# Load and convert VADeaths dataset
data("VADeaths")
# Convert to data frame
va_df <- as.data.frame(as.table(VADeaths))
colnames(va_df) <- c("AgeGroup", "Group", "DeathRate")
va_df
## AgeGroup Group DeathRate
## 1 50-54 Rural Male 11.7
## 2 55-59 Rural Male 18.1
## 3 60-64 Rural Male 26.9
## 4 65-69 Rural Male 41.0
## 5 70-74 Rural Male 66.0
## 6 50-54 Rural Female 8.7
## 7 55-59 Rural Female 11.7
## 8 60-64 Rural Female 20.3
## 9 65-69 Rural Female 30.9
## 10 70-74 Rural Female 54.3
## 11 50-54 Urban Male 15.4
## 12 55-59 Urban Male 24.3
## 13 60-64 Urban Male 37.0
## 14 65-69 Urban Male 54.6
## 15 70-74 Urban Male 71.1
## 16 50-54 Urban Female 8.4
## 17 55-59 Urban Female 13.6
## 18 60-64 Urban Female 19.3
## 19 65-69 Urban Female 35.1
## 20 70-74 Urban Female 50.0
hist(va_df$DeathRate,
main = "Overall Histogram of Death Rates",
xlab = "Death Rate per 1000",
col = "skyblue",
border = "black")
1
Overall Histogram of Death Rates
6
5
4
Frequency
3
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80
Death Rate per 1000
age_levels <- unique(va_df$AgeGroup)
for (age in age_levels) {
hist(va_df$DeathRate[va_df$AgeGroup == age],
main = paste("Death Rates - Age Group:", age),
xlab = "Death Rate",
col = "lightgreen",
border = "black")
}
2
Death Rates − Age Group: 50−54
2
Frequency
1
0
8 10 12 14 16
Death Rate
3
Death Rates − Age Group: 55−59
2
Frequency
1
0
10 15 20 25
Death Rate
4
Death Rates − Age Group: 60−64
1
Frequency
15 20 25 30 35 40
Death Rate
5
Death Rates − Age Group: 65−69
2
Frequency
1
0
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Death Rate
6
Death Rates − Age Group: 70−74
2
Frequency
1
0
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Death Rate
group_levels <- unique(va_df$Group)
for (grp in group_levels) {
hist(va_df$DeathRate[va_df$Group == grp],
main = paste("Death Rates - Group:", grp),
xlab = "Death Rate",
col = "salmon",
border = "black")
}
7
Death Rates − Group: Rural Male
2
Frequency
1
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Death Rate
8
Death Rates − Group: Rural Female
1
Frequency
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Death Rate
9
Death Rates − Group: Urban Male
1
Frequency
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Death Rate
10
Death Rates − Group: Urban Female
2
Frequency
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Death Rate
# Layout for 2x2 plots
par(mfrow = c(2, 2))
for (grp in group_levels) {
hist(va_df$DeathRate[va_df$Group == grp],
main = paste(grp),
xlab = "Death Rate",
col = "orange",
border = "black")
}
11
2
Rural Male Rural Female
1
Frequency
Frequency
1
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Death Rate Death Rate
Urban Male Urban Female
1
2
Frequency
Frequency
1
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50
Death Rate Death Rate
# Reset layout
par(mfrow = c(1, 1))
# Layout for 3x2 grid (fits 5 plots)
par(mfrow = c(3, 2))
for (age in age_levels) {
hist(va_df$DeathRate[va_df$AgeGroup == age],
main = paste(age),
xlab = "Death Rate",
col = "lightblue",
border = "black")
}
# Reset layout
par(mfrow = c(1, 1))
12
50−54 55−59
Frequency
Frequency
2
2
0
0
8 10 12 14 16 10 15 20 25
Death Rate Death Rate
60−64 65−69
Frequency
Frequency
1
2
0
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Death Rate Death Rate
70−74
Frequency
2
0
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Death Rate
# Combine urban and rural groups
urban_rates <- c(VADeaths[, "Urban Male"], VADeaths[, "Urban Female"])
rural_rates <- c(VADeaths[, "Rural Male"], VADeaths[, "Rural Female"])
# Plot together
par(mfrow = c(1, 2))
hist(rural_rates, main = "Rural Death Rates", xlab = "Rate", col = "lightblue")
hist(urban_rates, main = "Urban Death Rates", xlab = "Rate", col = "lightpink")
13
Rural Death Rates Urban Death Rates
3
3
2
2
Frequency
Frequency
1
1
0
0 20 40 60 0 0 20 40 60 80
Rate Rate
par(mfrow = c(1, 1))
data("airquality")
head(airquality)
## Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
## 1 41 190 7.4 67 5 1
## 2 36 118 8.0 72 5 2
## 3 12 149 12.6 74 5 3
## 4 18 313 11.5 62 5 4
## 5 NA NA 14.3 56 5 5
## 6 28 NA 14.9 66 5 6
hist(airquality$Temp,
main = "Histogram of Daily Maximum Temperature\nLa Guardia Airport (1973)",
xlab = "Temperature (°F)",
col = "skyblue",
border = "black")
14
Histogram of Daily Maximum Temperature
35
30
25 La Guardia Airport (1973)
Frequency
20
15
10
5
0
60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (°F)
15
