Stone Masonry
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ScribdTranslationsStone Masonry
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ScribdTranslationsSTONE MASONRY
Definition of Stone Masonry:
It is classified according to the type of stone used and the system of its placement in the building.
Unworked stone is placed in the work as it comes from the quarry; the small stone shows its
borders, seats, and crudely worked joints, with more or less exact straight edges and
relatively flat faces. It is called seating when it is carved with exact geometric shapes and
they refine more or less their outer faces by different methods according to the
architect's requirements. Its placement in the work can be continuous, that is, in rows of
determined thickness and continuous horizontal joints; or else discontinuous, with joints
horizontal also online, but not consecutively; or, finally, simply taking care of
adjust the stones where they fit. All this can be applied the same to masonry.
It is called masonry work when rubble stone is used as a starting point.
quarry stone, without shaping it geometrically; this stone is usually placed without any order,
Although sometimes, with the help of the mortar, horizontal courses are attempted to be made to appear.
engineering works, such as pavement of drains and low formwork, are placed
in dry it to say, sine mortar.
The strength of stone masonry mainly depends on the type of stone.
used, from the perfection of its workmanship and its placement in the work. Its weak point lies in the
joint mortar, which portal reason must be sought to make them as minimized as possible
Possible: first quality works, from 3 to 5 mm, and up to 13 in the lower class ones.
In the masonry of rough stone, larger amounts of mortar are allowed: up to 1/6 of the
total volume. The stone masonry work can safely withstand the
next loads, according to the types: rough masonry, from 10 to 14 kg/cm2; stone block, from 14 to 19;
cut limestone, of 19 a 25; ashlar granite, of 25 a 28.
STONE MASONRY
Masonry is called the traditional construction system that consists of erecting walls and
parameters, for various purposes, through the manual placement of the elements or the
materials that compose them (called masonry units) such as stone.
This system allows for a reduction in the waste of the materials used and generates
load-bearing facades; it is suitable for large height constructions. The majority of the
construction is structural.
The arrangement and bonding given to the materials used in the walls is called masonry.
Currently, mortar or cement mixture is generally used to join the pieces.
and sand with the addition of a suitable amount of water.
In the past, clay was also used, to which other natural elements were added.
like straw, and in some rural areas cow and horse manure.
In some cases, it is advisable to build the wall without using mortar, referred to as
resulting walls like 'dry walls' or 'dry stone walls'. This type of wall construction is
topic of traditional rural constructions, for example, in the Alpujarra of Granada
region of Andalusia in Spain.
When the element that makes up the wall is a stone block, the resulting structure is called
bone masonry, where the stones are placed dry without any material interposed between them
them.
NO BEARING
It is one whose main function is to form walls that serve to divide spaces, without
to have an express or tacit function of supporting roofs or upper levels. This type of
Masonry forms the partitions or facades in buildings with load-bearing systems.
concrete, steel or even wood ports.
IMPORTANT
The load-bearing masonry additionally imposes a the stated characteristics
previously, according to the type of exposure, the need for a superior resistance in
the elements, sufficient to support the loads that it must bear, or that have a
resistance is designed the structure for it. This regarding the units, but as
set, the participation of the reinforcement appears, which has given it the dimension it has.
masonry today, within structural systems.
TYPES OF MASONRY
Over time, various types of masonry have developed. Some of the most
employees are:
Ordinary masonry. It uses mortar in construction to fix.
the elements and fill the gaps that remain between them. The stones, bricks
and other materials must be organized in such a way that the spaces to be filled with the
the mixture of cement or lime should be minimal. The masonry prevents waste and ensures
the clean appearance.
Dry masonry. Built with stones or bricks, it does not use mortar.
place employs carefully chosen masonry to ensure stability. The
empty spaces are filled with rubble, small stones that fit perfectly in
the orifices.
Masonry concerted. It uses shaped stones on its joint faces. The
materials are arranged polygonally, one face against the other or together, in such a way that
viewed from above provide a regular appearance. When the construction is of a
thicker than the masonry, the visible ones are placed first on the wall by
both sides. Then the filling masonry, with rubble if necessary. In walls
very wide, narrow equipment, keys or wall ties must be used to give
joint assembly.
Squared masonry. In this type of masonry, the stones or bricks are
carved on the face that is exposed to the outside, which must be neat. But no more.
they need to be of a unique size or shape. The empty spaces inside the
Parapets can be filled with other rubble or debris.
Confined masonry. It consists of brick constructions fixed with mortar.
in column form and reinforced from the ground with beams and concrete. They support the
weight of walls and ceiling, including other constructions made above. Also the
wind blows.
Structural masonry. It is the method used in the construction of houses and
buildings. It features vertical walls achieved with the help of cement mortars and
reinforced inside with metal bars. It is characterized by being large
resistance. There is also a reinforced structural masonry, to which is attached
the pieces, ideal for protecting buildings from natural disasters.
Decorative masonry. It is used for the beautification of walls.
interiors and exteriors, streets and avenues, plazas and other public places. It uses stones
regular, generally polished and with a touch of varnish. Adds to the structures
beauty and warmth.
TYPES OF MASONRYWALLS
The masonry walls are very diverse. Below, the most are explained.
defendants:
Load-bearing support walls. Built both indoors and outdoors, they direct
the weight from the roof to the base or foundation. They can be made of stones,
bricks or concrete blocks. Their thickness is relative to the weight to be supported.
Reinforced walls. They withstand tensile forces and heavy compression loads.
Remaining intact in the face of heavy rains and winds, avoiding cracks and failures.
product of the pressure of the earth. The reinforcement is done at horizontal intervals and
Verticals, which will depend on the structural conditions and the loads on the walls.
Hollow walls. The cavity inside the wall prevents agents like the
moisture or heat penetrates into the building. If the water exceeds the outer face of the wall,
runs through the cavity to the ground and drains outside of it. Sometimes the cavities
the block is coated with paints or waterproof additives to reinforce the
liberating action of water.
Composite walls. Made of stones and bricks, or bricks and hollow blocks,
they reduce costs without neglecting the appearance and quality of the work. They connect
using steel ties or through the joints in horizontal reinforcements.
Post-tensioned walls. They are masonry walls structured to resist forces.
seismic activity and strong winds. They require a good foundation and the installation of
vertical post-tensioning bars that pass through partition walls or concrete blocks and
they stretch at the top of the wall.
