UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL – RECOLETOS, Inc.

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

GENERAL EDUCATION COURSE DEPARTMENT
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
 INTRODUCTION TO MARTIAL ARTS

LEARNING ABOUT MARTIAL ARTS:

Martial Arts are more than a sport. They’re truly captivating, given the extensive array of
disciplines and unique cultural philosophies each one embodies. The sheer number of different
types of martial arts ensures that everyone can find a discipline that resonates with their
interests, goals and personal inclinations.

WHAT IS MARTIAL ARTS?

Martial Arts refer to a broad range of traditional and modern combat practices and systems.
The approaches are rooted in cultures and philosophies from around the world. They are
practiced for variety of purposes, including self-defense, mental wellness, and competition.

Martial Arts encompass countless styles and disciples, each with its own unique techniques,
principles, and cultural backgrounds. Martial Artists employ several different styles of striking
and grappling techniques, as well as weapons training or a combination of the two.

While Martial Arts involve physical combat, they often also embody philosophical and moral
principles that promote values such as discipline, respect, humility, perseverance, and self-
control. Martial Arts training is a holistic approach to human wellness.
ORIGIN OF MARTIAL ARTS
Martial Arts originated all over the world. Different
civilizations have developed their own unique
combat system. Many of the world’s most well-
known martial arts originated in Asia, including
Kung Fu, Karate, Judo, Aikido, and Muay Thai.

It’s important to note that Martial Arts have

evolved and spread through cultural exchange,
migration, and historical interactions between
regions. Different Martial Arts styles have
influenced and barrowed from one another,
leading to rich diversity.

HISTORY OF MARTIAL ARTS

Martial art is an ancient form of combat consisting of a variety
of methods and techniques for fighting, defending oneself, and
attacking. It encompasses physical, mental, and spiritual
disciplines that help practitioners develop strength and skill.
Martial arts styles can vary greatly in terms of weapons or
tools used (including fist, feet, and swords), how much contact
is involved in a given technique or practice session (contact-
based vs non-contact training), the emphasis on forms or self-
defense scenarios. Generally speaking, all martial arts style
shares a common purpose: self-improvement through physical
training while incorporating elements of personal discipline.

Martial arts originated from various parts

of the world and are believed to have
been practiced since at least 2,000 BCE in
Ancient Greece. It has evolved over the
centuries and many different styles have
developed depending on the region or
culture in which it was practiced. The
most popular forms of martial arts today
come from East Asia, including Japan and
 China, with other popular forms originating from India, Southeast Asia, Europe and Brazil. Many
people consider Asia to be the center of the martial arts world as many of the most prominent
martial arts such as Kung Fu, Karate and Hwa Rang originate from the region.

Over the years, martial arts have been shaped by a culmination of factors to include ancient
myths and legends to historical revolutions. Since the beginning of time, different cultures have
developed styles of fighting in order to survive, but it is Chinese martial arts that has endured
and flourished more than in any other country.

Martial arts evolved with the development of the human physiology and has grown into what
we now recognized as martial arts in modern era.

CREATION OF MARTIAL ARTS

Martial arts techniques were created out of the need
for survival between humanity and animals, and
between different tribes of humans. From these
battles, experiences and techniques were accumulated
and recorded then passed down through the
generations.

The invention of weaponry enables new fighting

techniques to be created. Different types and shapes
of weapons were invented which led to different
schools and styles of martial arts. These new styles were formed by imitating the fighting
techniques of animals such as tiger, panther, monkey, snake and bear as well as a number of
birds and insects.

Mankind firmly believed that in order to survive in

what was a harsh natural environment at the time,
it was necessary to study animals’ natural talent
and skills in fighting. The way to learn these
techniques was to study and imitate these animals,
for example the pouncing of tiger or the attacking
motion of an eagle.

Gradually, over the years, the martial techniques

developed become a part of Asian culture.
COMPONENTS OF MARTIAL ARTS

Martial Arts encompass several key components that

contribute to the overall success of Martial Artist.
These key components include equipment,
technique, and training methods.

• EQUIPMENT
-includes protective gear and training aids. Protective items often include gloves, hand
wraps, mouthguards, shin guards, headgear, and groin protectors, which help minimize
the risk of injury. Training aids such as punching bags, focus mitts, kicking shields,
dummies, and weapon replicas enhance proficiency.
• TECHNIQUES
-Martial Arts techniques vary widely depending on style. Techniques range from striking,
grappling, throwing, joint locks, submissions, and defensive maneuvers. Each discipline
has its own repertoire of techniques, including combinations and strategies.
• TRAINING METHODS
-Martial Arts training methods are designed to develop skills acquisition, physical
conditioning, and mental discipline. Training methods vary greatly across different
martial arts styles, but most include forms, sparring, drills, conditioning exercises, and
mental control.

It is important to note that each Martial art has its own intricate combination of
equipment, techniques, and training methods specifically tailored to the discipline’s
philosophies, objectives, and cultural backgrounds
FITNESS COMPONENTS OF MARTIAL ARTS

Various fitness components play a crucial role in supporting a Martial Artist’s overall performance
and physical capabilities. Cardiovascular endurance is an essential component given that Martial
Arts training is physically demanding, often faced-past, and requires bursts of energy.

Strength and Power are fundamental fitness components for executing strikes, blocks, grappling
maneuvers, and overall technique effectiveness. String muscles generate force and deliver
techniques with power: however, they also require oxygen and blood flow which lead to fatigue.
Flexibility, speed, and agility are also key fitness components needed for Martial Arts. When
engaging in physical battles, quick reaction times, rapid movement, and the ability to evade
attacks are requirements. Martial arts are a physically demanding activity with a dynamic set of
fitness requirements.

DEFFERENT CATEGORIES OF MARTIAL ARTS

Martial arts have evolved and diversified over many years. Different regions and cultures have
developed their own unique systems and approaches to combat and self-defense. It’s estimated
that there are thousands of distinct styles; however, the categories can be broken down into 6
different categories.
JAPANESE
• Japan is renowned for martial arts with deep historical roots and cultural
significance. The first noted form of Japanese-style martial art is believed to be
“KORYU” referring to a collection of martial arts styles and systems developed in
Japan prior to the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
• Modern Japanese martial arts styles include Karate, Judo, Aikido, and Kendo. While
Karate and Aikido take a standup approach to fighting utilizing punches, kicks, and
throws. Judo is a grappling-based defensed system. Kendo martial arts used bamboo
swords called shinai.

MMA (Mixed Martial Arts)

• The development of Mixed Martial Arts

(MMA) happened in the 1990s in a quest
to determine which is the best martial
arts. MMA itself is a combat sport
incorporating various martial arts
disciplines with no distinct “style”.
• MMA fighters deliver a melting pot of
fighting styles rooted in specific martial
arts disciplines. Some fighters focus on
striking, emphasizing Muay Thai or
another Kickboxing style. At the same
time, some excel in grappling and submissions employing techniques from Brazilian
Jiu-Jitsu. Each fighter generally favors a particular aspect of the sport based on their
background.
KOREAN
• The origins of Korean martial arts can
be traced back to ancient times.
Throughout history, several Korean
martial arts styles have emerged with
influences from China and Buddhist
warrior monks. Two prominent
disciplines today include Taekwondo
and Hapkido.
• Taekwondo is globally recognized
Korean self-paced striking movements.
It combines fast-paced striking movements and emphasizes mental fortitude.
Hapkido, on the other hand, uses redirection of an opponent’s energy to leverage
motion rather that brute force.

CHINESE

• Chinese martial arts can be categorized

into internal and external styles. Internal
styles, such as Tai Chi, focus on achieving an
inner state of relaxation and flowing
movements. Tai Chi is known for its health
benefits, meditation in motion and self-
defense application.
• Kung Fu is an external martial arts style
utilizing physical strength, speed, and
explosive movements. It is important to
note that there are several subsets of Kung Fu, but each often involves rigorous
training and direct striking combat techniques.

BRAZILIAN
• Brazilian martial arts are known for two distinct
styles: Capoeira and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Capoeira
incorporates rhythmic and fluid kicks, sweeps,
and spins to the beat of live music. It is known
for its deceptive nature of strategic evasions
and trickery.
 • On the other hand, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is an effective real-life self-defense strategy
popular in modern MMA. BJJ involves grappling techniques that position body
control to gain the submission of an opponent. Methods include joint locks,
chokeholds, and positioning.

REALITY-BASED SELF-DEFENSE
• Reality-based self-defense refers to
a category of training methods
aimed to a real-world
confrontation. The most well-
known form of reality self-based
self-defense is Krav Maga.
• Krav Maga is a dynamic system of
combat development for the Israeli
military. Krav Maga emphasizes
the importance of situational
awareness to quickly apply various broadly applicable techniques. Its techniques
prioritize effectiveness over aesthetics. Style range from striking attacks to grappling
control and defensive movements.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MARTIAL ARTS

There are endless styles of fighting. To consider all martial arts would leave you with
hundreds, if not thousands, of options. Instead of specific disciples, when considering
what is the best martial art, break the options down into types or approaches to
defense. In that regard, there are three distinct types of martial arts.

• STRIKING
-striking martial arts, also called standup, focusing on executing techniques with
both combatants standing. Common standup includes Karate, Taekwondo, Muay
Thai, and Kung Fu, though others also exist.
- striking martial arts coordinates hands or fists, feet or shins, and elbows or knees
to launch attacks and pose defense. Strikers develop their craft through focus,
coordination, and body positioning. They create speed and accuracy through
footwork fundamentals and a constant distance assessment.
 • GRAPPLING
-Grappling martial arts focus on techniques that involve close-quarters combat.
Grappler control an opponent and gain advantageous positions on the ground.
Common grappling styles include Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, Sambo, and Wrestling.
-Groundwork involves manipulating an opponent’s body position to restrict their
movements while executing submissions. Grappling can also include standing
clinches, throws, and takedowns to force the battle to the floor. Grapplers
neutralize threats and subdue opponents outside of striking attacks.

• HYBRID
-Hybrid martial arts refer to styles that incorporate both striking and grappling
tactics. These martial arts combine elements from multiple disciplines to create
well-rounded martial arts. MMA Jeet Kune Do, and Krav Maga are all examples
of Hybrid fighting styles.
-Hybrid styles produce outstanding displays of athleticism. Full-contact combat
sports. Such as MMA, allow fighters to swiftly and efficiently change the course
of the fight from standing to groundwork. The hybrid martial arts approach
incorporates many tactics, such as punches, kicks, throws, takedowns, clinches,
and submissions.

THE IMPORTANCE OF LEARNING MARTIAL ARTS

The importance of Learning martial arts is the pursuit. All martial arts share common
benefits, including self-defense, physical fitness, character development, and lifelong
learning. Despite goals varying from person to person, these shared beliefs hold the
same values.

Martial arts embrace continuous learning and self-improvement, noting that there is
always something new to discover. Even martial artists with decades of experience
understand that mastery is a lifelong pursuit, and sometimes a beginner can awaken a
unique experience for them.
BENEFITS OF LEARNING MARTIAL ARTS

Learning martial arts offers a comprehensive set of benefits. These include

improvements in physical, mental, and emotional aspect of well-being.
• PHYSICAL FITNESS
• Martial arts training improves cardiovascular, health, strength, flexibility,
agility, and coordination to improve overall fitness.
• SELF-DEFENSE
• Effectively learn techniques that improve your ability to protect yourself and
control threatening situations.
• CONFIDENCE
• Mastering new skills and nailing proper techniques help develop a sense of
achievement and enhance self-confidence.
• MENTAL RESILIENCE
• Learning to overcome challenges and persevere through difficult situations
develops a mental toughness that translates to other aspects of life.
• SUPPORTIVE COMMUNITY
• The martial arts community is full of supportive teammates cheering each
other on to new heights of success.
The benefits pf all martial arts provide a valuable and rewarding pursuit for people of all
ages and backgrounds. Whether you’re seeking to improve fitness or mental toughness,
martial arts training is a holistic approach to self-improvement.

HISTORY OF ARNIS

The Philippine traditional martial art

known as “arnis” had existed long
before the discovery of the archipelago.
It was believed that Lapu-Lapu, the
chieftain of small island of Mactan first
exposed the art to the world when he
fought and defeated Ferdinand
Magellan, a Portuguese navigator and
warrior in the historic battle of Mactan
on the dawn of April 27, 1521. Another
warrior navigator from Spain named
 Miguel De Legaspi landed in Abuyong Leyte in April of
1564, forty years after the Mactan incident. Being familiar
with the unfortune fate of Magellan, De Legaspi
befriended the warrior chief Malitik to avoid battle with
the natives. As a visitor he was able to witness the deadly
fighting skills of the natives through a demo to entertain
him. From Abuyong, he travelled to nearby island of
Sugbo and met another warrior chief named tupas. To
avoid confrontation, he took a non-hostile approach and
for the second time De Legaspi witnessed the formidable
fighting techniques of the natives through a demo.

Originally named “Kali” this art was developed by the native people in the
Philippines during the Spanish regime. Spain colonized the archipelago using religion
and modern weapons like muskets and cannons. The archipelago was named
“Philippines” by the Spaniards in honor of their king “Philip” of Spain. The colonization
started the dark age of kali. Due to the strong Spanish influence, the art was known as
“arnis de mano”. It also acquired other names as “estokada”, “estoque” and “fraile”.

In 1764, the practice of Arnis was prohibited due to its fighting techniques.
Spaniards used alibi that the natives were wasting their time practicing instead of tilling
the lands. However, Filipinos continued to practice secretly and knew that the colonizers
were just afraid that the skills would be used in a revolution against them. To avoid
suspicion, the natives used pieces of wood called “bahi” or “kamagong” or bamboo-like
materials known as “rattan” or “oway” in their trainings.

In 1873, the fighting system was renamed “arnis” derived from the word
“arnes” which means colorful trapping on defensive armors used on the Moro-Moro
Plays. Among the Tagalogs, it was known as pananandata while the Pangasinan natives
called it kalirongan. The Ilocanos used didya or kabaraonwhile the Ibanags named it
pagkalikali. Pampaguenos used the term sinawali while the Visayan native utilized the
term kalirasman or pagaradman and later on esgrima or eskrima.

The word eskrima was derived from Spanish word which means a game
between two combatants with the use of blunt instruments. The term “eskrima” was
popularized in the Philippines during the American period when the first arnis
organization was established in Cebu City in 1920- the Labangan Fencing Club., due to
political differences, the organization was dissolved 1931 and in 1932 Eulogio Canete
founded the Dace Pares Club.

In 1975, General Fabian Ver, an enthusiast and practitioner of arnis formed

the National Arnis Association of the Philippines (NARAPHIL) which aimed to unite all
arnis groups in the Philippines but unfortunately failed its objective. General Ver was
exiled after EDSA Revolution and another organization was formed in July 1986, the
Arnis Philippines (ARPHI) with the same objective as NARAPHIL, to promote, preserve,
Propagate and regain the popularity of arnis in the whole country.

Among the arnis competitions early held in the Philippines were the First
Asian Martial Arts Festival in Manila (1976), First National Arnis Festival in Cebu City
(1976), First National Open Championships in March 1979, First National Invitational
Tournament in August 1979 and the First World Eskrima Kali Arnis Championships in
Manila on August 11-13, 1989. The 78 delegates from 10 countries led by lawyer
Dionisio “Diony” Canete approved the establishment of the World Eskrima Kali Arnis
Federation (WEKAF).
 MODERN ARNIS

Modern Arnis is a Filipino fighting art founded by Remy Amador Presas as a

self-defense system. His purpose was to create an injury-free training method as well as
an effective self-defense system in order to preserve the older arnis system.

The style was primarily derived from the traditional Presas Family style of
the bolo (machete) and the stick duel art of Balintawak eskrima with influences from
other Filipino and Japanese martial arts. an early age, Remy Presas studied his family’s
system and likewise learned the Japanese system of Shotokan Karate and Judo at the
same time he also studied a variety pf other Filipino system like Venancio Bacon’s
Balintawak. He started making modifications and improvements and moved to Manila in
1969 and formed the Modern Arnis Federation of the Philippines. With the help of other
arnis practitioners, Presas continued to develop and spread his art with his books and
video tapes until he moved to North America due to political considerations. Adding Jiu-
jitsu to modern arnis as modifications, the art continued to grow and change in
techniques and emphasis but the focus remained on single stick and on self-defense.

At present, modern arnis include the use of anyo (kata), solo forms both
with and without the stick. Remy Presas was recognized as the “Father of Modern
Arnis”. Arnis is the national sport after President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed the
Republic Act No. 9850 in 2009. The Act mandated the Department of Education to
include arnis as Physical Education course.
EQUIPMENT AND ATTIRE

Olisi or Baston – a piece of rattan or hardwood with an

ideal length of 75 cm. a diameter of about 2.4 cm. and a
weight of about 200 gms.

Daga or Barrow – a knife-shaped or dagger-shaped piece

of hardwood between 25 and 32 cm long

Uniform – consists of loose garments of strong fabric to

allow free body movements. The use of T-shirt in lieu of
matching jacket is recommended during regular workout
session.

Belt – made of ordinary cloth varying in color to indicate

grade or rank. The ideal width is 4.5 to 6 cm. arnis players
start with the rank
Novice level 1 (white belt), novice
Level 2 (yellow belt), Intermediate
Level 1 (green belt), Intermediate
Level 2 (blue belt), advanced Level
(brown belt) and the Master Level
(black belt degrees)
 Armor – consists of headgear, body protector and
gloves, which may be made of hard foam, leather
or leatherette to make it resistant to all types of
hard striking blows or poundings. It is designed to
cover the body, head, neck, arm, hands, and the
upper leg area including the genitals. This
equipment is “must” in full contact sparring or in
formal competition.

BENEFIT OF ARNIS

1. Effective self-defense
2. Contributes to the development of physical fitness
3. Develops mental qualities such as alertness and precision
4. Acquires desirable character traits such as self-confidence, self-control, and
disciplines
5. Develops mental strength and courage that allows someone to face danger and
pain.
6. Develops virtue of perseverance to the highest degree
7. Quicker reflexes

SALUTATION IN ARNIS

Popularly called “Yukbo” a salutation’s main function is to show respect; it should be

performed before and after a session, and also when entering and leaving practice area.
Also known as “saludo” or “pugay” on practice sessions, students perform it when
facing or meeting an instructor or higher rank personality or dignitary. Although
between and among students or members of different arnis organizations, the practice
is commonly used in greeting other in the form of a “saludo”.

1. Ordinary Saludo - is commonly performed in regular practice sessions and in

casual occasions. The movements are as follows:
From natural stance, slide your left foot close right foot, and the same time
place your right hand (with olisi) on your left chest (ct.1) bow your head slowly
(ct.2), then bring it up (ct.3). finally, slide your left foot back to the left return to
natural stance or normal position (ct.4).
 2. Formal Saludo – this is usually performed in highly ritual functions and very
solemn ceremonies or occasions. This is also normally reserved for high ranking
eskrimadors or top government dignitaries.

from natural stance, bring your left foot close to your right foot as you bring
left hand (with olisi) to the right side (ct.1). Drop left knee down to kneeling
position, raise your right hand to your forehead(palm inside) as you bow your
head (ct.2) Stand up and bring move your left foot to your right (ct.3) move left
foot to the left to return to a normal stance (ct.4).

TERMINOLOGIES

FILIPINO ENGLISH

Abaniko a “fan” lateral (side to side) motions performed with a straightened arm as a blocking
maneuver

Anyo Also called form of “sayaw”, a sort of informal dance movement.

Arko Series of circular strikes, also referred as “sirkulo”

Arnis Lit. “harnass”, tern used in the Northern Philippines for FMA, synonymous with the
middle-Philippines term, “escrima”, or the Southern term, Kali”

Arnisador A stick fighter

Banda y Back and forth. Side to side slashes or strikes.

Banda

Baston Stick or baton used in FMA

Blocking The act of stopping or striking the attacking force.

Bolo A type of machete (usually with a leaf shaped blade) used throughout the Philippines.

Butt Punyo of the stick closer to the handle

Cardena Lit. “chaining: linking one technique with another in a rapid succession

Corto Close range sparring applying kurbada strikes and counter attacks
kurbada

Crossada “crossing” maneuver used to block an incoming attack by forming an “X” pattern with
one’s baton, arms, or bladed weapon.

Daga Knife or dagger doble- “double”, two strikes delivered in rapid succession

Disarming Refers to wresting away the weapon from the opponent.

Doce pares Twelve pairs

Dos-ekis 2 reverse butterflies

Dulo-dulo Palm stick (dulo), spoken twice to indicate style of fighting with said weapon.

Dumog “grappling”, either in a clinch or on the ground. Escrima – (alt. eskrima)- synonymous
with arnis (above).

Ekis X- strikes

Eskrido The term Eskrido has been derived from three martial arts; Eskrima, Jiu-Jitsu and judo.
The most common self-defense techniques can be used in Eskrido such as; stances, hand
and arm holds, leg locks, foot sweep, leg reaping, arm, shoulder and hip throws, disarms,
hand strikes, arm strikes, elbow strikes, finger thrust, palm heel strikes, wrist twist,
pushing and pulling methods (for balace breaking), finger grips, olisi hooks, olisi thrust,
butt strikes, punches and takedowns. (references: Eskrido book, 2004)

Espada y Sword (espada) and dagger (daga) used together. Sometimes also connotes the use of
Daga baton and knife in tandem.

Estokada One stick, two-man training drills.

Flywheel Series of backhand arkos

Garrote Another term for OLISI

Gripping Refers to the way olisi id held by the hand.

Kuntaw (Chinese) “fist way: a system of kung-fu adopted by Filipinos and shared in common with
(alt.Kuntao) Indonesia.

Kurbada Curving strikes such as pronating or supinating strikes.

Labai Cross arm throw

Langka “footwork”

Largo Long distance

Mano y mano “hand to hand” combat

Medio Medium range

Olisi Baston, Cebuano term for stick

Olisi y baraw Is another term for espada y daga or punta y daga

Pangagaw Referring to disarming techniques

Pangamot Is a complete bare-handed defense system. The Cebuano term which wa derived from
the word “kamot”, meaning hand. “Pangamot” calls for the full coordinated and
rhythmic movements of the defender’s hands, arms, body, shoulders, leg and feet mainly
to bring about the opponent’s defeat through disarms as well as throws. (refernce:
Pangamot, the Bare-Handed Defense System)

Pangandam On guard or ready. Handa in Tagalog.

Panukad Stance. Tayo in tagalog.

Plancha Back and forward horizontal strikes to mid-section

Puk-pok or Applying butt strikes

punyo
Punyo “Pommel” of a sword, knife, or baton.

Redonda Continuous drill employing two batons continuously.

Redondo A circular power-strike.

Rompida An upward and downward slash or strike delivered in an X pattern

Salamat A greeting derived from the Muslim “salaam” (or peace) and connoting gratitude.

Saludo Salutation

Serrada Close quarters combat executed at corto (close) range. Also, a style of eskrima,
popularized in U.S by Angel Cabales.

Sikaran Generally, “sticking with legs”.

Sinulog Form or dance, traditionally dedicated to the Infant jesus.

Sirkulo Series of curving strikes such as witik, abanico, media, arko, bartikal, redouble etc.

Slash Also known as cut, a strike normally delivered in descending or ascending directions

Stances Refers to different footwork used in arnis.

Sungkiti Hooking thrust.

Sinawali Lit. “to weave”, connoting the continuous weaving motion that one uses with two
batons, knives, or hands to couple simultaneous strikes and blocks. Also, like redonda or
hubud-lubud, a drill pattern.

Sumbrada An upward, oblique “umbrella” block.

Tapi Parry; deflect

Tapi-tapi-on Series of parries and blocks

 Thrust S strike that used the top end or the tip of the olisi hitting the target

Tigbas Poweful horizontal strike to body or head, apply forehand pr backhand

Tunga-tunga Medium range. Medio in other systems.

Tuyok Spinning movement

Witik Short curving snap strike from the wrist that creates a whip-like motion.

Yukbo Salutation. Saludo in other systems.

ACTIVITY I
Directions: read each item carefully and identify what is being asked. Write your answer on the
space provided.

_______________ 1. Republic Act that establish Arnis as Philippine Martial Arts and National
Sports.

_______________ 2. She signed the law proclaiming Arnis as our national sport.

_______________ 3. A salutation performed in a regular practice session.

_______________ 4. A type of olisi strike also known as cut.

_______________ 5. Also known as sayaw form or karanza.

_______________ 6. Refers to the technique of wresting away the weapon from the
opponent.

_______________ 7. A two-man training drills popular among beginners.

_______________ 8. A type of gripping also known as “full grip”.

_______________ 9. The act of stopping or striking the attacking force.

_______________ 10. A stance wherein the legs spread twice as the width of the shoulder.