CONTROL SYSTEMS:

Automatic controls or control systems constitute a very important part

in modern industrial processes, where they are mainly used to regulate
variables such as pressure, temperature, level, flow, viscosity, density, etc.

A definition of a control system can be:

It is an arrangement of physical components connected in such a way that the arrangement can
to command, direct or regulate oneself or another system.

OPEN LOOP SYSTEM:

It is said that a system or plant is open loop when the inputs are not affected.
or modified by the values in the plant outputs.

Entrance Plant. Equipment or Departure

process

Open loop control system

An example of this type of control system can be a water heater that

we use daily in our homes. Let's take an electric heater. When it
we connect to the electrical grid and turn it on, when we open the water valve,
this begins to pass through an electric resistor which heats up
gradually the water. The temperature of the water (one of the outputs we wish to control)
it will depend on the quantity and temperature of the water (two of the inputs). If we do not
we increase the power of the electric energy or the opening of the water valve
the output will not change. Thus, the water can come out hotter or colder, but in no way
At the moment, the inputs will change depending on the output temperature.

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CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM:

They are defined as those in which there is a feedback of the output signal, or
in other words, those in which the output signal affects the action of
control. In some cases, the controlled signal and the reference signal are not of the
same nature, for example, the controlled signal can be a speed, and the signal of
reference a voltage.

Entry Plant. Equipment Exit

the process

Feedback
on
Loop control system
closed

Now well, if we place a temperature sensor inside the water tank

we will know the water temperature at the output. We can install a device that
in charge of turning the heater on and off if the water is within a range of
temperature. For example; if we want water at 32º Celsius, we can set a range of
On and off at 4 degrees, therefore if the water is below 30º it turns on.
the heater and when it reaches above 34º it turns off. With this simple On/Off control.
one of the system's inputs will be modified depending on the value of the output. The
the entry has changed, there is no longer an on and off signal, but it is a signal of
reference that has the same physical value as the controlled output. Observe in the

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water heater simulation that if I change the reference, the system output will try to
follow the entry. This type of control system is said to be feedback.

PROCESS: is any operation to be controlled. Examples: biological processes,

chemical and economic.

PLANT: a plant is a system composed of machines and elements with the sole
purpose of delivering a final product. It is a set of elements that we wish
to control.

CONTROLLED VARIABLE: it is one that is maintained in a specific condition

Desired is what we want to control. They are variables that we want to control, whether it is
trying to keep them constant (Regulatory Control) or trying to follow some
desired trajectory (Servocontrol), examples of this can be, flows, compositions,
temperatures, pressure, level, etc.

MANIPULATED VARIABLE: it is the signal on which action is taken or modified in order to

keep the controlled variable at its value. This changes continuously to make the
controlled variable returns to the desired value.

It can also be said that they are variables that we can change or move to
ensure that the controlled variable presents the desired value.

TRANSFER FUNCTION:

It is amathematical modelthat through a quotient relates the answer of a

system (modeled) with asignalof input or excitation (also modeled). In the theory
In control, transfer functions are often used to characterize relationships.

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of input and output of components or systems that are described by equations
linear and time-invariant differentials.

It is formally defined as: The transfer function of a linear system e

time-invariant (LTI), is defined as the ratio between the Laplace transform
from the output and the Laplace transform of the input, under the assumption that the
initial conditions are null.

By definition, a transfer function can be determined according to the expression:

Y( s)
H ( s )=
X ( s)

Where H(s) is the transfer function (also noted as G(s)); Y(s) is

theLaplace transformfrom the answer yX (s) is theLaplace transformof the signal
as an appetizer.

The transfer function can also be considered as the response of a system.

initially inert to aimpulseas input signal:

{ =} e−st∫
H ( s )=Lh(t) h (translatedText
) dt
0

The output or frequency response of the system is obtained from:

Y ( s )=H ( s ) X (s )

And the response as a function of time is found with theLaplace transforminverse

deY(s):

( )t=L
and
−1
[ Y() ]

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 Any physical system (mechanical, electrical, etc.) can be translated into a series of
mathematical values through which the behavior of these systems is understood
against concrete values.

LAPLACE TRANSFORM:

The Laplace transform is a type ofintegral transformfrequently used

for the solution of ordinary differential equations. The Laplace transform of
onefunctionf(t) defined (indifferential equations, in mathematical analysis or inanalysis
functional) for everyonepositive numberst ≥ 0, is the function F(s), defined by:

∞
F ( )=L {f(t) =} e∫ −st
f ( t ) dt
0

As long as the integral is defined. When f(t) is not a function, but

adistributionwith a singularity at 0, the definition is

∞
F ( s )=L {f(t) =lime
} ∫
−st
ε→0 0
f ( t ) dt

When one talks about the Laplace transform, it generally refers to the version
unilateral. There is also the bilateral Laplace transform, which is defined as follows:

∫
F B ( s )=L {f(t) =} e−st f ( t ) dt
−∞

The Laplace transform F(s) typically exists for all real numbers s > a.
where is a constant that depends on the growth behavior def(t).

EXAMPLE OF OPEN LOOP AND CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM:

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An example of an open-loop system is:

1. The traffic light: The entry signal is the time assigned to each light (red, yellow and
green) of each of the streets. The system changes the lights according to the time
indicated, regardless of whether the amount of traffic varies on the streets.
2. Lighter: a simple element like the lighter works as a system, since
is basically constituted by a grooved wheel, a stone, a container that
it contains the liquefied gas, a valve to regulate its output; none of
These parts can achieve the goal on their own: to produce fire; but if all
they work properly together, it is an open-loop system since it does not
It matters if the fire heats the material to be heated properly.
3. Amplifier: When we vary the volume potentiometer, it changes the
amount of power that the speaker delivers, but the system does not know if it has
produced the variation we desire or not.

An example of a closed-loop system is:

1. Air conditioning unit: it is one, as it has a sensor that permanently-

It records the ambient temperature and with a comparator, which determines whether the
the temperature is the desired one. If it needs to be corrected, the comparator gives the signal to

that this happens.

2. Greenhouse lighting system: as the light increases or
It will open or close the roof while keeping the light level constant.
3. Cooling system: a cooling system where one enters some
product and the refrigerator levels the temperature, if you put something hot inside the
refrigerator will have to produce more cold until it reaches the temperature at which it
wants to have the product.
4. Temperature control: measuring the actual temperature and comparing it with the
reference temperature (the desired temperature), the thermostat activates or deactivates
the heating or cooling system to ensure that the temperature, of the
the room is kept at a comfortable level regardless of external conditions.

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 CONCLUSION

A control system is a set of devices responsible for managing,

to sort, direct, or regulate the behavior of another system in order to reduce the
failure probabilities and achieve the desired results. Typically, systems are used
industrial control in industrial production processes to control equipment or
machines.

There are two common types of control systems, open-loop systems and systems.
of closed loop. In open loop control systems are those in which the
the output variable or controlled variable has no effect on the control action or variable
of control; while in closed-loop systems are those in which the signal of
system output or controlled variable if it has a direct effect on the control action or
control variable.

As seen in the examples, open-loop and closed-loop systems are common.

in the everyday life of society. The transfer function and the transform of
Laplace has mathematical models that help engineers understand much better the
the internal functioning of these systems and how it affects human life.

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 ELECTRONIC REFERENCES

Examples of open loop and closed loop systems. [Online web page] available at:
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%20controlsystems_files/[Link] Consulted: 02-04-2016.

García, Javier. Control systems - open loop - closed loop. [Online document]
available Unable to access the content of the link provided.
_open_loop_-_closed_loop. Consulted: 02-04-2016.

Simón Bolívar University. Control Systems. [Online web page] available at:
[Link]
Consulted: 02-04-2016.

Controlled variables y manipulated. [Online document] available at:

[Link]
%20control/CHAPTER_1.pdf Consulted: 02-04-2016.

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