Exercise Assignment 1
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ScribdTranslationsExercise Assignment 1
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ScribdTranslationsELECTRICITY: TD No.
A - APPLICATIONS OF THE COURSE
1°) Give the complex impedance of a series RLC circuit. Deduce the magnitude and the argument of this.
complex impedance. Represent this impedance in a Fresnel diagram for a phase shift of π/6.
For which value of ω is the argument of the impedance zero? What is the name of this particular frequency?
Reply: Z(jω)=R+j(Lω-1/Cω)⇒ Z(ω)=√(R²+(Lω-1/Cω)² and arg[Z(jω)]=arctan[(Lω-1/Cω)/R] which is zero for ω=ω0Eigenfrequency of the circuit = 1/√(LC)
2°) The model of a capacitor at low and medium frequencies (up to approximately 10kHz for the
electrochemical capacitors) is the parallel combination of their capacitance and their isolation resistance R.
Determine the complex admittance Y = G + jB and its loss angle δ such that tanδ = G / B. Represent this angle.
in a Fresnel diagram.
Reply: Y = 1/R + jCω⇒ tanδ=1/RCω hence δ=π/2 - where is the argument of Y.
3°) Let it be the Robinson bridge, meaning a Wheatstone bridge formed of four impedances such that the
equilibrium condition be Z1Z3=Z2Z4where Z1=R1, Z2=R2, Z3(R//C) and Z4R and C in series.
Determine the conditions on ω and on the values of the components for the equilibrium condition to be satisfied.
completed.
Reply: R1=2R2etω=1/RC
A private individual uses an induction-type motor that can be modeled as a resistance in
series with an inductance (R+jX) as well as a heating device, assumed to be purely resistive (R'). The voltage
The effective power supply is 220V, at a frequency of 50Hz. The effective current supplied is 8A.
for the motor alone, 9A for heating alone, and 15A for the whole.
a) Give the complex impedance of the motor.
b) Is the sum of the effective values of the two consumed currents equal to the amplitude of the current?
global? Explain (vectorially represent the intensities).
Reply: a) Using the current divider formula, we obtain: R = [Z²(1-a²)/a² - R'²]/2R' = 15.3Ω and X = √(Z² - R²) = 22.8Ω where a = i1/i
b) In vector form, we verify the law of nodes, with (i2/ii)=-56°et (i/i 1-26°.
5°) Calculate the effective value of the signals below:
a) A symmetrical square wave such that for 0 < t < T/2 we have 3(t)=u u mand for T/2 < t < T we have3(t) = -um.
b) For impulses such that 0<t<αT we have u4(t)=umand for αT < t < T, we have4(t)=0.
c) A symmetrical triangular signal such as:
Reply: a) U3=um b) U4=√α.um c) U5=um/√3
B - DIRECTED WORKS
I - Voltage divider without filtering effect
A voltage divider without filtering effect (that is to say, independent of frequency) is created using
two impedances Z1and Z2of the same structure. The impedance Z2being imposed ( C2and R2in parallel) calculate R1and
C1for the attenuation ratio to be constant and equal to k<1.
Reply: R1=(1-k)R2/k and C1=C2k/(1-k).
II – Series RLC Circuit - Voltage Diagram
A series RLC circuit is powered by a voltage source e(t)=E.0cosωt, of negligible resistance, of
pulsation ω variable. In steady state, the voltage u(t) across the capacitor is of the form
u(t)=U0cos(ωt+ )
1°) Express the voltage gain G=U0/E0and the phase shift as a function of Q and x=ω/ω0
2°) Demonstrate that for Q > 1/√2 there is a value ω.0What makes the maximum gain? Express it.0in
functionω0and Q. Give the general shape of G(ω) and (ω)
Q
response: 1°) u(t)=e/[(1-LCω²)+jRCω]⇒ G= et = Arctan[1/Q(x-1/x)] 2°) If Q > 1/√2 then ω0’=ω0√(1 - 1/2Q)2)
Q²(1−x²)²+x²
L.PIETRI – Linear circuits in forced sinusoidal regime - Lycée Henri Loritz – PCSI 2
III – Impedance Adapter
To transmit maximum power from the generator (em,Rgto the use of Rudifferent from Rg, on
interpose an LC quadripole between the generator and the use.
1°) Show that the 'left' structure allows for the desired impedance adaptation when Ru> Rg.
Calculate L & C as a function of Ru, Rg, in order to achieve a maximum transfer of energy.
2°) Show that the 'straight' structure allows the desired impedance adaptation when RgRu.
Calculate L & C as a function of Ru, Rgin order to achieve a maximum transfer of energy.
Rep: 1°) L=Ru/ω.√(Rg/Ru-Rg) and C=1/[ω√(Rg(Ru-Rg))] 2°) L=Rg/ω.√(Ru/Rg-Ruand C=1/[ω√(Ru(Rg-Ru))]
C - ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
I – Parallel RLC Circuit - Surge Factor
We consider the circuit below. We will denote by ILIC
and the effective currents respectively in the coil, the
capacitor, and the main circuit.
1°) Determine the overintensity factors: QLIL/I, Qc=ICIn a
function of R, L, C, and ω.
2°) Calculate as a function of R, L, and C, the respective pulsations
ωL,ωCfor which the Q factorsLthen Qcare maximums.
Calculate the maximum value of the Q factorsLand QC, and the condition
of the existence of these maxima.
3°) Determine the simple relationship linking ωL,ωCand the pulsation ω0of resonance for which the circuit is equivalent to
a pure resistance.
4°) Determine, in terms of L & C, the minimum resistance Rmfor which there is overcurrent for ω=ω0
5°) Plot the graphs QL(ω) and QC(ω).
Reply: 1°) QL=1/√[(1-LCω²)²+L²ω²/R²] and Qc=LCω²/√[(1-LCω²)²+L²ω²/R²] 2°) ωL²=(2R²C-L)/2R²LC² and ω c²=2R²/L(2R²C-L), for R>√(L/2C) we have
QL(ωL)=2R²C/√(L(4R²C-L) and Qc(ωc= QL(ωL) 3°)ωLωC=ω0² 4°) for ω=ω0: QL=Qc=R√(C/L)⇒ there is overcurrent if R > √(L/C) ...
II - RC Phase Shifter
In the circuit shown, the resistors R are coupled in such a way as to always remain
equal. 1°) The input voltage u1(t) being sinusoidal, determine the output voltage u2(t)
when the exit is open that is to say i2(t)=0.
2°) Explain the term phase shifter for this circuit.
Reply: 1°) u2/u1=(1-jRCω)/(1+jRCω) It is called a phase shifter because it has a constant gain but causes a phase shift.
III – Iterative impedance
1°) We consider the following circuit. We place a complex impedance equal to Z at the output.0Show that,
under certain conditions, the equivalent impedance seen at the input of the
filter can be equal to Z0When this impedance is chosen, it
is called iterative impedance.
2°) Express the equivalent impedance at the input if we align n
identical cells and if the last cell is charged by the impedance
iterative.
3°) Express the iterative complex impedance, if Z1and Z2are
the impedance of an ideal coil of self-inductance L/2 and if Z 3is
the impedance of a capacitor with capacitance C. Show that there exists a
Critical pulsation below which the iterative impedance is purely resistive. What happens to the iterative impedance?
if the frequency is above this critical frequency.
Reply: 1°) Z0must be a solution of a second degree polynomial. 2°) Ztot=Z03°) If ω<ωc=2/√(LC) then Z0=±√(L/C-L²ω0/4) and2 if ω > ωcso
Z0±=±j√(-L/C+L²ω02/4)
L.PIETRI - Linear circuits in forced sinusoidal regime - Lycée Henri Loritz - PCSI 2
IV - Study of a plug circuit
A choke circuit consists of a coil (L,r) mounted in parallel on a
capacitor C. The circuit, tuned to f0=1MHz (resonant frequency) with a factor of
quality Q=200, is subjected to voltage by a generator of effective emf E=10mV.
The DC impedance of the circuit is r=2Ω. Determine:
1°) the value of the inductance L of the coil and that of the capacitance C of the capacitor.
2°) the impedance Z0= Z(ω0of this resonant circuit.
3°) the effective value, at resonance, of the intensities ILand ICin the two branches of
circuit as well as that of the current I supplied by the generator.
4°) the ratio Z (ω)/Z(ω0) for ω-ω 0/ω 01 and show that he expresses himself simply in
function of Q and ∆ω/ω0=(ω-ω0)/ω0.
Rep: 1°) L = rQ/ω063.7µH 2°) Z0rQ²=80kΩ3°) ILE/rQ=25µA, IcE/rQ=25µA and I=E/rQ²=125nA hence IL=IC=QI.
4°) For ω-ω0/ω01, Z(ω)/Z(ω0)=1/(1+2jQ∆ω/ω0).
V – Nernst, Maxwell and Sauty Bridge
Consider a Wheatstone bridge powered by an alternating voltage with a frequency f=ω/2π.
1°) Establish the relationship between Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4who translates the equilibrium condition of the bridge.
2°) Nernst Bridge: measurement of a frequency
The impedance Z1is made up of a capacity C1in series with a resistance R1, Z2is
made of C2in parallel with R2and Z3=R3,Z4=R4.
a) Show that the equilibrium of the bridge is achieved for a single value of ω: ω0
that will be expressed in terms of R1, R2, C1& C2.
b) We choose R1=R2R & C1=C2C. Show that this bridge allows measuring the
frequency f of the alternating voltage.
3°) Maxwell Bridge: Measurement of an inductance.
Z1=(L1,R1), Z2=R2, Z3=C3in parallel with R3& Z4=R4
Determine the resistance R1and the inductance L1depending on R2, R3, R4& C3à
the balance.
4°) Sauty Bridge: Measurement of a capacity. (See the diagram)
Determine the capacity C1& the leakage resistance Rf1of the capacitor as a function of R2, R3, R4& C4at equilibrium.
Re: 1°) Z1Z3=Z2Z42°)a) R4/R3=R1/R2+C2/C1etω0=1/√(R1R2C1C2) b) R4=2R3etω0=1/RC 3°) R1=R2R4/R3and L1=R2R4C3
4°) Rf1=R2R4/R3and C1=R3C4/R2
VI – Method of the three voltmeters
This method allows to calculate the power consumed
by a dipole, provided that three voltmeters measuring are available
effective values and a known resistance.
1°) Show that, using the following setup, one can know
the power dissipated in the dipole.
2°) If the three voltmeters have the same uncertainty ∆U,
What is the corresponding uncertainty on the power.
Rep: 1°)P=(U²-U1²-U2²)/2R 2°) ∆P=(U+U 1+U2)∆U/R (the uncertainties add up which is why the plus signs)
VII - Power factor correction
Let's consider a network of impedances: Z(ω)=R(ω)+jX(ω) with an inductive nature: X(ω)>0. We wish to raise.
the power factor of this network, that is to say giving cos a value equal to unity without energy expenditure.
1°) Calculate, as a function of R(ω), X(ω) and ω, the capacity C1to be placed in parallel on the network so that its
power factor becomes equal to 1.
2°) What capacity C2Should it have been placed in series on the network to achieve the same result?
3°) What capacitance C should be used to correct the power factor of a motor with a power of P=10kW?
and with a power factor cos = 0.7 is supplied under a voltage of U = 220V.
Reply: 1°) C1=X(ω)/Z²(ω)ω 2°) C2=1/ωX(ω) 3°)C=Ptan /U²ω=670µF
L.PIETRI - Linear circuits in forced sinusoidal regime - Henri Loritz High School - PCSI 2
