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22951A3317 SPM.pdf
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering (IARE)
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Page 3 of 8 - Integrity Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::3618:100851078
Page 4 of 8 - Integrity Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::3618:100851078
Name Charan Yelimela
Sec CSIT-A
Roll No 22951A3317
Sub SPM
1. How does uncertainty impact software cost estimation?
Answer:
Uncertainty leads to inaccurate estimates due to:
• Unclear requirements
• Unpredictable technical challenges
• Changing scope or stakeholder expectations
It often results in:
• Underestimation of budget and timeline
• Risk of rework and project overruns
Solution: Use range-based estimates, historical data, and risk buffers.
2. What are best practices for managing risks in the Waterfall model?
Answer:
• Requirement Freezing Early: Define and document everything clearly before
design starts.
• Risk Assessment at Each Phase: Identify and address risks before moving to
the next phase.
• Contingency Planning: Allocate time/resources for known risk categories.
• Stakeholder Reviews: Regular feedback during phase reviews.
• Proper Documentation: Track dependencies, decisions, and change impact.
3. What are common areas in software development where automation can be
implemented effectively?
Answer:
• Testing: Unit, integration, regression testing using tools like Selenium, JUnit.
1 • Build and Deployment: CI/CD pipelines (e.g., Jenkins, GitHub Actions).
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• Code Analysis: Static code analysis using SonarQube, ESLint.
• Monitoring and Alerts: Automated performance/uptime monitoring.
• Infrastructure: Using IaC tools like Terraform, Ansible.
4. Explain iterative prototyping and its role in modern software development.
Answer:
• Iterative Prototyping involves creating early working models of the product,
testing with users, refining based on feedback.
• Benefits:
o Rapid user feedback
o Reduced development waste
o Early detection of usability flaws
• Role: Used in Agile and UX-centered design to improve product-market fit.
5. Explain architectural views and viewpoints in model-based software
architecture.
Answer:
• Viewpoint: Defines what perspective to look at the system from (e.g., logical,
physical, deployment).
• View: The actual model of the system from that perspective.
Example Viewpoints and Views:
• Logical View – Class diagrams (developers)
• Process View – Concurrency and threads (devops/architects)
• Deployment View – Network, hardware mapping (infra team)
• Use-Case View – User interactions (stakeholders/business)
6. What are engineering artifacts, and how do they document design decisions,
architecture, and technical specifications?
Answer:
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• Engineering artifacts are byproducts of software engineering activities like:
o Design diagrams
o Requirement specs
o Code comments
o API contracts
• Purpose:
o Capture architecture/design decisions
o Help onboarding
o Enable reuse and compliance audits
o Maintain project traceability
7. Describe project portfolio management (PPM) and its importance.
Answer:
• PPM is the centralized management of multiple projects to align them with
strategic goals.
• Importance:
o Prioritizes high-impact projects
o Allocates resources efficiently
o Balances risks and returns
o Improves visibility and decision-making at executive level
8. Explain the evolution of organizations over time, including shift to agile models.
Answer:
• Traditional Organizations:
o Hierarchical, rigid roles
o Centralized decision-making
• Modern/Agile Organizations:
o Flatter structures
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o Cross-functional teams
o Decentralized, autonomous units
• Benefits: Faster innovation, adaptability, employee empowerment
• Examples: Spotify model, SAFe framework
9. Analyze DEI challenges and strategies in software project teams.
Answer:
Challenges:
• Lack of representation
• Implicit bias in hiring/promotion
• Non-inclusive culture
Opportunities:
• Diverse teams → broader perspectives → better solutions
• Inclusive culture → higher retention and morale
Strategies:
• Bias-free hiring (e.g., blind resumes)
• Employee Resource Groups (ERGs)
• Inclusive leadership training
• Celebrating cultural events
• Feedback and reporting channels
10. Evaluate use of Agile frameworks/tools in modern software project
management.
Answer:
Agile Frameworks:
• Scrum – Iteration-based, role-focused (PO, Scrum Master)
• Kanban – Visual workflow, continuous delivery
• SAFe – Scaled agile for large enterprises
Tools:
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• Jira, Trello, Azure DevOps, Git
Strengths:
• Rapid delivery
• Continuous feedback
• Team empowerment
Limitations:
• Scope creep without strong backlog management
• Difficult for fixed-scope projects
• Requires cultural shift
Best Practices:
• Regular retrospectives
• Clear user stories
• Focus on MVP
• Involve stakeholders continuously
Page 8 of 8 - Integrity Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::3618:100851078
