Alfred, Lord Tennyson

Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson FRS (/ˈtɛnɪsən/; 6

The Right Honourable
August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was an English poet. He
was the Poet Laureate during much of Queen Victoria's The Lord Tennyson
reign. In 1829, Tennyson was awarded the Chancellor's FRS
Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces,
"Timbuktu". He published his first solo collection of poems,
Poems, Chiefly Lyrical, in 1830. "Claribel" and "Mariana",
which remain some of Tennyson's most celebrated poems,
were included in this volume. Although described by some
critics as overly sentimental, his verse soon proved popular
and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known
writers of the day, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
Tennyson's early poetry, with its medievalism and powerful
visual imagery, was a major influence on the Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood.

Tennyson also excelled at short lyrics, such as "Break,

Break, Break", "The Charge of the Light Brigade", "Tears,
Idle Tears", and "Crossing the Bar". Much of his verse was
based on classical mythological themes, such as "Ulysses".
"In Memoriam A.H.H." was written to commemorate his
friend Arthur Hallam, a fellow poet and student at Trinity Cabinet card by Elliott & Fry, late 1860s
College, Cambridge, after he died of a stroke at the age of Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
22.[2] Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse In office
including Idylls of the King, "Ulysses", and "Tithonus".
19 November 1850 – 6 October 1892
During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays
enjoyed little success. Monarch Victoria
Preceded by William Wordsworth
A number of phrases from Tennyson's work have become
commonplace in the English language, including "Nature, Succeeded by Alfred Austin
red in tooth and claw" ("In Memoriam A.H.H."), "'Tis better Member of the House of Lords
to have loved and lost / Than never to have loved at all", Lord Temporal
"Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die", "My In office
strength is as the strength of ten, / Because my heart is 11 March 1884 – 6 October 1892
pure", "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield", Hereditary Peerage
"Knowledge comes, but Wisdom lingers", and "The old
Succeeded by Hallam Tennyson, 2nd
Baron Tennyson
Personal details
Born 6 August 1809
Somersby, Lincolnshire,
England
order changeth, yielding place to new". He is the ninth most Died 6 October 1892
frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of (aged 83)
Quotations.[3] Lurgashall, Sussex,
England[1]
Biography Resting place Westminster Abbey
Spouse Emily Sellwood (m. 1850)

Early life Children Hallam Tennyson, 2nd

Baron Tennyson · Lionel
Tennyson was born on 6 August 1809 in Somersby, Alma mater Trinity College,
Lincolnshire, England.[4] He was born into a successful Cambridge
middle-class family of minor landowning status distantly
descended from John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers, and Francis Occupation Poet Laureate (1850–
Leke, 1st Earl of Scarsdale.[5] 1892)

His father, George Clayton Tennyson (1778–1831), was an Anglican

clergyman who served as rector of Somersby (1807–1831), also rector of
Benniworth (1802–1831) and Bag Enderby, and vicar of Grimsby (1815).
He raised a large family and "was a man of superior abilities and varied
attainments, who tried his hand with fair success in architecture, painting,
music, and poetry. He was comfortably well off for a country clergyman,
and his shrewd money management enabled the family to spend summers
at Mablethorpe and Skegness on the eastern coast of England". George
Clayton Tennyson was elder son of attorney and MP George Tennyson
(1749/50-1835), JP, DL, of Bayons Manor and Usselby Hall, who had also
inherited the estates of his mother's family, the Claytons, and married Mary,
daughter and heiress of John Turner, of Caistor, Lincolnshire. George
Clayton Tennyson was however pushed into a career in the church and
passed over as heir in favour of his younger brother, Charles Tennyson An illustration by W. E. F.
d'Eyncourt.[6][7][8][9][10] Alfred Tennyson's mother, Elizabeth (1781– Britten showing Somersby
Rectory, where Tennyson
1865), was the daughter of Stephen Fytche (1734–1799), vicar of St. James
was raised and began
Church, Louth (1764) and rector of Withcall (1780), a small village
writing
between Horncastle and Louth. Tennyson's father "carefully attended to the
education and training of his children".

Tennyson and two of his elder brothers were writing poetry in their teens and a collection of poems by all
three was published locally when Alfred was only 17. One of those brothers, Charles Tennyson Turner,
later married Louisa Sellwood, the younger sister of Alfred's future wife; the other was Frederick
Tennyson. Another of Tennyson's brothers, Edward Tennyson, was institutionalised at a private asylum.

Education and first publication

Tennyson was a student of King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth from 1816 to 1820.[11] He entered
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1827, where he joined a secret society called the Cambridge Apostles.[12] A
portrait of Tennyson by George Frederic Watts is in Trinity's collection.[13]

At Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Hallam and William Henry Brookfield, who became his closest
friends. His first publication was a collection of "his boyish rhymes and those of his elder brother Charles"
entitled Poems by Two Brothers, published in 1827.[11]
 In 1829, Tennyson was awarded the Chancellor's Gold Medal at
Cambridge for one of his first pieces, "Timbuktu".[14][15] Reportedly, "it
was thought to be no slight honour for a young man of twenty to win the
chancellor's gold medal".[11] He published his first solo collection of
poems, Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830. "Claribel" and "Mariana", which
later took their place among Tennyson's most celebrated poems, were
included in this volume. Although decried by some critics as overly
sentimental, his verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to the
attention of well-known writers of the day, including Samuel Taylor
Coleridge.

Return to Lincolnshire, second publication, Epping

Statue of Lord Tennyson in
the chapel of Trinity College, Forest
Cambridge
In the spring of 1831, Tennyson's father died, requiring him to leave
Cambridge before taking his degree. He returned to the rectory, where he
was permitted to live for another six years and shared responsibility for his widowed mother and the family.
Arthur Hallam came to stay with his family during the summer and became engaged to Tennyson's sister,
Emilia Tennyson.

In 1833 Tennyson published his second book of poetry, which

notably included the first version of "The Lady of Shalott". The
volume met heavy criticism, which so discouraged Tennyson that
he did not publish again for ten years, although he did continue to
write. That same year, Hallam died suddenly and unexpectedly
after suffering a cerebral haemorrhage while on a holiday in
Vienna. Hallam's death had a profound effect on Tennyson and
inspired several poems, including "In the Valley of Cauteretz" and
"In Memoriam A.H.H.", a long poem detailing the "Way of the
Soul".[17]
John William Waterhouse's The Lady
of Shalott, 1888 (Tate Britain,
Tennyson and his family were allowed to stay in the rectory for
London)
some time, but later moved to Beech Hill Park, High Beach, deep
within Epping Forest, Essex, about 1837. Tennyson's son recalled:
"there was a pond in the park on which in winter my father
might be seen skating, sailing about on the ice in his long
blue cloak. He liked the nearness of London, whither he The May Queen
resorted to see his friends, but he could not stay in town
even for a night, his mother being in such a nervous state YOU must wake and call me early, call
that he did not like to leave her...". [17] Tennyson me early,
befriended a Dr Allen, who ran a nearby asylum whose mother dear;
patients then included the poet John Clare.[18] An unwise To-morrow 'll be the happiest time of all
investment in Dr Allen's ecclesiastical wood-carving the glad
enterprise soon led to the loss of much of the family new-year, -
fortune, and led to a bout of serious depression.[17] Of all the glad new-year, mother, the
According to Tennyson's grandson Sir Charles Tennyson, maddest,
merriest day;
Tennyson met Thomas Carlyle in 1839, if not earlier.[19]
The pair began a lifelong friendship, and were famous For I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother,
smoking companions. Some of Tennyson's work even I'm to
be Queen o' the May.
bears the influence of Carlyle and his ideas.[20] Tennyson As I came up the valley, whom think ye
moved to London in 1840 and lived for a time at Chapel should
House, Twickenham. I see
But Robin leaning on the bridge beneath
the
Third publication hazel-tree?
He thought of that sharp look, mother, I
On 14 May 1842, while living modestly in London, gave
Tennyson published the two volume Poems, of which the him yesterday, -
first included works already published and the second was But I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother,
made up almost entirely of new poems. They met with I'm to
immediate success; poems from this collection, such as be Queen o' the May.
"Locksley Hall", "Break, Break, Break", and "Ulysses",
and a new version of "The Lady of Shalott", have met They say he's dying all for love, - but that
enduring fame. "The Princess: A Medley", a satire on can
women's education that came out in 1847, was also never be;
popular for its lyrics. W. S. Gilbert later adapted and They say his heart is breaking, mother, -
parodied the piece twice: in The Princess (1870) and in what
Princess Ida (1884). is that to me?
There's many a bolder lad 'll woo me any
It was in 1850 that Tennyson reached the pinnacle of his sum-
career, finally publishing his masterpiece, "In Memoriam mer day;
A.H.H.", dedicated to Hallam. Later the same year, he was And I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother,
appointed Poet Laureate, succeeding William Wordsworth. I'm to
In the same year (on 13 June), Tennyson married Emily be Queen o' the May.
Sellwood, whom he had known since childhood, in the
village of Shiplake. They had two sons, Hallam Tennyson If I can, I'll come again, mother, from out
(b. 11 August 1852)—named after his friend—and Lionel my
(b. 16 March 1854). resting-place;
Though you'll not see me, mother, I shall
Tennyson rented Farringford House on the Isle of Wight in
look
1853, eventually buying it in 1856.[21] He eventually upon your face;
found that there were too many starstruck tourists who
Though I cannot speak a word, I shall
pestered him in Farringford, so he moved to Aldworth, in hearken
West Sussex in 1869.[22] However, he retained what you say,
Farringford, and regularly returned there to spend the And be often, often with you when you
winters. think I'm
far away.

So now I think my time is near; I trust it

is.
I know
The blessed music went that way my soul
will
have to go.
And for myself, indeed, I care not if I go
to-day;
But Effie, you must comfort her when I
am past
away.

And say to Robin a kind word, and tell

 him not
to fret;
There's many worthier than I, would
make him
happy yet.
If I had lived - I cannot tell - I might have
been his wife;
But all these things have ceased to be,
with my
desire of life.

Forever and forever, all in a blessed

home,
Break, Break, Break, on thy cold And there to wait a little while till you
grey Stones, o Sea, a photograph and
by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr. The title Effie come, -
is a quote from the 1842 poem.
To lie within the light of God, as I lie
upon your
breast, -
And the wicked cease from troubling,
and the
weary are at rest.

From "The May Queen" poem by Alfred

Tennyson[16]

Tennyson with his wife Emily

(1813–1896) and his sons Hallam
(1852–1928) and Lionel (1854–
1886)
 Farringford – Lord Tennyson's Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron
residence on the Isle of Wight Tennyson, by George Frederic
Watts (1817–1904)

Poet Laureate

In 1850, after William Wordsworth's death and Samuel Rogers' refusal,

Tennyson was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate; Elizabeth Barrett
Browning and Leigh Hunt had also been considered.[23] He held the
position until his own death in 1892, the longest tenure of any laureate.
Tennyson fulfilled the requirements of this position, such as by authoring a
poem of greeting to Princess Alexandra of Denmark when she arrived in
Britain to marry the future King Edward VII. In 1855, Tennyson produced
one of his best-known works, "The Charge of the Light Brigade", a dramatic
tribute to the British cavalrymen involved in an ill-advised charge on 25
October 1854, during the Crimean War. Other esteemed works written in the
post of Poet Laureate include "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington"
and "Ode Sung at the Opening of the International Exhibition".

Tennyson declined a baronetcy offered him

by Disraeli in 1865 and 1868, finally Captioned "The Poet
accepting a peerage in 1883 at Gladstone's Laureate", caricature of
earnest solicitation. In 1884 Victoria created Tennyson in Vanity Fair,
him Baron Tennyson, of Aldworth in the 22 July 1871
County of Sussex and of Freshwater in the
Isle of Wight.[24] He took his seat in the
House of Lords on 11 March 1884.[11]

Tennyson also wrote a substantial quantity of unofficial political verse,

from the bellicose "Form, Riflemen, Form", on the French crisis of 1859
and the Creation of the Volunteer Force, to "Steersman, be not precipitate
in thine act/of steering", deploring Gladstone's Home Rule Bill. Tennyson's
Alfred Tennyson, portrait by family were Whigs by tradition and Tennyson's own politics fitted the
P. Krämer Whig mould, although he would also vote for the Liberal Party after the
Whigs dissolved.[25][26] Tennyson believed that society should progress
through gradual and steady reform, not revolution, and this attitude was
reflected in his attitude toward universal suffrage, which he did not outright reject, but recommended only
after the masses had been properly educated and adjusted to self-government.[25] Upon passage of the 1832
Reform Act, Tennyson broke into a local church to ring the bells in celebration.[25]

Virginia Woolf wrote a play called Freshwater, showing Tennyson as host to his friends Julia Margaret
Cameron and G. F. Watts.[27] Colonel George Edward Gouraud, Thomas Edison's European agent, made
sound recordings of Tennyson reading his own poetry, late in his life. They include recordings of "The
Charge of the Light Brigade", and excerpts from "The splendour falls" (from The Princess), "Come into
the garden" (from Maud), "Ask me no more", "Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington" and "Lancelot
and Elaine". The sound quality is poor, as wax cylinder recordings usually are.

Towards the end of his life Tennyson "declared himself agnostic and
pan-deist and at one with the great heretics Giordano Bruno and
Baruch Spinoza".[28][29] In a characteristically Victorian manner,
Tennyson combines a deep interest in contemporary science with an
unorthodox, even idiosyncratic, Christian belief.[30] Famously, he
wrote in In Memoriam: "There lives more faith in honest doubt,
believe me, than in half the creeds." In Maud, 1855, he wrote: "The
churches have killed their Christ". In "Locksley Hall Sixty Years
After", Tennyson wrote: "Christian love among the churches look'd
the twin of heathen hate." In his play, Becket, he wrote: "We are self-
uncertain creatures, and we may, Yea, even when we know not, mix Published one year after
our spites and private hates with our defence of Heaven". Tennyson Tennyson's death, this sketch
recorded in his Diary (p. 127): "I believe in Pantheism of a sort". His depicts him sitting in his favourite
son's biography confirms that Tennyson was an unorthodox Christian, arbour at Farringford House, his
noting that Tennyson praised Giordano Bruno and Spinoza on his home in the village of Freshwater,
deathbed, saying of Bruno, "His view of God is in some ways mine", Isle of Wight.
in 1892.[31]

Tennyson continued writing into his eighties. He died on 6 October

1892 at Aldworth, aged 83. He was buried at Westminster Abbey.[32]
A memorial was erected in All Saints' Church, Freshwater. His last
words were, "Oh that press will have me now!".[33] He left an estate
of £57,206.[34] Tennyson Down and the Tennyson Trail on the Isle of
Wight are named after him, and a monument to him stands on top of
Tennyson Down. Lake Tennyson in New Zealand's high country,
named by Frederick Weld, is assumed to be named after Lord
Tennyson.[35] Monument to Tennyson on
Tennyson Down, Isle of Wight
He was succeeded as 2nd Baron Tennyson by his son, Hallam, who
produced an authorised biography of his father in 1897, and was later
the second Governor-General of Australia.

Tennyson and the Queen

Although Albert, Prince Consort, was largely responsible for Tennyson's appointment as Laureate,[23]
Queen Victoria became an ardent admirer of Tennyson's work, writing in her diary that she was "much
soothed & pleased" by reading "In Memoriam A.H.H." after Albert's death.[36]
The two met twice, first in April 1862, when Victoria wrote in her diary, "very peculiar looking, tall, dark,
with a fine head, long black flowing hair & a beard, oddly dressed, but there is no affectation about
him."[37]

Tennyson met her a second time just over two decades later, on 7 August 1883, and the Queen told him
what a comfort "In Memoriam A.H.H." had been.[38]

The art of Tennyson's poetry

As source material for his poetry, Tennyson used a wide range of subject
matter ranging from medieval legends to classical myths and from domestic
situations to observations of nature. The influence of John Keats and other
Romantic poets published before and during his childhood is evident from
the richness of his imagery and descriptive writing.[39] He also handled
rhythm masterfully. The insistent beat of Break, Break, Break emphasises
the relentless sadness of the subject matter. Tennyson's use of the musical
qualities of words to emphasise his rhythms and meanings is sensitive. The
language of "I come from haunts of coot and hern" lilts and ripples like the
brook in the poem and the last two lines of "Come down O maid from
yonder mountain height" illustrate his telling combination of onomatopoeia, Stained glass at Ottawa
alliteration, and assonance: Public Library featuring
Charles Dickens, Archibald
Lampman, Walter Scott,
The moan of doves in immemorial elms
Lord Byron, Tennyson,
And murmuring of innumerable bees.
William Shakespeare, and
Thomas Moore
Tennyson was a craftsman who polished and revised his manuscripts
extensively, to the point where his efforts at self-editing were described by
his contemporary Robert Browning as "insane", symptomatic of "mental infirmity".[40] His complex
compositional practice and frequent redrafting also demonstrates a dynamic relationship between images
and words, as can be seen in the many notebooks he worked in.[41] Few poets have used such a variety of
styles with such an exact understanding of metre; like many Victorian poets, he experimented in adapting
the quantitative metres of Greek and Latin poetry to English.[42] He reflects the Victorian period of his
maturity in his feeling for order and his tendency towards moralising. He also reflects a concern common
among Victorian writers in being troubled by the conflict between religious faith and expanding scientific
knowledge.[43] Tennyson possessed a strong poetic power, which his early readers often attributed to his
"Englishness" and his masculinity.[44] Well-known among his longer works are Maud and Idylls of the
King, the latter arguably the most famous Victorian adaptation of the legend of King Arthur and the
Knights of the Round Table. A common thread of grief, melancholy, and loss connects much of his poetry
(including Mariana, The Lotos Eaters, Tears, Idle Tears, In Memoriam), possibly reflecting Tennyson's
own lifelong struggle with debilitating depression.[45] T. S. Eliot famously described Tennyson as "the
saddest of all English poets", whose technical mastery of verse and language provided a "surface" to his
poetry's "depths, to the abyss of sorrow".[46] Other poets such as W. H. Auden maintained a more critical
stance, stating that Tennyson was the "stupidest" of all the English poets, adding that: "There was little
about melancholia he didn't know; there was little else that he did."[47]

Influence on Pre-Raphaelite artists

Tennyson's early poetry, with its medievalism and powerful visual imagery,
was a major influence on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. In 1848, Dante
Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt made a list of "Immortals",
artistic heroes whom they admired, especially from literature, notably
including Keats and Tennyson, whose work would form subjects for PRB
paintings.[48] The Lady of Shalott alone was a subject for Rossetti, Hunt,
John William Waterhouse (three versions), and Elizabeth Siddall.

Tennyson heraldry
A heraldic achievement of Alfred, Lord
Tennyson exists in an 1884 stained-glass
window in the Hall of Trinity College,
Cambridge, showing arms:

Gules, a bend nebuly or thereon a

chaplet vert between three leopard's
faces jessant-de-lys of the second;
Arms of Tennyson[49] Crest: A dexter arm in armour the
hand in a gauntlet or grasping a
broken tilting spear enfiled with a Arms of Alfred, Lord
garland of laurel; Supporters: Two Tennyson, in an 1884
leopards rampant guardant gules stained-glass window in the
semée de lys and ducally crowned Hall of Trinity College,
or; Motto: Respiciens Cambridge
Prospiciens[50] ("Looking
backwards (is) looking forwards").

These are a difference of the arms of Thomas Tenison (1636–1715), Archbishop of Canterbury, themselves
a difference of the arms of the 13th-century Denys family of Glamorgan and Siston in Gloucestershire,
themselves a difference of the arms of Thomas de Cantilupe (c. 1218–1282), Bishop of Hereford,
henceforth the arms of the See of Hereford; the name "Tennyson" signifies "Denys's son", although no
connection between the two families is recorded.

Works
A list of works by Tennyson follows:[51][52]

Poems by Two Brothers (published 1826; dated 1827 on title page; written with Charles
Tennyson)
"Timbuctoo" (for which he won chancellor's gold medal and was printed in Prolusiones
Academicæ)
Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830), in which the following poems were published:

"All Things Will Die"[53] "The Kraken"

"The Deserted House" "Mariana"
"The Dying Swan" "Nothing Will Die"[54]
"No More", '"Anacreontics" and "A Fragment" contributed to The Gem: A Literary Annual
(1831)
"Sonnet" (Check every outflash, every ruder sally) in The Englishman's Magazine (August,
1831) and later reprinted in Friendship's Offering (1833)
Poems (published 1832, but dated 1833 on title page),[55] in which the following poems
were published:

"A Dream of Fair Women" "The Lotos-Eaters"

"The Lady of Shalott" – the poem's "Oenone"
subject was depicted in three "The Palace of Art"
paintings (1888, 1894, and 1916) by
"St. Simeon Stylites" (1833)
John William Waterhouse

The Lover's Tale (Two parts published in 1833;[56] Tennyson suppressed it immediately after
publication as he felt it was imperfect. A revised version comprising three parts was
subsequently published in 1879 together with "The Golden Supper" as a fourth part.)[57]
"Rosalinde" (1833; suppressed until 1884)[58]
Poems (1842; with numerous subsequent editions including the 4th edition (1846) and 8th
edition (1853));[59] the collection included many of the poems published in the 1833
anthology (some in revised form), and the following:

"'Break, Break, Break'" "Locksley Hall"

"The Day-Dream" "Sir Galahad" (written September
"A Dream of Fair Women" 1834)
"Godiva" "The Two Voices" (written 1833–1834)
"Lady Clara Vere de Vere" (1832) "Ulysses" (1833)
"The Vision of Sin"

The Princess: A Medley (1847),[60] which includes the following poems:

"Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal" – later appeared as a song in the film Vanity Fair
(2004), with musical arrangement by Mychael Danna
"Tears, Idle Tears"
In Memoriam (1850),[61] which includes the following poem:
"Ring Out, Wild Bells" (1850)
"The Eagle" (1851)
"The Sister's Shame"[62]
Maud, and Other Poems (1855), in which the following poems were published:
"Maud"
"The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1854) – an early recording exists of Tennyson
reading this
Idylls of the King (1859–1885; composed 1833–1874)
Enoch Arden and Other Poems (1862/1864), in which the following poems were published:
"Enoch Arden"
"Tithonus"
Ode for the Opening of the Exhibition (1862) with music composed by William Sterndale
Bennett
The Holy Grail and Other Poems (1870), in which the following poem was published:
 "Flower in the Crannied Wall" (1869)
The Window; or, The Songs of the Wrens (written 1867–1870; published 1871) – a song
cycle with music composed by Arthur Sullivan
Queen Mary: A Drama (1875)[63] – a play about Mary I of England
Harold: A Drama (1877)[64] – a play about Harold II of England
Montenegro (1877)
The Revenge: A Ballad of the Fleet (1878) – about the ship Revenge
Ballads and Other Poems (1880)[65]
Becket (1884)[66]
Crossing the Bar (1889)
The Foresters (1891) – a play about Robin Hood with incidental music by Arthur Sullivan
Kapiolani (published after his death by Hallam Tennyson)[67]

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ocations). BBC Your Paintings. Archived from the original (https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpa
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worldcat.org/oclc/1008064829), volume I (https://books.google.com/books?id=ReENAAAAQ
AAJ&pg=PP7) and volume II (https://books.google.com/books?id=VOENAAAAQAAJ).
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ch/page/n14/mode/1up). London: Edward Moxon. OCLC 3968433 (https://www.worldcat.org/
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on/tennyson_ind.html). poetryloverspage.com.
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General bibliography
 Martin, Robert Benard (1983). Tennyson: The Unquiet Heart. Clarendon Press.
ISBN 9780571118427.
Richardson, Joanna. The Pre-Eminent Victorian: A Study of Tennyson. London: Jonathan
Cape, 1962.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1989). Tennyson: A Selected Edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles,
Calif: University of California Press. ISBN 0520065883 (hbk.) or ISBN 0520066669 (pbk.).
Edited with a preface and notes by Christopher Ricks. Selections from the definitive edition
The Poems of Tennyson, with readings from the Trinity MSS; long works such as Maud and
In Memoriam A. H. H. are printed in full.
Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Tennyson, Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron" (https://en.wikisour
ce.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tennyson,_Alfred_Tennyson,_1st_Baro
n). In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press. pp. 630–634.

External links
Digital collections of works

Works by Alfred, Lord Tennyson in eBook form (https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/alfred-lor

d-tennyson) at Standard Ebooks
Works by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2
987) at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Alfred, Lord Tennyson (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28sub
ject%3A%22Tennyson%2C%20Lord%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lord%20Tennyson%
22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tennyson%2C%20Lord%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lor
d%20Tennyson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tennyson%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20t
itle%3A%22Lord%20Tennyson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tennyson%2C%20Lor
d%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lord%20Tennyson%22%29%20OR%20%28%22180
9-1892%22%20AND%20Tennyson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at
Internet Archive
Works by Alfred, Lord Tennyson (https://librivox.org/author/487) at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
Alfred Lord Tennyson: Profile and Poems at Poets.org (https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/
alfred-lord-tennyson)
Recording of Tennyson reciting "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20130523211353/http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoem.do?poemId=1
570)
Archival material at Leeds University Library (https://library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-e
xplore/7383)
Settings of Alfred Tennyson's poetry in the Choral Public Domain Library (http://www.choralw
iki.org/wiki/index.php/Alfred_Tennyson)

Institutional collections of works

The Baron Alfred Tennyson (https://hrc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15878coll76)

digital collection from the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin.
Alfred Tennyson Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript
Library, Yale University.
A substantial collection of Tennyson's works (http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/special-collections/expl
ore/collection/tennysons-works) are held at Special Collections and Archives, Cardiff
University.
 Alfred, Lord Tennyson (http://www.bl.uk/people/alfred-lord-tennyson) at the British Library
Tennyson's Notebooks (https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/tennyson) in the collections of
the Wren Library, fully digitised in Cambridge Digital Library
The Twickenham Museum – Alfred Lord Tennyson in Twickenham (http://www.twickenham-
museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=38) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201103160
00117/http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=38) 16 March 2011 at
the Wayback Machine

Additional biographical information

William Paton Ker (1909), Tennyson: the Leslie Stephen lecture: Delivered in the senate
house, cambridge on 11 November 1909 (1st ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
Wikidata Q107398701
Leslie, Stephen (1898). "Life of Tennyson" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Studies_of_a_
Biographer/Life_of_Tennyson). Studies of a Biographer. Vol. 2. London: Duckworth and Co.
pp. 196–240.
Anonymous (1873). "Alfred Tennyson". Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men
of the day (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_
men_of_the_day/Alfred_Tennyson). Illustrated by Frederick Waddy. London: Tinsley
Brothers. pp. 78–84. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
Tennyson index entry at Poets' Corner (http://theotherpages.org/poems/poem-st.html#tennys
on)

Other works

Tennyson's Grave, Westminster Abbey (http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/tennyson.htm)

Farringford Holiday Cottages and Restaurant, Home of Tennyson, Isle of Wight (http://www.f
arringford.co.uk)

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