API Standards - AGA
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AGA #3
The AGA 3 report and its review from the year 2000 establish the specifications and
installation requirements for measuring Newtonian flows, using
sharp-edged and concentric orifice meters. In addition, the standard provides the
Specifications for the construction and installation of hole plates, measuring tubes
and associated accessories.
This report specifies the symbols that will be used and within the
requirements we will find the tolerance in the true diameters, the
coefficients used in thermal expansion, specifications of the meters and
installation conditions determined by equations for each type of pipe that
all this will be used to have a correct calculation of the gas flow.
AGA #7
Report AGA #7 discusses the measurement of gas with turbine meters and us
provides specifications, these specifications apply to turbine flow meters
of axial flow for natural gas measurement, typically 2 inches and larger diameters,
in which all the gas flows through the rotor of the meter. Typical applications
includes gas measurement in a single phase which can be found in production,
process, transmission, storage, distribution and measurement systems of gas
final use. Typically used in the measurement of fuel grade natural gas and gases.
associated with hydrocarbons or as a mixture of pure hydrocarbons and diluents.
Although it is not part of the scope of this document, turbine meters are
used to measure a wide range of fluids different from natural gas.
This report does not specify the characteristics of the electronic signal generated by
devices inside or attached to the meter, although it does talk about the use of its outputs.
It also does not specify what the mechanical or electrical characteristics of the
instruments that convert the output of the meter from line conditions to the
base conditions. However, within the report, equations are attached that
they establish the basic mathematical foundations for process conversions. Although
the appearance of these equations in this report does not mean that they are exclusive to the
measurement system used, can be used to convert volume recorded by
any type of meter.
It encompasses analysis of both scientific and empirical types, from equation models by
tables to key points to consider in the analysis at first glance and measures of
safety when purging gas in any line.
AGA #9
This report was developed for ultrasonic transit time flowmeters
multi-path used for measuring natural gas. The ultrasonic meters
multiroute has at least two independent pairs of measurement transducers
(acoustic trajectories). Typical applications include measuring gas flow through
production facilities, transmission pipelines, facilities of
storage, distribution systems and large end-use sets of meters
clients.
1.2 Measurement principle
Multi-path ultrasonic meters are inferential meters that
derive the gas flow by measuring the transit times of high sound pulses
frequency. Transit times are measured by the transmitted sound pulses and
received between pairs of transducers placed in or on the pipe. Transmitted pulses
downstream with the gas flow are accelerated by the flow and the transmitted pulses
upstream against the gas flow along the identical acoustic route slows down. The
difference in these transit times along the acoustic routes is related
with the average flow velocity of the gas. The numerical calculation techniques are then
it is used to calculate the average axial gas flow velocity and the flow rate of
gas volume in the line.
Conditions through the meter
The accuracy of an ultrasonic gas meter depends on several factors, such as:
• Exact measurements of the body dimensions of the meter and locations of the transducer
ultrasonic
The inherent speed integration technique in the design of the gauge
The shape of the velocity profile in the meter
Pulsation levels that may exist in the flowing gas stream
The accuracy of transit time measurements
Flow calibrations.
The accuracy of the transit time measurement depends on:
The precision and stability of the electronic clock
Accurate and consistent detection of pulse transmission and reception times
sound
Adequate compensation for signal delays of electronic components and
transducers
Dimensional integrity of the meter body.
The accuracy of the ultrasonic meter (UM) depends on these characterizations.
fundamentals and their continued integrity over time These dependencies of precision
they can be negatively influenced by the operational degradation of the UM to the
over time (for example, accumulation of dirt on the internal surfaces of
meter, derived from electronics, etc.
ISA 5.3
The purpose of this standard is to document the instruments formed by computers.
programmable controllers, mini computers, and microprocessor systems that
they have shared control, shared visualization, and other features of
interface.
The symbols represent the interface with the previous equipment of the instrumentation.
of the field, of the instrumentation in the control room and of other types of hardware. The
The size of the symbols must comply with the ISA-S5.1 standard, which it complements.
When systems include components identified as computers, different
of an integral processor that excites the various functions of a control system
distributed.
The computer component can be integrated into the system via the data network, or
it can be an isolated computer.
Conventional registrars, such as band graph ones, will be displayed to
agreement with ISA-S5.1-84.
In the assignable registrars, use the symbol of paragraph 1. Normally accessible.
to the operator-indicator/controller/recorder or alarm point.
Long-term bulk storage of a process variable by means of
digital memories such as tape, disk, etc., must be represented according to the
symbols of distributed/shared control visualization or computer symbols
from this standard, depending on the location of the device.
The identification codes of this standard must comply with ISA-S5.1 with the
following additions:
Software alarms
Software alarms can be identified by placing designation letters of the
Table 1.1 of ISA-S5.1-84 in the input or output signal lines of the
controllers, or another specific component integral to the system. See the section
"Alarms" that appears later.
Contiguity of symbols
Two or more symbols can be combined to express the following meanings, in addition to
those shown in ISA-S5.1:
1. Communication between associated instruments, for example, connection threads,
internal networks of the system, reservation.
2. Integrated instruments with multiple functions, for example, data logger.
multipoint, control valve with built-in controller.
The application of contiguous symbols is a user option. If its application is not
absolutely clear, contiguous symbols should not be used.
ISA 5.1
The ISA 5.1 standard 'Instrument Symbols and Identification' is the most standard
used to represent P&ID diagrams.
Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams, according to their English initials P&ID,
and Instrument Diagram” are the foundational documents of any industrial project. In
These diagrams show the following information at a minimum:
Plant equipment
The pipes that interconnect the equipment
The instrumentation that controls the plant
The diagrams, as they go through the different stages of a project, are
they are being filled in with increasingly detailed information, which ultimately allows
reflect the operation and main characteristics of the plant. For the engineer
It is essential to know how to design and interpret these diagrams, as control of
the plant is reflected in them.
The diagrams shown by this standard indicate to us the way in which it
they represent the different process lines and control instruments up to bodies of
valves, accumulators, and computers both in operation control panels up to
field assembly samples.
Also shows the nomenclature of the different types of instruments used
in the industry and how they relate to each other.
API MPMS 5.6
The American Petroleum Institute published
recently chapter 5.6, Measurement of liquid hydrocarbons by means of
Coriolis meters (Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Coriolis Meters), which is
and is now an official standard and is part of the Measurement Standards Manual
Petroleum (Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards - MPMS). Chapter 5.6
suspend the two drafts of previous standards that covered the products of
Coriolis custody transfer of petroleum products and crude oil.
Chapter 5.6 of the API, Measurement of liquid hydrocarbons by means of meters
Coriolis (Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Coriolis Meters) covers the products
of crude oil, hydrocarbons, and 'dense phase' liquids such as LPG, NGL and
the LNG. This standard consists of the following:
Installation and operation recommendations
Testing procedures
Test report forms
The technology for its development also offers compensated flow determination for
temperature and average density, which provides additional information for
determine the quality and quantity of oil in custody transfers. Others
the benefits of this technology consist of:
Clean signals, without interference, stable, that can measure multiple variables
for better measurement and consistency of processes
Integrated intelligent diagnostic system to identify and resolve
problems with ease and to maximize effective operating time
A response 2 to 4 times faster than that of analog devices, it
which improves repeatability during testing
Options for integral or remote mounting with standard four signal cable
drivers to save money
