureaucracy – Excessive documentation over delivery. Example: Pension delays due to paperwork show
paper bureaucracy.
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10. Symbolic Protest – Pressure without sustained impact. Example: One-day strikes by trade unions show
symbolic protest.
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11. Policy Capture – Special interest control over law-making. Example: Agri reforms shaped by few corporates
reflect policy capture.
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12. Patron Power – Influence via resource distribution. Example: Local netas distributing ration kits show patron
power.
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13. Street Brokers – Middlemen lobbying for citizens. Example: Agents in land offices show street brokers.
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14. Political Mediation – Access to services via party links. Example: Health benefits routed through party workers
show political mediation.
https://t.me/X_IAS
15. Bureaucratic Inertia – Resistance to change within systems. Example: Delay in digitising court records shows
bureaucratic inertia.
https://t.me/X_IAS
16. Dual Accountability – Answerable to both law and party. Example: IAS officers at odds during state-centre
conflicts reflect dual accountability.
https://t.me/X_IAS
17. Scripted Rallies – Mass meetings lacking spontaneity. Example: Party-controlled village sabhas reflect scripted
rallies.
18. Fragmented Opposition – Disunited resistance to ruling elite. Example: INDIA bloc cracks reflect fragmented
opposition.
19. Permanent Executive – Bureaucracy’s lasting presence in governance. Example: Top bureaucrats shaping long-
term policy show permanent executive.
20. Clientelist Networks – Vote-bank building through favors. Example: Promises of caste-based reservations
reflect clientelist networks.
21. Silent Pressure – Unofficial influence on bureaucrats. Example: Delays in NGO approvals reflect silent pressure.
22. Populist Drift – Policy shaped by mass appeasement. Example: Loan waivers before polls show populist drift.
23. Agenda Setting – Media-party control over public issues. Example: Selective primetime focus shows agenda
setting.
24. Insider Circles – Only a few shape internal party affairs. Example: High-command culture in Congress reflects
insider circles.

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25. Facade Reforms – Cosmetic changes without institutional shift. Example: Lateral entry in bureaucracy with
limited autonomy shows facade reforms.
26. Dual Hierarchy – Party cadre overpowering bureaucratic structure. Example: Local BJP workers instructing
officers reflect dual hierarchy.
27. Lobby Cartels – Industry associations pushing group interests. Example: Automobile sector delaying EV norms
shows lobby cartels.
28. Moral Bureaucrats – Officials acting beyond mandate for justice. Example: Whistleblower IAS officers like
Durga Shakti Nagpal reflect moral bureaucrats.
29. Data Politics – Use of statistics to guide narratives. Example: GDP revisions before elections reflect data politics.
30. Silent Entry – Appointments without public scrutiny. Example: Lateral recruitment in defence ministries shows
silent entry.
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31. Voice Capture – Dominance over representation platforms. Example: Ruling party MPs occupying media space
shows voice capture.
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32. Legal Enablers – Laws facilitating elite consolidation. Example: Changes in FCRA rules show legal enablers.
33. Partisan Bureaucrats – Civil servants aligning with political lines. Example: Transfers after elections show
partisan bureaucrats. https://t.me/X_IAS
34. Fringe Factions – Small groups gaining leverage in parties. Example: Farmer wings influencing manifestos
reflect fringe factions.
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35. Red Tape Economy – Bureaucracy becoming a livelihood hub. Example: Agents thriving in GST refunds show
red tape economy.
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36. Dynasty Resurgence – Re-entry of political families. Example: Rahul-Priyanka campaigning reflects dynasty
resurgence.
37. Welfare Gatekeepers – Political control over scheme access. Example: Local party men controlling PMAY
houses show welfare gatekeepers.
38. Silent Committees – Policy groups with no public input. Example: Education curriculum boards acting behind
closed doors reflect silent committees.
39. Cadre Bureaucracy – Bureaucrats behaving like party workers. Example: Social media campaigning by district
collectors reflects cadre bureaucracy.

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40. Selective Alliances – Strategic party tie-ups based on optics. Example: AAP-Congress alliance in Delhi shows
selective alliances.
TOPIC-5: Political Socialization and Political Participation
1. Civic Grooming – Early exposure to political values through family or school. Example: Youth Parliament
sessions in CBSE schools reflect civic grooming.
2. Ideological Imprint – Transmission of beliefs across generations. Example: Left-leaning student activism at
JNU reflects ideological imprint.
3. Digital Indoctrination – Political socialization via online platforms. Example: Telegram channels promoting
nationalism reflect digital indoctrination.
4. Symbolic Loyalty – Identification with symbols over policies. Example: Wearing party scarves during rallies
shows symbolic loyalty.
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5. Peer Mobilization – Influence of friend groups on political views. Example: Campus discussions during
elections reflect peer mobilization.
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6. Voting Rituals – Treating elections as civic duty rather than choice. Example: Elderly voters in rural India show
voting rituals.
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7. Issue-Based Politics – Engagement rooted in specific concerns. Example: Farmer protests against agri-laws
show issue-based politics.
https://t.me/X_IAS
8. Echo Bubbles – Online spaces reinforcing existing beliefs. Example: Twitter threads by same-ideology users
reflect echo bubbles.
https://t.me/X_IAS
9. Role Modelling – Learning politics from admired figures. Example: Youngsters emulating Arvind Kejriwal’s
style reflect role modelling.
https://t.me/X_IAS
10. News Conditioning – Political learning through preferred media. Example: Viewers aligning beliefs with
primetime anchors show news conditioning.
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11. Protest Schooling – Learning politics via participation in protests. Example: Shaheen Bagh sit-ins reflect
protest schooling.
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12. Community Narratives – Political socialization through caste/religious groups. Example: Jat Mahapanchayats

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shaping youth opinions show community narratives.
13. Educational Exposure – Influence of curriculum on political understanding. Example: NCERT updates on

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constitutional values reflect educational exposure.
14. Gendered Socialization – Political roles taught differently across genders. Example: Girls discouraged from
https://t.me/X_IAS
political debates in villages reflect gendered socialization.
15. Parental Bias – Family beliefs shaping children’s views. Example: Politically polarized households reflect
parental bias.
https://t.me/X_IAS
16. Digital Activism – Political engagement via online campaigns. Example: Change.org petitions on women’s safety
reflect digital activism.
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17. Religious Politics – Socialization shaped by faith institutions. Example: RSS shakhas for youth reflect religious
politics.
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18. Civic Indifference – Apathy toward participation. Example: Urban youth skipping state elections reflect civic
indifference.
19. Meme Propaganda – Political messaging through humour. Example: Instagram memes during elections reflect
meme propaganda.
20. Leader Fixation – Focus on personalities over policies. Example: PM Modi-centric campaigns reflect leader
fixation.
21. Caste Messaging – Targeted appeals based on caste. Example: Caste-wise WhatsApp groups in Bihar reflect
caste messaging.
22. Youth Volunteering – Student engagement in party campaigns. Example: NSUI volunteers in Telangana
elections show youth volunteering.
23. Oppositional Identity – Defining politics in contrast to rivals. Example: Anti-BJP stand in southern campuses
reflects oppositional identity.

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24. Visual Politics – Influence of visuals in shaping views. Example: Emotional videos of rallies on YouTube reflect
visual politics.
25. Celeb Endorsements – Actors/sportspersons shaping political views. Example: Celebrities supporting
manifestos reflect celeb endorsements.
26. Agenda Learning – Political views shaped by trending issues. Example: Debates on UCC drive agenda learning.
27. Language Politics – Views shaped by linguistic identity. Example: Hindi–South language debates reflect
language politics.
28. Political Disillusion – Disinterest due to broken promises. Example: Low youth turnout in civic polls reflects
political disillusion.
29. Regional Pride – Identity-based mobilization. Example: Telangana youth celebrating statehood day reflect
regional pride.
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30. Pop Culture Politics – Influence through music, films, memes. Example: Political songs on YouTube reflect pop
culture politics.
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31. Family Legacy – Political involvement passed down. Example: Children of MPs contesting polls reflect family
legacy.
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32. Gender Assertion – Women’s participation challenging norms. Example: High turnout of women in Bengal polls
shows gender assertion.
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33. Ritual Voting – Participating without informed choice. Example: Villagers voting under headman’s advice show
ritual voting.
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34. Urban Cynicism – Disengagement from politics in cities. Example: Low turnout in Mumbai civic polls shows
urban cynicism.
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35. Slogan Socialization – Identity via political slogans. Example: “Ab ki baar” campaigns reflect slogan
socialization.
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36. Fraternity Forums – College clubs shaping ideas. Example: Ambedkarite student circles reflect fraternity
forums.
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37. Digital Gatekeeping – Platforms filtering political content. Example: Algorithm bias on Facebook feeds reflects
digital gatekeeping.
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38. Emotional Mobilization – Engagement via emotional appeals. Example: Ads on army pride reflect emotional
mobilization.
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39. Transmedia Campaigns – Party messaging across media. Example: Simultaneous YouTube, Instagram, TV ads
reflect transmedia campaigns.
https://t.me/X_IAS
40. Classroom Politics – Politicization of academic spaces. Example: CAA debates in DU classes reflect classroom
politics.
https://t.me/X_IAS
41. Reluctant Voters – Participation despite disinterest. Example: Youth voting due to peer pressure show
reluctant voters.
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42. Parish Politics – Faith-driven participation. Example: Church calls for votes in Kerala reflect parish politics.
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43. Influencer Politics – Online influencers shaping votes. Example: YouTubers promoting party views show
influencer politics.
44. Unseen Campaigns – WhatsApp-based silent outreach. Example: Micro-targeted caste messages reflect unseen
campaigns.
45. Icon Worship – Leaders turned into symbols. Example: Mayawati statues in parks reflect icon worship.
46. Digital Boycott – Unfollowing or muting political accounts. Example: Youth rejecting political content online
shows digital boycott.
47. Alumni Networks – Old student groups as political actors. Example: IIT alumni opposing tech laws reflect
alumni networks.
48. Apology Politics – Engagement due to past wrongs. Example: Parties apologizing for historical events reflect
apology politics.
49. Career Politics – Joining politics as a profession. Example: MBAs contesting gram panchayat polls reflect career
politics.

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50. Campus Referendums – Political participation via university votes. Example: JNUSU elections reflect campus
referendums.
VIII- RELIGION AND SOCIETY
TOPIC-1: Sociological theories of religion.
1. Faith Capital – Religious networks mobilized for social gain. Example: Temples organize faster disaster relief
than local authorities.
2. Ritual Economy – Economic flows centered on rituals. Example: Kumbh Mela creates seasonal employment for
thousands.
3. Sacred Authority – Moral power rooted in belief systems. Example: Clerics influencing vaccine acceptance in
rural belts.
4. Prophetic Vision – Moral reform via charismatic leaders. Example: Spiritual guru calls for anti-addiction
reform in youth. https://t.me/X_IAS
5. Doctrine Stratification – Hierarchy based on religious interpretation. Example: Clergy debates on women's
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temple entry highlight doctrinal stratification.
6. Totemic Solidarity – Community identity through sacred symbols. Example: Tribal totems used in local
governance rituals. https://t.me/X_IAS
7. Ascetic Capitalism – Discipline and savings linked to religious ethics. Example: Jain traders promote
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minimalism and wealth reinvestment.
8. Ritual Rationality – Logic behind repeated sacred practices. Example: Fasting linked to discipline and mental
health in Jain traditions.
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9. Mythic Legitimation – Power justified via sacred stories. Example: Political speeches referencing epics to
legitimize authority.
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10. Divine Protest – Religion as critique of injustice. Example: Dalit theology reinterprets Hindu myths for
empowerment.
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11. Sacrifice Logic – Offering as means of social cohesion. Example: Eid animal sacrifices redistributed to poor
households.

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12. Clergy Monopoly – Control of religious interpretation. Example: Row over online preaching platforms
challenging traditional clergy.

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13. Ritual Protest – Ceremonial acts as dissent. Example: Farmers conducting havans during protests against land
laws.

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14. Charisma Trap – Dependency on a leader’s aura. Example: Spiritual cult collapsed after guru’s arrest.
15. Sacred Script – Authority of written religious texts. Example: Court disputes over translation of religious
scriptures.
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16. Priestly Politics – Religious leaders entering political roles. Example: Monks fielded as election candidates in
North India.
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17. Devotion Economy – Pilgrimage and offerings driving markets. Example: Tirupati temple’s ecosystem supports
thousands of vendors.
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18. Symbol Faith – Icons as collective identity tools. Example: Controversy over religious symbols in school
uniforms.
19. Mystic Universalism – Spiritual paths beyond organized religion. Example: Rise of yoga tourism disconnected
from any religion.
20. Clerical Conflict – Fights within religious hierarchies. Example: Power struggle between two bishops in a
church diocese.
21. Ethical Karma – Moral action guided by religious causality. Example: Social media influencers promote ethical
living via karma content.
22. Sacral Nation – Linking national identity to faith. Example: Political rallies using temple backdrops for
nationalistic appeal.
23. Creed Tension – Inter-sect rivalry within a religion. Example: Shia-Sunni clashes over control of a shared
shrine.

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24. Doctrinal Innovation – Updating beliefs for

modern issues. Example: Progressive clergy
supporting LGBTQ+ rights in sermons.
25. Piety Branding – Showcasing religiousness in
public life. Example: Politicians fasting during
Navratri as image strategy.
26. Moral Panic – Public anxiety over moral decline.
Example: Protests against films accused of
hurting religious sentiments.
27. Syncretic Fusion – Blending of multiple religious
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elements. Example: Sufi shrines visited by
Hindus and Muslims alike.
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28. Divine Economy – Prosperity linked to spiritual
practices. Example: Vaastu-compliant offices
marketed for business success. https://t.me/X_IAS
29. Mythic Framework – Narratives guiding social
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norms. Example: Panchayat resolving disputes
through local religious stories.
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30. Theological Control – Belief systems as power
tools. Example: Excommunication used to
maintain group conformity.
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31. Civic Sermon – Religious leaders addressing
social duties. Example: Mosque sermons

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promoting cleanliness and civic sense.
32. Sectarian Mobilization – Religion as a rallying

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point. Example: Youth mobilized through
WhatsApp groups for faith processions.

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33. Creed Branding – Religion used in personal
marketing. Example: Gurus launching wellness
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brands with spiritual messaging.
34. Devotee Networks – Spiritual communities as
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social capital. Example: Online bhajan groups
supporting members during illness.
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35. Divine Merit – Status gained through religious
deeds. Example: Philanthropists honored in
temples for public charity.
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36. Clerical Activism – Religious figures advocating
for change. Example: Church leaders supporting
tribal land rights.
37. Sanctified Science – Merging scientific claims
with faith. Example: Debates on ancient
scriptures predicting modern technology.
38. Scriptural Authority – Power drawn from holy
texts. Example: Legal verdicts referencing
religious law in civil cases.
39. Relic Power – Sacred objects holding political sway. Example: Disputes over possession of a revered saint’s
belongings.
40. Karma Politics – Linking political success to spiritual merit. Example: Leaders portraying electoral wins as
divine approval.

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TOPIC-2:Types of Religious Practices

1. Animistic Worship – Reverence of nature spirits. Example: Tribes in Odisha pray to forest deities before
harvest.
2. Totemic Clan – Group identity tied to a sacred symbol. Example: A Gond clan abstains from hunting its totem
animal.
3. Shaman Rituals – Healing through spirit mediation. Example: North-East shamans perform trance dances to
cure illness.
4. Monistic Belief – Reality as one divine essence. Example: Advaita Vedanta philosophy emphasizes non-dualism.
5. Plural Devotion – Multiple gods worshipped simultaneously. Example: A family altar has deities from different
traditions.
6. Folk Syncretism – Fusion of local and major religions. Example: Villagers perform puja and Islamic zikr
together in Bengal. https://t.me/X_IAS
7. Sect Splintering – Breakaway from main religious order. Example: A radical Jain sub-sect rejects even root
vegetables. https://t.me/X_IAS
8. Cult Dynamics – Charismatic groups with exclusive practices. Example: Followers of a digital-age guru donate
all wealth. https://t.me/X_IAS
9. Sacred Ecology – Nature treated as holy. Example: Bishnoi community protects trees as sacred beings.
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10. Mystic Path – Personal union with the divine. Example: Sufis practice whirling dance as spiritual surrender.
11. Spiritual Minimalism – Rejecting rituals for simplicity. Example: Neo-Buddhists embrace meditation over
temple worship.
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12. Icon Worship – Use of images in devotion. Example: Elaborate Ganesh idols installed in every Mumbai colony.
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13. Altar Culture – Domestic religious space. Example: South Indian homes maintain daily pooja rooms.
14. Caste Rite – Rituals restricted by caste. Example: Only Brahmins allowed to chant Vedas in temple ceremonies.
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15. Transcendental Meditation – Inner awakening through silence. Example: Youth adopt TM to cope with startup
burnout.
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16. Festival Ritualism – Religious meaning centered on events. Example: Durga Puja unites Bengalis socially and
spiritually.
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17. Votive Offering – Objects dedicated for divine favor. Example: Hair donated at Tirupati as fulfilment of vows.

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18. Ancestor Worship – Honoring family lineage spiritually. Example: Pitru Paksha rituals held to appease
ancestors.
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19. Sect Asceticism – Discipline through physical denial. Example: Digambara Jains practice complete renunciation.
20. Relic Veneration – Worship of physical remains. Example: Buddhists gather around Buddha’s relic in Sarnath.
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21. Vision Quests – Isolated spiritual journeys. Example: Sadhus fast in caves for divine visions.
22. Charisma Cult – Personal power of religious leader. Example: Followers treat guru’s words as divine command.
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23. Sacrificial Rite – Offerings to appease deities. Example: Animal sacrifice still performed during Gadhimai
festival.
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24. Tantric Worship – Esoteric rituals for spiritual power. Example: Kamakhya temple practices tantra-based rites.
25. Spiritual Synchronicity – Aligning rituals with cosmic events. Example: Temples schedule poojas during lunar
eclipses.
26. Divine Embodiment – Belief in human-god incarnation. Example: Devotees treat living guru as Vishnu avatar.
27. Penance Practice – Suffering used to purify sin. Example: Devotees roll on temple floors seeking forgiveness.
28. Mantra Chanting – Repetitive sacred sound recitation. Example: Hanuman Chalisa goes viral on devotional
YouTube channels.
29. Pilgrimage Cycle – Travel to sacred sites in set patterns. Example: Chardham Yatra mapped by seasonal belief.
30. Spirit Possession – Deity speaks through medium. Example: Oracle women in Himachal relay god's messages.
31. Fire Rituals – Agni used to sanctify offerings. Example: Homams conducted in new homes to purify space.
32. Water Purity – Ritual cleansing through sacred rivers. Example: Devotees bathe in Ganga during Kartik
Purnima.
33. Covenant Belief – Divine promise as moral law. Example: Some sects base diet and lifestyle on covenant with
god.

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34. Esoteric Path – Hidden rituals known only to initiates. Example: Nath yogis pass secrets through oral tradition.
35. Myth Reenactment – Dramatizing religious stories. Example: Ramlila dramatizations draw thousands in North
India.
36. Healing Prayer – Faith used for curing illness. Example: Church-run healing retreats popular post-COVID.
37. Syncretic Temple – Shrines combining multiple religions. Example: Tamil Nadu village houses shrine for Hindu
and Muslim saints.
38. Devotional Music – Sacred songs as worship. Example: Bhajan concerts livestreamed to global diaspora.
39. Celestial Worship – Reverence of cosmic bodies. Example: Navagraha temples attract astrology believers.
40. Sacred Dance – Movement used in ritual. Example: Odissi performed during Jagannath temple rituals.
41. Ritual Abstinence – Fasting or avoiding indulgence. Example: Millions follow Navratri diets for purification.
42. Script Recitation – Reading holy texts as ritual. Example: Akhand Path of Guru Granth Sahib lasts 48 hours.
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43. Faith Healing – Cures through religious belief. Example: Dargah visits for treatment of mental illness.
44. Prophetic Dreaming – Visions as divine communication. Example: Devotees report dreams instructing rituals.
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45. Sun Worship – Reverence of the sun god. Example: Chhath Puja involves standing in river at sunrise.
46. Night Vigil – Staying awake in devotion. Example: Maha Shivratri observed with overnight chanting.
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47. Cultural Pilgrimage – Faith mixed with tourism. Example: Ayodhya visits tied to Ram Mandir interest.
48. Folk Divinity – Local gods outside mainstream texts. Example: Tamil folk deity Ayyanar worshipped in village
shrines.
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49. Temple Procession – Ritual movement of deity idols. Example: Thrissur Pooram features giant idol parades.
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50. Offer Economy – System of gifts to gain divine favor. Example: Devotees donate gold at Siddhivinayak temple.
TOPIC-3:Religion in Modern Society
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1. Sacred Modernity – Religion coexisting with modern life. Example: Corporate employees join virtual aarti
sessions during office breaks.
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2. Digital Pilgrimage – Online religious experiences. Example: Devotees participate in Amarnath Yatra via live
streams.
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3. Revival Surge – Renewed interest in traditional faiths. Example: Urban youth adopt Vedic chanting and
Ayurveda.
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4. Creed Conflict – Tensions from rigid doctrines. Example: Hijab-ban protests reflect clash between law and
belief.
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5. Scientific Theism – Rational support for spiritual belief. Example: ISRO scientists publicly pray before launches.

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6. Secular Tension – Friction in multi-faith states. Example: Disputes over school prayers in public institutions.
7. Faith Branding – Religion used in political image-making. Example: Leaders seen worshipping at temples
before elections.
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8. Virtual Piety – Devotion practiced digitally. Example: YouTube bhajan playlists with millions of views.
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9. Religious Entrepreneurship – Faith-based business ventures. Example: Gurus sell wellness products through
devotional apps.
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10. Fundamentalist Mobilization – Rigid groups pushing agenda. Example: Fringe groups oppose textbook
reforms as anti-religious.
11. Scripture Politics – Political use of religious texts. Example: Court cases cite Ramayana in cultural heritage
claims.
12. Secular Drift – Declining religious influence. Example: Gen Z surveys show lower temple/mosque attendance.
13. Religious Hybridism – Mixing faiths in practice. Example: Hindu-Muslim joint prayers in rural shrines.
14. God Algorithm – Faith content curated by AI. Example: AI chatbots deliver horoscope and puja timings.
15. Ceremonial Tokenism – Rituals done for social show. Example: Celebrities visit temples only before film
releases.
16. Digital Scripture – Holy texts available online. Example: Quran and Bhagavad Gita apps gain global users.
17. Saffron Politics – Religious symbolism in governance. Example: Textbooks revised to highlight Hindu
contributions.
18. Atheist Discourse – Organized non-belief groups. Example: Rationalist podcasts debunking superstition trends.

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19. Religious Consumerism – Faith marketed as product. Example: Online astrology subscriptions surge during
exam season.
20. Sanctified Nationalism – Nation glorified via religion. Example: Temples used as backdrops in political rallies.
21. Faith Populism – Religious appeal to masses. Example: Leaders organize mass yagnas for public sentiment.
22. Moral Policing – Behavior controlled in name of faith. Example: Couples harassed in public parks by vigilante
groups.
23. Prayer Metrics – Analytics on religious engagement. Example: Devotional app tracks daily user chanting time.
24. Creed Marketing – Using faith in business branding. Example: Food brands use temple certification for purity.
25. Plural Identity – Holding multiple religious identities. Example: People celebrating Diwali and Christmas
together.
26. Devotion Metrics – Data-driven assessment of piety. Example: NGOs track temple visits via biometric cards.
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27. Secular Rituals – Non-religious but spiritual ceremonies. Example: Eco-burials with Vedic mantras in public
parks.
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28. Piety Display – Public showcasing of belief. Example: Posting fast-breaking rituals on Instagram stories.
29. Myth Reinterpretation – Updating epics to modern contexts. Example: TV shows depict Mahabharata in
business setting.
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30. Online Sermons – Religious discourse over internet. Example: Gurus reach global audience via Zoom
pravachans.
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31. Orthodox Backlash – Resistance to religious reform. Example: Protests against women’s entry into certain
temples.
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32. Spiritual Startups – Tech-based faith solutions. Example: Meditation apps marketed with spiritual roots.
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33. Celebrity Devotion – Faith endorsements by stars. Example: Bollywood actors performing yagnas on social
media.
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34. Belief Innovation – New-age spiritual trends. Example: Crystal healing fused with mantra chanting in wellness
circles.
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35. Hyper Ritualism – Excessive focus on ritual detail. Example: Social media trolling for wrong puja posture.

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36. Faith Nationalism – Religion defining patriotism. Example: National symbols infused with religious narratives.
37. Religious Satire – Critique through humor. Example: Web series mocking blind faith go viral.

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38. Relic Tourism – Travel to see religious artefacts. Example: Museum exhibits of Buddha relics draw pilgrims.
39. Prayer Sharing – Collective digital worship. Example: WhatsApp groups synchronizing aarti times.

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40. Secular Ritualism – Non-religious practices mimicking faith. Example: Meditation retreats with strict schedules
and dress codes.
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41. Woke Spirituality – Inclusive, ethical religion. Example: Instagram influencers share LGBTQ-affirming
devotionals.
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42. Faith Tokens – Wearables symbolizing belief. Example: Smartwatches with Hanuman chalisa features.
43. Sacralized Space – Non-religious areas made holy. Example: Statues installed in railway stations for public
reverence.
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44. Digital Divinity – AI used in religious roles. Example: Robot priests used for rituals in Japan, discussed in India.
45. Zoom Worship – Real-time digital rituals. Example: Mass online recitation of Sundarkand during lockdown.
46. Secular Fundamentalism – Aggressive non-religious stance. Example: Online backlash against festive leave in
institutions.
47. Cultural Faith – Religion practiced more as tradition. Example: Diwali celebrated by atheists for community
bonding.
48. Belief Gentrification – Elitist transformation of faith spaces. Example: Ancient temples turned into heritage
cafés.
49. Icon Capital – Religious figures used for commerce. Example: Brands sell Modi-as-Ram merchandise before
elections.
50. Theistic Modernism – Blending belief with progress. Example: Faith leaders advocate for AI ethics using
religious values.

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IX. SYSTEMS OF KINSHIP

1. Kinship Web – Network of biological and social ties. Example: Rural Rajasthan families rely on kinship web for
land disputes.
2. Household Diversity – Variety in living arrangements. Example: Bengaluru shows rising same-sex household
diversity.
3. Matrifocal Unit – Mother-centric family structure. Example: Kerala tribal homes run by matrifocal units post-
male migration.
4. Serial Monogamy – Multiple marriages, one at a time. Example: Urban professionals increasingly adopt serial
monogamy.
5. Fraternal Polyandry – Brothers sharing one wife. Example: Practiced in certain Himalayan villages to retain
land.
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6. Patrilocal Shift – Bride moves to groom’s residence. Example: Still dominant in Uttar Pradesh rural areas.
7. Neolocal Arrangement – New couple forms separate home. Example: Neolocal trend growing among urban IT
couples. https://t.me/X_IAS
8. Conjugal Autonomy – Independence in marital decisions. Example: Love marriages reflect rising conjugal
autonomy. https://t.me/X_IAS
9. Chosen Family – Non-biological emotional kin. Example: LGBTQ communities often depend on chosen families.
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10. Gendered Descent – Inheritance via one gender. Example: Patrilineal descent rules dominate Hindu succession.
11. Kinship Fluidity – Flexible familial roles. Example: Single mothers reassign grandparental roles to friends.
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12. Inheritance Bias – Gender-based property exclusion. Example: Women in Haryana still denied agricultural
land.
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13. Consanguine Norms – Blood-relations emphasized in marriage. Example: South Indian cross-cousin marriages
follow consanguine norms.
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14. Affinal Ties – Kin by marriage, not blood. Example: Mother-in-law dynamics shaped by affinal authority.

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15. Egalitarian Marriage – Equal partnership. Example: Metro couples jointly manage careers and chores.
16. Matriline Descent – Lineage traced through mother. Example: Meghalaya tribes follow strict matriline descent.

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17. Exogamy Mandate – Marrying outside one’s group. Example: Gotra exogamy still enforced in Haryana khap
panchayats.

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18. Endogamy Pressure – Marrying within one’s group. Example: Caste endogamy remains strong in matrimonial
websites.
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19. Gender Parenting – Parenting roles divided by sex. Example: Fathers rarely get paternity leave in Indian firms.
20. Domestic Feminization – Women bearing domestic burden. Example: Lockdown exposed unpaid domestic
labor by women.
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21. Kinship Aging – Elderly dependence on kin. Example: Widowhood leads to isolation without kinship support.
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22. Invisible Labor – Unseen work by women in families. Example: Housewives excluded from census economic
data.
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23. Patriline Fixation – Focus on male bloodline. Example: Sons preferred for ritual duties in most castes.
24. Dowry Economy – Wealth exchange during marriage. Example: Dowry persists despite legal bans in Bihar.
25. Cohabitation Trend – Living together without marriage. Example: Urban millennials opt for trial relationships.
26. Virtual Kinship – Online kin relationships. Example: Diaspora families maintain ties through WhatsApp rituals.
27. Kin Mapping – Documenting extended family. Example: Social workers use kin mapping for foster care
placements.
28. Marriage Economy – Socioeconomic planning via marriage. Example: Marriages arranged for alliance between
political families.
29. Kinship Rituals – Ceremonies that reinforce bonds. Example: Raksha Bandhan sustains brother-sister ties.
30. Gender Conformity – Expected sex-based roles. Example: Daughters-in-law must conform to 'good wife' ideals.
31. Marital Scripting – Societal expectations from couples. Example: In-laws expect daughters-in-law to quit jobs
post marriage.
32. Kin Surveillance – Monitoring behavior within families. Example: Girls’ mobility checked by cousins and
uncles.

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33. Joint Family – Extended family under one roof. Example: Still common in agrarian regions like Punjab.
34. Nuclear Shift – Rise in small family units. Example: Mumbai families shifting to nuclear setups.
35. Sibling Hierarchy – Unequal treatment based on birth order. Example: Eldest sons inherit leadership in Rajput
families.
36. Family Honor – Reputation tied to kin. Example: Inter-caste marriages seen as threats to family honor.
37. Marital Stratification – Marriage based on hierarchy. Example: Caste hierarchy replicated in wedding alliances.
38. Inheritance Exclusion – Disinheriting based on gender. Example: Unmarried daughters cut off from property
rights.
39. Kin Outsourcing – Hired help replaces family roles. Example: Elderly care outsourced in nuclear Delhi homes.
40. Transnational Ties – Cross-border kinship. Example: NRIs manage rituals via video calls.
41. Marriage Migration – Brides move for marriage. Example: Bihar brides married into Haryana due to skewed
sex ratios. https://t.me/X_IAS
42. Descent Confusion – Blurring lineage in surrogacy. Example: Legal battles in IVF births over maternal identity.
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43. Hypergamy Practice – Marrying into higher status. Example: Families seek wealthier grooms for daughters.
44. Household Stratification – Power imbalance in homes. Example: Mothers-in-law often dominate daughter-in-
law decisions.
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45. Ritual Kinship – Social kin through ceremonies. Example: Godparents in Christian traditions take ritual roles.
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46. Romantic Autonomy – Freedom to choose partners. Example: Interfaith love stories rising in metros.
47. Gender Inversion – Role reversal in homes. Example: Stay-at-home dads in Mumbai challenge patriarchy.
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48. Fictive Kinship – Symbolic kin ties. Example: Guru-disciple bond treated as father-son.
49. Digital Matchmaking – Tech-based partner search. Example: Matrimonial apps driven by caste filters.
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50. Emotional Kinship – Non-material family bonds. Example: Orphanages create siblinghood through shared
trauma.
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51. Functional Patriarchy – Hidden control in ‘equal’ homes. Example: Men handle finance despite dual-income
status.
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52. Care Economy – Unpaid care work. Example: Women exit workforce due to eldercare in joint families.
53. Honor Policing – Enforcing family image. Example: Girls' phone use monitored to prevent “shame.”
54. Cross-Cousin Rule – Preferred cousin marriage pattern. Example: Practiced among Tamil castes.
55. Child Marriage – Underage marriage still prevalent. Example: High rates reported in Rajasthan tribal belts.
56. Gendered Care – Women as primary caregivers. Example: Widowed mothers rely solely on daughters.
57. Property Resistance – Women fighting for rights. Example: Daughters in Karnataka suing brothers for land.

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58. Silent Separation – Living apart without divorce. Example: Rural women return to maternal homes
permanently.
59. Split Households – One family across cities. Example: Father in Gulf, mother and kids in Kerala.
60. Customary Patriarchy – Traditional norms suppressing women. Example: Village councils justify early
marriages.
61. Marriage Markets – Valuation of marriage candidates. Example: IIT graduates command high dowries.
62. Bride Commodification – Women treated as assets. Example: Dalit girls sold as wives in cross-regional
marriages.
63. Kin Dependency – Economic reliance on relatives. Example: Unemployed youths live with extended kin.
64. Divorce Stigma – Shame associated with separation. Example: Divorced women often isolated in villages.
65. Family Fragmentation – Kinship weakening over time. Example: Rising elderly suicides linked to family
fragmentation. https://t.me/X_IAS
66. Elder Hierarchy – Age-based dominance. Example: Young couples defer to elders in life decisions.
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67. Consensual Kinship – Family formed by mutual choice. Example: Single women adopting children form new
kin units.
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68. Postmodern Kinship – Diverse family structures. Example: LGBTQ+ couples raise children with shared
custody.
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69. Property Negotiation – Bargaining over inheritance. Example: Daughters claim share after Supreme Court
rulings.
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70. Gender Silence – Avoiding discussions of inequity. Example: Women normalize unpaid labor as 'duty'.
71. Gendered Rituals – Different rites for men and women. Example: Only sons perform shraddha.
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72. Parenting Crisis – Struggles of modern parenthood. Example: Working mothers juggling school and office.
73. Shadow Kinship – Hidden relationships. Example: Second wives treated as outsiders in family lineage.
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74. Family Bifurcation – Divided property, divided kin. Example: Sibling feuds over land in Andhra families.

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75. Diasporic Kinship – Long-distance family bonds. Example: Zoom rakhi celebrated by cousins in Canada.
76. Marriage Delay – Postponing marital age. Example: Women in Tier-1 cities marry after 30.

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77. Flexible Roles – Gender-neutral domestic duties. Example: Urban couples alternate cooking and childcare.
78. Custody Contest – Battle over child rights. Example: Family court backlog filled with custody cases.

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79. Cultural Care – Ethnicity-based family norms. Example: Tamil Brahmins have stricter mourning rituals.
80. Mobile Kinship – Families on the move. Example: Migrant workers’ families change cities every year.
X. SOCIAL CHANGE IN MODERN SOCIETY
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TOPIC-1: sociological theories of social change
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1. Dialectical Conflict – Change through class struggle. Example: Farmers' protests reflect dialectical conflict in
agrarian society.
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2. Cultural Lag – Technology outpaces societal values. Example: AI in schools exposes cultural lag in rural India.
3. Normative Shift – Change in collective moral codes. Example: Acceptance of LGBTQ+ rights shows normative
shift.
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4. Value Consensus – Shared beliefs enable order. Example: Uniform civil code debates challenge value
consensus.
5. Social Evolutionism – Societies progress in stages. Example: Tribal digital banking shows social evolutionism.
6. Structural Strain – Systemic tension prompts change. Example: Jobless youth unrest reflects structural strain.
7. Technological Determinism – Tech shapes social systems. Example: UPI adoption led to digital behavioral
shift.
8. Cyclic Theory – Societies rise, decline, and repeat. Example: Urban decay in mill towns shows cyclic theory.
9. Social Equilibrium – Balance resists drastic shifts. Example: Reservations maintain social equilibrium amid
inequality.
10. Ideational Shift – Ideas spark major transitions. Example: Gandhian philosophy triggered ideational shift in
freedom struggle.
11. Conflict Perspective – Power struggles cause change. Example: Dalit rights movement reflects conflict
perspective.

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12. Reformist Change – Gradual institutional transformation. Example: NEP 2020 promotes reformist change in
education.
13. Evolutionary Momentum – Small changes compound over time. Example: Rising female literacy builds
evolutionary momentum.
14. Cognitive Revolution – Mental frameworks reshape society. Example: Digital literacy drives cognitive
revolution in rural youth.
15. Cultural Innovation – New practices alter norms. Example: Gender-neutral uniforms mark cultural innovation.
16. Economic Trigger – Financial shifts prompt change. Example: Demonetization acted as an economic trigger.
17. Power Realignment – Authority shift leads change. Example: Panchayat reservations led to gendered power
realignment.
18. Radical Transformation – Rapid and disruptive change. Example: GST rollout brought radical transformation
in trade. https://t.me/X_IAS
19. Ideological Reordering – Value systems realigned. Example: Rise of environmental ethics shows ideological
reordering. https://t.me/X_IAS
20. Revolutionary Shift – Sudden overthrow of systems. Example: Arab Spring reflects revolutionary shift via
social media. https://t.me/X_IAS
21. Developmental Spiral – Growth with setbacks. Example: Urban slum redevelopment shows developmental
spiral.
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22. Social Tension – Friction among groups leads change. Example: CAA protests sparked by deep social tension.
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23. Modernity Shock – Disruption from rapid change. Example: Tribal youth face modernity shock due to
migration.
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24. Civil Mobilization – Collective action for change. Example: Anna Hazare movement showed civil mobilization.
25. Strain Theory – Discontent breeds deviance or reform. Example: Youth extremism in Northeast aligns with
strain theory.
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26. Trigger Event – Specific event sparks change. Example: Nirbhaya case was a trigger event for gender laws.
27. Feedback Loop – Change reinforces itself. Example: Women’s education creates feedback loop with health.

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28. Global Diffusion – Global ideas adopted locally. Example: Climate activism in India shows global diffusion.
29. Cultural Drift – Slow unplanned cultural shifts. Example: Decline in joint families shows cultural drift.

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30. Techno-cultural Shift – Tech alters social norms. Example: Online dating apps created techno-cultural shift.
31. Norm Disruption – Breaking of long-held values. Example: Interfaith marriages create norm disruption in
traditional areas.
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32. Economic Realignment – Change in wealth and class. Example: Startup economy causes economic realignment
in youth aspirations.
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33. Urban Anomie – Isolation in city life. Example: Rising loneliness in metros reflects urban anomie.
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34. Mobility Revolution – Increased movement changes status. Example: Caste mobility through education reflects
mobility revolution.
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35. Mass Awakening – Broad public consciousness shift. Example: Farmer protests show rural mass awakening.
36. Rational Action – Decisions based on logic. Example: Family planning reflects rational action over tradition.
37. Religious Reordering – Faith-based shifts in society. Example: Sabarimala verdict sparked religious reordering
debates.
38. Secular Emergence – Rise of non-religious identity. Example: Atheist communities in metros show secular
emergence.
39. Media Amplification – Media escalates social issues. Example: News coverage of caste violence caused media
amplification.
40. Cognitive Dissonance – Internal conflict sparks change. Example: Educated women facing dowry demands
show cognitive dissonance.
41. Political Repositioning – Ideological shifts in politics. Example: Welfare populism marks political
repositioning.
42. Norm Internalization – Deep adoption of new norms. Example: Mask-wearing became norm internalization
during pandemic.

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43. Social Reengineering – Deliberate societal redesign. Example: Swachh Bharat campaign reflects social
reengineering.
44. Digital Upheaval – Tech disruption in life patterns. Example: Gig economy workers experience digital upheaval.
45. Gender Restructuring – Role shifts in gender norms. Example: Rise of women drivers marks gender
restructuring.
46. Policy Catalysis – Laws that accelerate change. Example: RTI Act acted as policy catalysis for transparency.
47. Ideological Spread – Diffusion of belief systems. Example: Ambedkarite ideology shows ideological spread
among Dalits.
48. Urban Modernism – New urban norms emerge. Example: Metro life fosters urban modernism in values.
49. Resistance Mobilization – Protests resisting dominant norms. Example: Shaheen Bagh protests reflect
resistance mobilization.
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50. Demographic Momentum – Population trends fuel change. Example: Youth bulge drives demographic
momentum in India’s economy.
TOPIC-2:Development and Dependency https://t.me/X_IAS
1. Unequal Exchange – Rich exploit poor in trade. Example: African raw exports reflect unequal exchange with
Europe.
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2. Debt Diplomacy – Loans used for political leverage. Example: Sri Lanka’s Hambantota port shows debt
diplomacy by China.
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3. Core Periphery – Dominant nations exploit others. Example: India in Global South debates core-periphery
dynamics.
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4. Developmental Trap – Structural barriers to growth. Example: Bihar’s poverty persistence reflects
developmental trap.
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5. Neo-colonialism Nexus – Economic control without direct rule. Example: African economies' reliance on
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Western firms shows neo-colonialism nexus.

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6. Aid Dependency – Overreliance on foreign help. Example: Afghanistan's NGOs create aid dependency culture.
7. Growth Fetishism – Obsession with GDP over welfare. Example: Ignoring tribal displacement in infrastructure

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projects shows growth fetishism.
8. Ecological Debt – Rich nations’ overuse of global resources. Example: Climate finance debates highlight
ecological debt.
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9. Import Substitution – Local industry replaces foreign goods. Example: India’s toy sector revival is import
substitution in action.
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10. Developmentalism Critique – Questioning linear growth models. Example: Tribal resistance in Niyamgiri
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reflects developmentalism critique.
11. Structural Adjustment – Economic reforms under IMF pressure. Example: 1991 liberalization followed
structural adjustment programs.
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12. Market Fundamentalism – Blind faith in free markets. Example: Privatization of water in Bolivia showed
market fundamentalism failure.
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13. Post-Developmentalism Turn – Moving beyond traditional models. Example: Bhutan’s happiness index
reflects post-developmentalism turn.
14. Dependency Cycle – Perpetual underdevelopment loop. Example: Africa’s commodity reliance shows
dependency cycle.
15. Technocratic Imposition – Top-down development plans. Example: Smart City projects often reflect
technocratic imposition.
16. Resource Drain – Extraction benefits outsiders. Example: Mining profits in Jharkhand flow to MNCs, showing
resource drain.
17. Welfare Retraction – Cutting back social schemes. Example: MNREGA fund cuts reflect welfare retraction.
18. Structural Violence – Systems cause hidden harm. Example: Tribal eviction under forest laws shows structural
violence.
19. Land Grab – Large-scale land acquisition. Example: Adani’s solar project in Rajasthan faces land grab
allegations.

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20. Trade Asymmetry – Unequal trade benefits. Example: Indian farmers protest WTO trade asymmetry.
21. Underdevelopment Paradox – Rich resources, poor people. Example: Chhattisgarh’s mineral belt reflects
underdevelopment paradox.
22. Human Capitalism – People as economic assets. Example: Skilling youth under PMKVY reflects human
capitalism.
23. Digital Inequality – Tech growth widens divides. Example: Online classes during COVID exposed digital
inequality.
24. Global Governance – International bodies influence nations. Example: IMF conditions affect India’s fiscal
choices – global governance at play.

25. Corporate Capture – Private interests dominate policy. Example: Farm law rollbacks followed backlash to
corporate capture fears.
26. Green Development – Eco-friendly growth strategies. Example: Solar push in Ladakh promotes green
development.

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27. Inclusive Growth – Equitable development access. Example: JAM trinity aims for inclusive growth in rural
India.
28. Debt Spiral – Accumulating loans worsen poverty. Example: Microfinance burden in Andhra shows debt spiral.
29. Bottom-up Planning – Local-led development. Example: Kerala’s People’s Plan Campaign reflects bottom-up
planning.
30. Export Dependence – Overreliance on foreign markets. Example: Bangladesh’s garment sector shows export
dependence risks.
31. Policy Conditionality – Aid tied to reforms. Example: IMF funding for Pakistan tied to subsidy cuts – policy
conditionality.
32. State Retreat – Government exits welfare space. Example: Privatization of railways shows state retreat from
public services.
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33. Hyper-urbanization – City growth without balance. Example: Gurugram’s infrastructure stress shows hyper-
urbanization.
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34. Local Disempowerment – Ignoring grassroots voices. Example: Forest Act dilution shows local
disempowerment.
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35. Microfinance Boom – Small loans as development tool. Example: SHGs in Tamil Nadu drive microfinance boom.
36. MNC Penetration – Foreign corporates reshape economies. Example: Walmart’s entry altered Indian retail via
MNC penetration.
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37. Infrastructure Bias – Focus on physical, not social capital. Example: Bullet train over schools shows
infrastructure bias.
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38. Rural Neglect – Uneven development favors cities. Example: Farmer suicides expose rural neglect in planning.
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39. Climate Vulnerability – Poor most affected by warming. Example: Sundarbans’ displacement highlights climate
vulnerability.
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40. Feminized Poverty – Women bear brunt of inequality. Example: Post-COVID job losses show feminized
poverty.
TOPIC-3: Agents of social change
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1. Civic Catalysts – Individuals who initiate reform. Example: Medha Patkar acted as civic catalyst in anti-dam
movement.

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2. Grassroots Mobilization – Local collective action. Example: Kudumbashree in Kerala shows grassroots
mobilization.
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3. Reformist Icons – Influencers pushing social reform. Example: Raja Ram Mohan Roy as a reformist icon against
Sati.
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4. Digital Crusaders – Online activists driving change. Example: Twitter campaigns against domestic violence by
digital crusaders.
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5. Educational Bridges – Schools reducing inequality. Example: Navodaya Vidyalayas act as educational bridges
for rural students.
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6. Religious Reformers – Faith-based change agents. Example: Swami Vivekananda promoted rational
spirituality as religious reformer.
7. Youth Movements – Young-led change waves. Example: Climate strikes by students show youth movements.
8. Feminist Vanguard – Leaders of gender equality. Example: Vrinda Grover's advocacy reflects feminist
vanguard.
9. Artistic Resistance – Art challenging status quo. Example: Anti-CAA murals in Delhi show artistic resistance.
10. Judicial Activism – Courts initiating reform. Example: Supreme Court’s Vishakha guidelines show judicial
activism.
11. NGO Surge – Voluntary sector's growing role. Example: Pratham NGO improving literacy reflects NGO surge.
12. Policy Entrepreneurs – Innovators in governance. Example: Arvind Panagariya as NITI Aayog head was a
policy entrepreneur.
13. Media Vigilantism – Press triggering accountability. Example: Sting operations exposing scams show media
vigilantism.

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14. Diaspora Influence – Migrants shaping homeland change. Example: NRIs funding rural development shows
diaspora influence.
15. Technological Actors – Tech users driving reform. Example: WhatsApp groups helped COVID aid, acting as
technological actors.
16. Grassroots Journalists – Locals reporting real issues. Example: Khabar Lahariya showcases grassroots
journalism.
17. Popular Culture – Entertainment influencing values. Example: Bollywood movies challenging patriarchy show
popular culture effect.
18. Youth Iconography – Role models inspiring young. Example: Neeraj Chopra becoming youth icon for sports
inclusion.
19. Protest Cultures – Traditions of resistance. Example: JNU protests reflect strong protest culture.
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20. Digital Educators – Online teachers reducing gaps. Example: YouTube-based UPSC educators as digital
educators.
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21. Cultural Ambassadors – Individuals preserving traditions. Example: Ranjitsinh Disale promoting Marathi-
medium education is a cultural ambassador.
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22. Entrepreneurial Agents – Businesses solving social issues. Example: Barefoot College trains women in solar
tech, showing entrepreneurial agency.
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23. Ecological Warriors – Environmental defenders. Example: Disha Ravi represents ecological warriors.
24. Tribal Voices – Indigenous activists for change. Example: Dayamani Barla fighting displacement shows tribal
voice impact.
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25. Gender Allies – Men supporting gender equity. Example: HeForShe campaign mobilizes gender allies.
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26. Legal Reformers – Lawyers initiating rights movements. Example: PILs filed on manual scavenging reflect legal
reformers.
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27. Cultural Icons – Celebrities pushing reform. Example: Aamir Khan in Satyamev Jayate acted as cultural icon.

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28. Academic Interveners – Scholars shaping policy. Example: Amartya Sen’s research impacted welfare policies –
academic intervener.

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29. Alternative Schools – Education with new models. Example: SECMOL in Ladakh as an alternative school.
30. Sanitation Champions – Pioneers of clean India. Example: Sulabh founder Bindeshwar Pathak as sanitation
champion.
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31. Local Leaders – Panchayat heads leading change. Example: Chhavi Rajawat as sarpanch reflected local
leadership.
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32. Musical Protest – Music used for awareness. Example: Hip-hop by MC Kash on Kashmir issue as musical
protest.
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33. Legal Literacy – Knowledge of rights drives change. Example: Legal aid camps promoting legal literacy in Dalit
areas.
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34. Grassroots Feminism – Village-based women’s activism. Example: Mahila Mandals in Bihar show grassroots
feminism.
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35. Voluntary Networks – Civil society coalitions. Example: Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan as voluntary
network.
36. Spiritual Awakening – Faith-driven ethical change. Example: Art of Living campaigns promoting spiritual
awakening.
37. Policy Advocacy – Pushing reforms through evidence. Example: Oxfam’s inequality report influences policy
advocacy.
38. Civic Hackers – Techies solving public issues. Example: RTI portals created by civic hackers.
39. Public Intellectuals – Thought leaders in reform. Example: Yogendra Yadav often acts as public intellectual.
40. Crisis Volunteers – Spontaneous helpers in emergencies. Example: COVID meal distributors acted as crisis
volunteers.
41. Literary Interventions – Books challenging norms. Example: Arundhati Roy’s essays function as literary
interventions.
42. Viral Campaigns – Online drives for change. Example: #MeToo movement a powerful viral campaign.

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43. Informal Educators – Non-school teachers of values. Example: Anganwadi workers as informal educators in
health.
44. Trans Rights Advocates – Agents of LGBTQ+ change. Example: Gopi Shankar advocating for genderqueer
rights.
45. Rebel Bureaucrats – Officials going beyond rules. Example: Armstrong Pame building road without state funds.
46. Self-help Networks – Collective women’s action. Example: SHGs in Tamil Nadu as self-help networks.
47. Community Doctors – Health workers leading reform. Example: ASHAs in rural areas as community doctors.
48. Cultural Campaigns – Heritage-based change efforts. Example: Clean Ganga tied to cultural campaign.
49. Tech Volunteers – Digital tools for governance. Example: COVID dashboards built by tech volunteers.
50. Citizen Scientists – Laypeople aiding science. Example: Environmental sampling by local youth as citizen
scientists.
TOPIC-4:Education and Social Changehttps://t.me/X_IAS
1. Literacy Surge – Rapid rise in basic reading skills. Example: Kerala’s 100% literacy shows literacy surge.
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2. Hidden Curriculum – Unofficial lessons of conformity. Example: Gender roles reinforced in textbooks reflect
hidden curriculum.
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3. Bridge Schools – Temporary learning for dropouts. Example: Pratham’s programs in slums act as bridge
schools.
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4. Edu-tech Leap – Tech-driven learning expansion. Example: BYJU’S app growth during lockdown shows edu-
tech leap.
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5. School Dropout – Students leaving education prematurely. Example: Migrant crisis during COVID raised school
dropout rates.
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6. Pedagogical Shift – Change in teaching style. Example: NEP 2020 encourages critical thinking as pedagogical
shift.
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7. Gender Schooling – Education shaping gender norms. Example: Kasturba Gandhi schools promote gender
schooling.
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8. Exam Culture – Obsession with grades over learning. Example: Suicides around NEET highlight toxic exam
culture.
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9. Civic Education – Teaching citizenship values. Example: CBSE inclusion of constitution modules boosts civic
education.
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10. Caste Silencing – Ignoring caste issues in curriculum. Example: NCERT dropping Ambedkar text shows caste
silencing.
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11. Digital Classroom – Online education environments. Example: DIKSHA app became key digital classroom tool.
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12. Learning Poverty – Inability to read by age 10. Example: ASER reports reveal rural learning poverty.
13. Inclusive Pedagogy – Teaching for all abilities. Example: Bilingual instruction in tribal schools shows inclusive
pedagogy.
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14. Edu-Gentrification – Elite capture of education space. Example: International schools in Tier-2 cities show edu-
gentrification.
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15. Skill Deficit – Lack of employable abilities. Example: Engineering graduates in India face major skill deficit.
16. Remedial Learning – Catch-up support for lagging students. Example: Mission Buniyaad in Delhi promotes
remedial learning.
17. Knowledge Hierarchy – Privileging elite over vernacular knowledge. Example: Sanskrit over tribal lore reflects
knowledge hierarchy.
18. Scholarship Trap – Financial aid but poor support. Example: Tribal students drop out despite scholarships –
scholarship trap.
19. Curriculum Colonialism – Western dominance in syllabus. Example: British authors over Indian thinkers show
curriculum colonialism.
20. Edu-Entrepreneurs – Startups transforming education. Example: Unacademy founders are key edu-
entrepreneurs.
21. Exam Reform – Changing assessment methods. Example: NEP focus on formative testing signals exam reform.
22. Rote Fatigue – Learning without understanding. Example: Poor PISA scores reflect rote fatigue in students.

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23. Edu-Inequality – Unequal access to quality learning. Example: Online classes deepen edu-inequality in rural
areas.
24. Values Vacuum – Lack of ethics in learning. Example: Corruption among toppers shows values vacuum.
25. Campus Activism – Student-led social awareness. Example: Jadavpur protests show strong campus activism.
26. Digital Divide – Gap in tech-based learning. Example: Tribal areas lacked access during online shift, showing
digital divide.
27. Language Alienation – Discomfort from medium mismatch. Example: Tribal children struggle with Hindi
medium – language alienation.
28. Curriculum Detox – Removing outdated content. Example: NEP pushes for curriculum detox across levels.
29. Dropout Feminization – Higher female exit from school. Example: Menstrual hygiene issues lead to dropout
feminization.
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30. Shadow Education – Private tuitions outside school. Example: Kota coaching culture thrives on shadow
education.
31. Skill Mismatch – Education not meeting job market. Example: B.A. holders jobless in IT era show skill
mismatch.

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32. Learning Ladders – Step-by-step education design. Example: Foundational literacy missions promote learning
ladders.
33. Equity Deficit – Uneven access by caste/class. Example: Dalit students in elite colleges face equity deficit.
34. Teacher Crunch – Shortage of qualified educators. Example: UP government schools suffer teacher crunch.
35. STEM Push – Priority to science education. Example: Atal Tinkering Labs reflect India’s STEM push.
36. Edu-Migration – Students leaving for better options. Example: Bihar youth moving to Delhi shows edu-
migration.
37. Ideological Indoctrination – Syllabus used for political shaping. Example: Changes in history curriculum show
ideological indoctrination.
38. Mindset Shift – Attitude transformation via learning. Example: Beti Bachao campaigns create mindset shift via
education.
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39. Exam Meritocracy – Belief in fair testing. Example: UPSC aspirants rely on exam meritocracy.
40. Vocational Track – Skill-based education streams. Example: ITIs offer vocational track for rural youth.
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TOPIC-5:Science, Technology and Social Change
1. Techno-Mobility – Technology enabling upward mobility. Example: UPI access empowers street vendors via
techno-mobility.
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2. Digital Governance – Tech-based public service delivery. Example: e-Gram Swaraj improves rural governance
through digital governance.
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3. Agri-Tech Boost – Tech innovations in farming. Example: Kisan drones spraying fertilizer show agri-tech boost.
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4. Data Democracy – Equal access to information. Example: RTI online portals promote data democracy.
5. Bioethics Dilemma – Moral issues in science. Example: Debates over CRISPR editing reflect bioethics dilemma.
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6. Aadhaar Inclusion – Tech enabling welfare access. Example: PDS via Aadhaar linkage shows Aadhaar inclusion.
7. Telemedicine Leap – Remote healthcare via tech. Example: eSanjeevani enabled telemedicine leap in rural
areas.
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8. AI Disruption – Automation altering job markets. Example: AI-based hiring tools replacing entry jobs shows AI
disruption.

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9. E-Learning Shift – Online replacing classroom education. Example: SWAYAM platform marks e-learning shift.
10. Digital Exclusion – Marginalized lacking tech access. Example: Tribal girls without devices face digital
exclusion.
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11. Cyber Vigilantism – Online public policing. Example: Social media backlash on harassment cases is cyber
vigilantism.
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12. Space Diplomacy – Satellites as foreign policy tools. Example: India gifting satellites to neighbours is space
diplomacy.
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13. Energy Transition – Shift to renewable energy. Example: Solar pumps for farmers show energy transition.
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14. Health Innovation – Scientific solutions to health crises. Example: Covaxin development shows health
innovation.
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15. Smart Urbanism – Tech-driven city management. Example: Smart City sensors in Indore reflect smart
urbanism.
16. FinTech Integration – Finance through technology. Example: Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile trinity enables FinTech
integration.
17. Digital Feminism – Gender advocacy online. Example: #WomenInSTEM campaigns reflect digital feminism.
18. Ethical AI – Fair and safe use of AI. Example: NITI’s guidelines promote ethical AI.
19. Disaster Tech – Tech for crisis management. Example: Flood forecasting apps show disaster tech in action.
20. E-Governance Surge – Governance aided by tech. Example: UMANG app usage reflects e-governance surge.
21. Techno-Casteism – Bias encoded in systems. Example: Facial recognition failing on Dalit faces shows techno-
casteism.
22. Patent Politics – Power over innovation rights. Example: COVID vaccine patents sparked global patent politics.
23. Green Tech – Environment-friendly innovations. Example: Electric buses in Himachal reflect green tech rise.
24. E-Justice Tools – Online legal services. Example: Virtual courts reduce pendency through e-justice tools.
25. Biometric Control – Surveillance via body data. Example: Facial tracking in protests reveals biometric control.

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26. Space Aspirations – Scientific dreams as national pride. Example: Chandrayaan-3 success boostsIndia’s space
aspirations.
27. EdTech Inequity – Gap in online learning access. Example: Poor tribal students miss classes shows
edtech inequity.
28. Science Literacy – Public understanding of science. Example: COVID misinformation highlights lack of
science literacy.
29. E-Healthcare Shift – Digital transformation of medicine. Example: CoWIN platform marked e-healthcareshift.
30. Digital Surveillance – Monitoring via tech tools. Example: Pegasus spyware controversy exposes
digital surveillance.
31. Innovation Hubs – Ecosystems for tech startups. Example: Bengaluru’s tech parks act as innovationhubs.
32. Techno-Anxiety – Fear of losing jobs to machines. Example: Factory automation stokes techno-anxiety
in workers.
33. Digital Tribalism – Marginal communities gaining voice online. Example: Indigenous podcasts growing shows

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digital tribalism.
35. Drone Humanitarianism – Relief via aerial tech. Example: Drones delivering vaccines in Northeast show
drone humanitarianism.
36. Rural Connectivity – Internet in remote areas. Example: BharatNet project aims rural connectivity.
37. Data Colonialism – Exploiting user data for control. Example: Global apps extracting Indian data reveal
data colonialism.
38. Climate Tech – Innovation to fight climate change. Example: Carbon capture startups show rising climate tech.
39. Digital Workspaces – Tech-enabled employment shift. Example: Remote jobs on Zoom show digital
workspace trend.
40. Tech Philanthropy – Wealth used for innovation access. Example: Infosys Foundation's STEM labs reflect
tech philanthropy.

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SCHEDULE FOR BTS3.0 BATCH-2 FOR UPSC 2026-27
Our Philosophy:

सस्ती चीज़ का मतलब घटिया नह ीं होता, कीमत नह ,ीं गुणवत्ता पहचानो, हर सस्ता ववकल्प
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