R (programming language)

R is a programming language and software environment Another strength of R is static graphics, which can pro-
for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R duce publication-quality graphs, including mathematical
Foundation for Statistical Computing.[3] The R language symbols. Dynamic and interactive graphics are available
is widely used among statisticians and data miners for de- through additional packages.[16]
veloping statistical software[4] and data analysis.[5] Polls,
R has its own LaTeX-like documentation format, which
surveys of data miners, and studies of scholarly literature is used to supply comprehensive documentation, both on-
databases show that R’s popularity has increased substan- line in a number of formats and in hard copy.
tially in recent years.[6]
R is an implementation of the S programming language
combined with lexical scoping semantics inspired by
Scheme.[7] S was created by John Chambers while at Bell 2 Programming features of R
Labs. There are some important differences, but much of
the code written for S runs unaltered.
R is an interpreted language; users typically access it
R was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman[8] through a command-line interpreter. If a user types 2+2
at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and is cur- at the R command prompt and presses enter, the com-
rently developed by the R Development Core Team, of puter replies with 4, as shown below:
which Chambers is a member. R is named partly after
the first names of the first two R authors and partly as a > 2+2 [1] 4
play on the name of S.[9]
R is a GNU project.[10] The source code for the R soft- Like other similar languages such as APL and MATLAB,
ware environment is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R supports matrix arithmetic. R’s data structures include
R.[11] R is freely available under the GNU General Public vectors, matrices, arrays, data frames (similar to tables in
License, and pre-compiled binary versions are provided a relational database) and lists.[17] R’s extensible object
for various operating systems. While R has a command system includes objects for (among others): regression
line interface, there are several graphical front-ends avail- models, time-series and geo-spatial coordinates. The
able. scalar data type was never a data structure of R.[18] In-
stead, a scalar is represented as a vector with length one.
R supports procedural programming with functions and,
1 Statistical features for some functions, object-oriented programming with
generic functions. A generic function acts differently
depending on the type of arguments passed to it. In
R and its libraries implement a wide variety of statistical other words, the generic function dispatches the function
and graphical techniques, including linear and nonlinear (method) specific to that type of object. For example, R
modeling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, has a generic print function that can print almost every
classification, clustering, and others. R is easily extensi- type of object in R with a simple print(objectname) syn-
ble through functions and extensions, and the R commu- tax.
nity is noted for its active contributions in terms of pack-
ages. Many of R’s standard functions are written in R it- Although used mainly by statisticians and other prac-
self, which makes it easy for users to follow the algorith- titioners requiring an environment for statistical com-
mic choices made. For computationally intensive tasks, putation and software development, R can also oper-
C, C++, and Fortran code can be linked and called at ate as a general matrix calculation toolbox – with per-
run time. Advanced users can write C, C++,[12] Java,[13] formance benchmarks comparable to GNU Octave or
.NET[14] or Python code to manipulate R objects directly. MATLAB.[19] Arrays are stored in column-major or-
der.[20]
R is highly extensible through the use of user-submitted
packages for specific functions or specific areas of study.
Due to its S heritage, R has stronger object-oriented pro-
gramming facilities than most statistical computing lan-
guages. Extending R is also eased by its lexical scoping 3 Examples
rules.[15]

1
2 3 EXAMPLES

3.1 Basic syntax

The following examples illustrate the basic syntax of the

language and use of the command-line interface.
In R, the widely preferred[21] assignment operator is an
arrow made from two characters <-, although = can be
used instead.[22]
> x <- c(1,2,3,4,5,6) # Create ordered collection (vector)
> y <- x^2 # Square the elements of x > print(y) # print
(vector) y [1] 1 4 9 16 25 36 > mean(y) # Calculate 3.2 Structure of a function
average (arithmetic mean) of (vector) y; result is scalar
[1] 15.16667 > var(y) # Calculate sample variance [1] The ease of function creation by the user is one of the
178.9667 > lm_1 <- lm(y ~ x) # Fit a linear regression strengths of using R. Objects remain local to the function,
model “y = f(x)" or “y = B0 + (B1 * x)" # store the which can be returned as any data type.[23] Below is an
results as lm_1 > print(lm_1) # Print the model from example of the structure of a function:
the (linear model object) lm_1 Call: lm(formula =
functionname <- function(arg1, arg2, ... ){ # declare
y ~ x) Coefficients: (Intercept) x −9.333 7.000 >
name of function and function arguments statements #
summary(lm_1) # Compute and print statistics for the fit
declare statements return(object) # declare object data
# of the (linear model object) lm_1 Call: lm(formula =
type } sumofsquares <- function(x){ # a user-created
y ~ x) Residuals: 1 2 3 4 5 6 3.3333 −0.6667 −2.6667
function return(sum(x^2)) # return the sum of squares
−2.6667 −0.6667 3.3333 Coefficients: Estimate
of the elements of vector x }
Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) −9.3333 2.8441
> sumofsquares(1:3) [1] 14
−3.282 0.030453 * x 7.0000 0.7303 9.585 0.000662
*** --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05
‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees
of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.9583, Adjusted
R-squared: 0.9478 F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF, 3.3 Mandelbrot set
p-value: 0.000662 > par(mfrow=c(2, 2)) # Request 2x2
plot layout > plot(lm_1) # Diagnostic plot of regression Short R code calculating Mandelbrot set through the first
model 20 iterations of equation z = z2 + c plotted for different
complex constants c. This example demonstrates:
 3

• use of community-developed external libraries installation of R, with more than 7,000 additional pack-
(called packages), in this case caTools package ages (as of August 2015) available at the Comprehensive
R Archive Network (CRAN), Bioconductor, Omegahat,
• handling of complex numbers GitHub and other repositories.[24]
• multidimensional arrays of numbers used as basic The “Task Views” page (subject list) on the CRAN
data type, see variables C, Z and X. website[25] lists a wide range of tasks (in fields such as
Finance, Genetics, High Performance Computing, Ma-
install.packages(“caTools”) # install external package chine Learning, Medical Imaging, Social Sciences and
library(caTools) # external package providing write.gif Spatial Statistics) to which R has been applied and for
function jet.colors <- colorRampPalette(c(“green”, which packages are available. R has also been identified
“blue”, “red”, “cyan”, "#7FFF7F”, “yellow”, "#FF7F00”, by the FDA as suitable for interpreting data from clinical
“red”, "#7F0000”)) m <- 1000 # define size C <- com- research.[26]
plex( real=rep(seq(−1.8,0.6, length.out=m), each=m Other R package resources include Crantastic, a commu-
), imag=rep(seq(−1.2,1.2, length.out=m), m ) ) C <- nity site for rating and reviewing all CRAN packages, and
matrix(C,m,m) # reshape as square matrix of complex R-Forge, a central platform for the collaborative devel-
numbers Z <- 0 # initialize Z to zero X <- array(0, opment of R packages, R-related software, and projects.
c(m,m,20)) # initialize output 3D array for (k in 1:20) R-Forge also hosts many unpublished beta packages, and
{ # loop with 20 iterations Z <- Z^2+C # the central development versions of CRAN packages.
difference equation X[,,k] <- exp(-abs(Z)) # capture
results } write.gif(X, “Mandelbrot.gif”, col=jet.colors, The Bioconductor project provides R packages for the
delay=900) analysis of genomic data, such as Affymetrix and cDNA
microarray object-oriented data-handling and analysis
tools, and has started to provide tools for analysis of data
from next-generation high-throughput sequencing meth-
ods.

5 Milestones
The full list of changes is maintained in the “R News” file
at CRAN.[27] Some highlights are listed below for several
major releases.

6 Interfaces

6.1 Graphical user interfaces

• Architect – cross-platform open source IDE for data
science based on Eclipse and StatET

• DataJoy[32] – Online R Editor focused on beginners

to data science and collaboration.

• Deducer[33] – GUI for menu-driven data analysis

(similar to SPSS/JMP/Minitab).

• Java GUI for R – cross-platform stand-alone R ter-

minal and editor based on Java (also known as JGR).

4 Packages • Number Analytics - GUI for R based business ana-

lytics (similar to SPSS) working on the cloud.
The capabilities of R are extended through user-created • Rattle GUI – cross-platform GUI based on RGtk2
packages, which allow specialized statistical techniques, and specifically designed for data mining.
graphical devices (ggplot2), import/export capabilities,
reporting tools (knitr, Sweave), etc. These packages are • R Commander – cross-platform menu-driven GUI
developed primarily in R, and sometimes in Java, C, C++ based on tcltk (several plug-ins to Rcmdr are also
and Fortran. A core set of packages is included with the available).
4 10 SEE ALSO

• Revolution R Productivity Environment (RPE) – • useR! 2014, Los Angeles, USA

Revolution Analytics-provided Visual Studio-based
IDE, and has plans for web based point and click • useR! 2015, Aalborg, Denmark[50]
interface.
• useR! 2016, Stanford, California, USA
• RGUI – comes with the pre-compiled version of R
for Microsoft Windows.

• RKWard – extensible GUI and IDE for R. 8 Comparison with SAS, SPSS and
• RStudio – cross-platform open source IDE (which
Stata
can also be run on a remote Linux server).
The general consensus is that R compares well with other
There is a special issue of the Journal of Statistical Soft- popular[51]
statistical packages, such as SAS, SPSS and
ware that discusses GUIs for R. [34] Stata. In January 2009, the New York Times ran an ar-
ticle about R gaining acceptance among data analysts and
presenting a potential threat for the market share occu-
6.2 Editors and IDEs pied by commercial statistical packages, such as SAS.[52]

Text editors and Integrated development environments

(IDEs) with some support for R include: ConTEXT, 9 Commercial support for R
Eclipse (StatET),[35] Emacs (Emacs Speaks Statistics),
LyX (modules for knitr and Sweave), Vim, jEdit,[36]
In 2007, Revolution Analytics was founded to provide
Kate,[37] Revolution R Enterprise DevelopR (part of
commercial support for Revolution R, its distribution
Revolution R Enterprise),[38] RStudio,[39] Sublime Text,
of R, which also includes components developed by the
TextMate, Atom, WinEdt (R Package RWinEdt), Tinn-
company. Major additional components include: Paral-
R, Notepad++,[40] and Architect.[41]
lelR, the R Productivity Environment IDE, RevoScaleR
(for big data analysis), RevoDeployR, web services
6.3 Scripting languages framework, and the ability for reading and writing data in
the SAS file format.[53] In 2015, Microsoft Corporation
[54]
R functionality has been made accessible from several completed the acquisition of Revolution Analytics.
scripting languages such as Python,[42] Perl,[43] Ruby,[44] For organizations in highly regulated sectors requiring a
F#[45] and Julia.[46] Scripting in R itself is possible via a validated version of R, Mango Solutions has developed
front-end called littler.[47] the ValidR product which fully complies with the Food
and Drug Administration guidelines for Software verifi-
cation and validation.
7 useR! conferences In October 2011, Oracle announced the Big Data Appli-
ance, which integrates R, Apache Hadoop, Oracle Linux,
“useR!" is the name given to the official annual gather- and a NoSQL database with the Exadata hardware.[55]
ing of R users. The first such event was useR! 2004 in Oracle R Enterprise[56] is now one of two components
May 2004, Vienna, Austria.[48] After skipping 2005, the of the “Oracle Advanced Analytics Option”[57] (the other
useR conference has been held annually, usually alternat- component is Oracle Data Mining).
ing between locations in Europe and North America.[49]
IBM offers support for in-Hadoop execution of R,[58] and
Subsequent conferences were:
provides a programming model for massively parallel in-
database analytics in R.[59]
• useR! 2006, Vienna, Austria
Other major commercial software systems supporting
• useR! 2007, Ames, Iowa, USA connections to or integration with R include: JMP,[60]
Mathematica,[61] MATLAB,[62] Spotfire,[63] SPSS,[64]
• useR! 2008, Dortmund, Germany STATISTICA,[65] Platform Symphony,[66] SAS,[67]
Tableau,[68] and Dundas.[69]
• useR! 2009, Rennes, France
Tibco offers a runtime version R as a part of Spotfire.[70]
• useR! 2010, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA

• useR! 2011, Coventry, United Kingdom

10 See also
• useR! 2012, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

• useR! 2013, Albacete, Spain • List of statistical packages

 5

• Comparison of statistical packages • Karl Rexer, Heather Allen, & Paul Gearan (2011);
2011 Data Miner Survey Summary, presented at
• List of numerical analysis software Predictive Analytics World, Oct. 2011.

• Comparison of numerical analysis software • Robert A. Muenchen (2012). “The Popularity of

Data Analysis Software”.
• Rmetrics • Tippmann, Sylvia (29 December 2014).
“Programming tools: Adventures with R”.
• Programming with Big Data in R (pbdR)[71] Nature (517): 109–110. doi:10.1038/517109a.

[7] Morandat, Frances; Hill, Brandon (2012). “Evaluating the

11 References design of the R language: objects and functions for data
analysis” (PDF). ECOOP'12 Proceedings of the 26th Eu-
ropean conference on Object-Oriented Programming. Ex-
[1] Hornik, Kurt (November 26, 2015). “R FAQ”. The Com- ternal link in |journal= (help)
prehensive R Archive Network. 2.1 What is R?. Retrieved
2015-12-06. [8] Gentleman, Robert (9 December 2006). “Individual Ex-
pertise profile of Robert Gentleman”. Archived from the
[2] Ihaka, Ross (1998). R : Past and Future History (PDF)
original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
(Technical report). Statistics Department, The University
of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. [9] Kurt Hornik. The R FAQ: Why is R named R?. ISBN
3-900051-08-9. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
[3] R language and environment

• Hornik, Kurt (November 26, 2015). “R FAQ”. The [10] GNU project
Comprehensive R Archive Network. 2.1 What is R?.
Retrieved 2015-12-06. • “GNU R”. Free Software Foundation (FSF) Free
Software Directory. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 13
R Foundation November 2012.
• R Project (n.d.). “What is R?". Retrieved 2009-04-
• Hornik, Kurt (November 26, 2015). “R FAQ”. The
28.
Comprehensive R Archive Network. 2.13 What is
the R Foundation?. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
[11] “Wrathematics” (27 August 2011). “How Much of R Is
The R Core Team asks authors who use R in their data Written in R”. librestats. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
analysis to cite the software using:
[12] Eddelbuettel, Dirk; Francois, Romain (2011). “Rcpp:
• R Core Team (2015). R: A language and envi- Seamless R and C++ Integration”. Journal of Statistical
ronment for statistical computing. R Foundation Software 40 (8).
for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL
http://www.R-project.org/. [13] Temple Lang, Duncan (6 November 2010). “Calling R
from Java” (PDF). Nuiton. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
[4] widely used
[14] .NET Framework
• Fox, John and Andersen, Robert (January 2005).
“Using the R Statistical Computing Environment • “Making GUIs using C# and R with the help of
to Teach Social Statistics Courses” (PDF). Depart- R.NET”.
ment of Sociology, McMaster University. Re-
• “R.NET homepage”.
trieved 2006-08-03.
• Haynold, Oliver M. (April 2011). An Rserve Client
• Vance, Ashlee (2009-01-06). “Data Analysts Cap-
Implementation for CLI/.NET (PDF). R/Finance
tivated by R’s Power”. New York Times. Retrieved
2011. Chicago, IL, USA.
2009-04-28. R is also the name of a popular pro-
gramming language used by a growing number of
[15] Jackman, Simon (Spring 2003). “R For the Political
data analysts inside corporations and academia. It
Methodologist” (PDF). The Political Methodologist (Po-
is becoming their lingua franca...
litical Methodology Section, American Political Science
[5] Vance, Ashlee (2009-01-06). “Data Analysts Captivated Association) 11 (1): 20–22. Archived from the original
by R’s Power”. New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-28. (PDF) on 2006-07-21. Retrieved 2006-08-03.
R is also the name of a popular programming language
used by a growing number of data analysts inside corpo- [16] “CRAN Task View: Graphic Displays & Dynamic Graph-
rations and academia. It is becoming their lingua franca... ics & Graphic Devices & Visualization”. The Compre-
hensive R Archive Network. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
[6] R’s popularity
[17] Dalgaard, Peter (2002). Introductory Statistics with R.
• David Smith (2012); R Tops Data Mining Software New York, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 10–
Poll, Java Developers Journal, May 31, 2012. 18, 34. ISBN 0387954759.
6 11 REFERENCES

[18] Ihaka, Ross; Gentlman, Robert (Sep 1996). “R: A Lan- [34] Valero-Mora, Pedro. “Graphical User Interfaces for R”.
guage for Data Analysis and Graphics” (PDF). Journal of Journal of Statistical Software (by Pedro M. Valero-Mora,
Computational and Graphical Statistics (American Statis- and Ruben Ledesma). Retrieved 2014.
tical Association) 5 (3): 299–314. doi:10.2307/1390807.
Retrieved 12 May 2014. [35] Stephan Wahlbrink. “StatET: Eclipse based IDE for R”.
Retrieved 2009-09-26.
[19] “Speed comparison of various number crunching pack-
ages (version 2)". SciView. 2003. Retrieved 2007-11-03. [36] Jose Claudio Faria. “R syntax”. Retrieved 2007-11-03.

[20] An Introduction to R, Section 5.1: Arrays (retrieved March [37] “Syntax Highlighting”. Kate Development Team.
2010). Archived from the original on 2008-07-07. Retrieved
2008-07-09.
[21] most used assignment operator in R is <-
[38] “R PEnterprise DevelopR”. Revolution Analytics. Re-
• R Development Core Team. “Writing R Exten- trieved 2014-04-17.
sions”. Retrieved 14 June 2012. [...] we recom-
mend the consistent use of the preferred assignment [39] J. J. Alaire and colleagues. “RStudio: new IDE for R”.
operator ‘<-’ (rather than ‘=’) for assignment. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
• “Google’s R Style Guide”. Retrieved 14 June 2012. [40] “NppToR: R in Notepad++". sourceforge.net. 8 May
• Wickham, Hadley. “Style Guide”. Retrieved 14 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
June 2012.
[41] “Architect: integrated development environment for data
• Bengtsson, Henrik (January 2009). “R Coding science”. Open Analytics. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
Conventions (RCC) – a draft”. Retrieved 14 June
2012. [42] Gautier, Laurent (21 October 2012). “A simple and effi-
cient access to R from Python”. Retrieved 18 September
[22] R Development Core Team. “Assignments with the = Op- 2013.
erator”. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
[43] Statistics::R page on CPAN
[23] Kabacoff, Robert (2012). “Quick-R: User-Defined Func-
tions”. http://www.statmethods.net. Retrieved 28 October [44] RSRuby GitHub project
2013. External link in |website= (help)
[45] F# R Type Provider
[24] packages available from repositories
[46] Julia
• Robert A. Muenchen (2012). “The Popularity of
Data Analysis Software”. • https://github.com/lgautier/Rif.jl
• Tippmann, Sylvia (29 December 2014). • https://github.com/randy3k/RCall.jl
“Programming tools: Adventures with R”.
• http://rtalks.net/RCall.jl/
Nature (517): 109–110. doi:10.1038/517109a.
• “Search all R packages and function manuals | [47] Eddelbuettel, Dirk (14 July 2011). “littler: a scripting
Rdocumentation”. Rdocumentation. 2014-06-16. front-end for GNU R”. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
Retrieved 2014-06-16.
[48] “useR! 2004 - The R User Conference”. 27 May 2004.
[25] “CRAN Task Views”. cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 2014- Retrieved 18 September 2013.
07-03.
[49] R Project (9 August 2013). “R-related Conferences”. Re-
[26] http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2012/06/fda-r-ok. trieved 18 September 2013.
html
[50] “The useR! Conference 2015”. Retrieved 17 November
[27] “R News”. cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 2014-07-03. 2014.

[28] https://cran.r-project.org/src/base/R-0/ [51] Burns, Patrick (27 February 2007). “Comparison of R

to SAS, Stata and SPSS” (PDF). Retrieved 18 September
[29] https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/1997/000001. 2013.
html
[52] R as competition for commercial statistical packages
[30] https://cran.r-project.org/src/base/NEWS.0
• Vance, Ashlee (2009-01-07). “Data Analysts Are
[31] Peter Dalgaard. “R-1.0.0 is released”. Retrieved 2009- Mesmerized by the Power of Program R: [Busi-
06-06. ness/Financial Desk]". The New York Times.
[32] “Online R editor - DataJoy”. www.getdatajoy.com. Re- • Vance, Ashlee (2009-01-08). “R You Ready for
trieved 2015-12-12. R?". The New York Times.

[33] “Deducer Manual”. www.deducer.org. Retrieved 2014- [53] Timothy Prickett Morgan (2011); 'Red Hat for stats’ goes
07-03. toe-to-toe with SAS, The Register, February 7, 2011.
 7

[54] Sirosh, Joseph. “Microsoft Closes Acquisition of Revolu- 12 External links

tion Analytics”. http://blogs.technet.com/. Microsoft. Re-
trieved 22 November 2015. • Official website of the R project
[55] Oracle Corporation’s Big Data Appliance
• An Introduction to R
• Doug Henschen (2012); Oracle Makes Big Data
• R books, has extensive list (with brief comments) of
Appliance Move With Cloudera, InformationWeek,
January 10, 2012.
R-related books

• Jaikumar Vijayan (2012); Oracle’s Big Data Appli- • R-bloggers, a daily news site about R, with 10,000+
ance brings focus to bundled approach, Computer- articles, tutorials and case-studies, contributed by
World, January 11, 2012. over 450 R bloggers.
• Timothy Prickett Morgan (2011); Oracle rolls its
own NoSQL and Hadoop Oracle rolls its own • The R Graphical Manual, a collection of R graphics
NoSQL and Hadoop, The Register, October 3, from all R packages, and an index to all functions in
2011. all R packages

[56] Chris Kanaracus (2012); Oracle Stakes Claim in R With • R seek, a custom frontend to Google search engine,
Advanced Analytics Launch, PC World, February 8, 2012. to assist in finding results related to the R language

[57] Doug Henschen (2012); Oracle Stakes Claim in R With

Advanced Analytics Launch, InformationWeek, April 4,
2012.

[58] “What’s New in IBM InfoSphere BigInsights v2.1.2”.

IBM. Retrieved 8 May 2014.

[59] “IBM PureData System for Analytics” (PDF). IBM. Re-

trieved 8 May 2014.

[60] JMP (2013). “Analytical Application Development with

JMP”. SAS Institute Inc. Retrieved 19 September 2013.

[61] “New in Mathematica 9: Built-in Integration with R”.

Wolfram. 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.

[62] Henson, Robert (23 July 2013). “MATLAB R Link”. The

MathWorks, Inc. Retrieved 19 September 2013.

[63] Gibson, Brendan (8 March 2010). “Spotfire Integration

with S+ and R”. Spotfire. Retrieved 19 September 2013.

[64] Clark, Mike (October 2007). “Introduction to SPSS 16”.

University of North Texas Research and Statistical Sup-
port. Retrieved 19 September 2013.

[65] StatSoft (n.d.). “Using the R Language Platform”. Stat-

Soft Inc. Retrieved 20 September 2013.

[66] Parmar, Onkar (31 March 2011). ""R” integrated with

Symphony”. Platform Computing Corporation. Re-
trieved 20 September 2013.

[67] SAS (11 November 2010). “Calling Functions in the R

Language (SAS/IML)". Retrieved 20 September 2013.

[68] Tableau (17 December 2013). “R is Here!". Retrieved 29

January 2015.

[69] Dundas. “R Integrated with Dundas BI”. Retrieved 30

July 2015.

[70] Tibco. “Unleash the agility of R for the Enterprise”. Re-

trieved 15 May 2014.

[71] Ostrouchov, G., Chen, W.-C., Schmidt, D., Patel, P.

(2012). “Programming with Big Data in R”.
8 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text
• R (programming language) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)?oldid=696955847 Contributors: Edward,
Michael Hardy, Ixfd64, Dcljr, Tomi, Minesweeper, Den fjättrade ankan~enwiki, Glenn, Ehn, Andrewman327, Maximus Rex, Jeffrey
Smith, Omegatron, Joy, Dbabbitt, Penfold, Phil Boswell, Robbot, Schutz, Gak, RedWolf, Phatsphere, Rursus, Robinh, Giftlite, Lupin,
Xerxes314, Dmb000006, Muzzle, RScheiber, Sdfisher, Jason Quinn, Macrakis, Adam McMaster, Neilc, Mmm~enwiki, CryptoDerk,
Fangz, Beland, OverlordQ, OwenBlacker, Two Bananas, Vsb, Andreas Kaufmann, Thorwald, Rich Farmbrough, Hidaspal, Lulu of the
Lotus-Eaters, Gronky, Bender235, ZeroOne, Peco~enwiki, Elwikipedista~enwiki, Danakil, Lswartz, Etz Haim, Comtebenoit, O18, Billy-
mac00, Shnout, 99of9, Landroni, Storm Rider, Alansohn, Thüringer, J.Voss, Miranche, Avenue, Caesura, Freek de Bruijn, Forderud, Ma-
hanga, Karnesky, RHaworth, Ruud Koot, Urod, Jeff3000, GregorB, Biomenne, LinkTiger, Marudubshinki, Smoe, XP1, ElfQrin, Chobot,
FrankTobia, Tommylommykins, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Wavelength, Hairy Dude, Waitak, RussBot, Arado, Manop, Friedfish, Brec,
Brandon, Tony1, Leotohill, Maechler, Gzabers, Zeno McDohl, Fmccown, Cedar101, Belgrano~enwiki, Zeileis, JLaTondre, Gesslein, An-
drew73, Jt14den, Deepdraft, SmackBot, Jasy jatere, Georgeryp, Lawrencekhoo, Jtneill, Stifle, Djhurio, Kslays, Mcld, Gilliam, Chris the
speller, Thumperward, Zven, Hongooi, Exaudio, Martin Bean, Anthon.Eff, Radagast83, Krexer, Derek R Bullamore, Mwtoews, Where,
Blauwkoe, Gaborgulya, Kuru, Soumya92, Tomhubbard, Arunrajmohan, JorisvS, Niczar, Chrisch, Vonnegutia, Julthep, Aarktica, Kvng,
Jpag87a, Pelotas, FatalError, Raysonho, Chrike, ShelfSkewed, Sanspeur, Cydebot, Ntsimp, Bsdaemon, YorkBW, Adailton, MicahElliott,
Talgalili, Adamkriesberg, N5iln, Davidhorman, Sherbrooke, Shyam.sundaram, Gioto, BenJWoodcroft, Lovibond, Ephery, VictorAnyakin,
NapoliRoma, Dsp13, Grokmenow, DRHagen, Jarekt, Dlautzenheiser, Albmont, Jdfreivald, Bequw, Baccyak4H, Cardamon, Stan3, Ftier-
cel, Gwern, Mjcraw, CommonsDelinker, Chtfn, Doc marseille, Abeliavsky, DomBot, Hmendonca, Faridani, McSly, GongYi, Ammon86,
Mutlay, Ischemia, RonFredericks, BB-Froggy, Sergivs-en, VolkovBot, Hitchiker42, Jim.Callahan,Orlando, Redgecko, Vrac, Markmat,
TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Achristoffersen, Id4abel, Bikestats, Genium, Winterschlaefer, Belamp, Ceranthor, ThorstenStaerk~enwiki, SieBot,
Gjwkayon, Jerryobject, Vantey, Masgatotkaca, Free Software Knight, Rafesq, The Someday, Int21h, Svick, Fmark, Melcombe, Mrfebru-
ary, ShelleyAdams, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, Kl4m-AWB, Tgirke, Excirial, Keoormsby, Calimo, Eddelbuettel~enwiki, Northernhenge,
Sinashahandeh, Prozaker, Razorflame, Aitias, Bluemaster, Inductionheating, Qwfp, SF007, DumZiBoT, Sunsetsky, XLinkBot, Ovis23, Sil-
vonenBot, MystBot, Neil.rubens, Dsimic, G2525, Tayste, Addbot, Pyerre, Mortense, Ghettoblaster, DOI bot, Mhahsler, Fgnievinski, Iron-
holds, Calinucs, MrOllie, Download, Protonk, Ginosbot, Vyom25, Numbo3-bot, Jarble, Alfie66, Margin1522, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbot-
gourou, TheMightyPirate, AnomieBOT, Chuckiesdad, Neuwirthe, CeciliaPang, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Rcottiss, Lixiaoxu, Xqbot,
Yonniet, Ohspite, Nonfamous, Purnank, Abishekravi, Ehsan.azhdari, Rstatx, BD597, MuffledThud, Constructive editor, Sudheerrao07,
FrescoBot, Mark Renier, ChryZ MUC, Deadlyspider, Citation bot 1, Shiki2, Winterst, Bhinchliffe, Skyerise, Bob.Muenchen, Stpasha,
RedBot, MastiBot, Σ, Ɱ, Full-date unlinking bot, Userask, Statr, Harrietbaulcombe, FoxBot, TobeBot, Angelicapple, Emrahertr, Kmet-
tler, Callanecc, Panchoh, Persian knight shiraz, 777sms, Amkilpatrick, StatisticalSoftware, Melnakeeb, Jfmantis, RjwilmsiBot, ButOn-
MethItIs, Larry.europe, Zoolium, EmausBot, PrisonerOfIce, Angrytoast, Xingmowang, Efprime, GoingBatty, Mehmetselim, Gimmetoo,
JaeDyWolf, Dedwen, H3llBot, Goodybuddy, Faidherbard, Lcnbst, Shootji, Kylecovington, Hfang80, Donner60, AlexBehrman, Macwhiz,
Eliavs, Anupparikh, ClueBot NG, Mathstat, Wikidilworth, Tdynes, Widr, Luke145, Helpful Pixie Bot, RobSeb, BG19bot, Diogoprov,
Slowtortoise4, T.seppelt, BattyBot, Garamond Lethe, Dexbot, 4nn1l2, Codename Lisa, JustinEditor, R-project, AldezD, SFK2, Mart-
inMichlmayr, Richierocks, Tech412, Bradhill14, Josiasseb, Bio7RCP, Denislopez, François Robere, Scottkosty (usurped), Comp.arch,
Cvanca02, Dame Etna, Wccsnow, Paul2520, Lampertkm, ScotXW, Pablodim91, Renkun-ken, Mathias.brandewinder, Alphonse.fisch,
Jayakumar RG, Lizmango, Aymanmogh, Lodop, Brandon ibm, JC713, Oiyarbepsy, Selva.prabhakaran, KasparBot, Pankajtripathi94, En-
riqueWikiEdit, Amithnagaraj, Msteijaert, Urlaub, Sjnam and Anonymous: 328

13.2 Images
• File:8bit-dynamiclist.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/8bit-dynamiclist.gif License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Seahen
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Free_Software_Portal_Logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Nuvola_apps_emacs_vector.svg
License: LGPL Contributors:
• Nuvola_apps_emacs.png Original artist: Nuvola_apps_emacs.png: David Vignoni
• File:Heckert_GNU_white.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg License: ? Contribu-
tors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Mandelbrot_Creation_Animation.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Mandelbrot_Creation_
Animation.gif License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jarekt
• File:Plots_from_lm_example.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Plots_from_lm_example.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: travail personnel (own work), SVG conversion from File:Plots from lm example.png Original artist: Calimo
• File:R_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/R_logo.svg License: GPL Contributors: Originally from
http://developer.r-project.org/Logo/Rlogo.svg, modified to simpler SVG format. Original artist: Original by Tobias Wolf in October 2010
• File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.
• File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.
• File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky

13.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0