Designing of Management
Control Systems
Lecture 02
Kanchan Damithendra
Designing of MCS
• What the organization wants from each employee individually?
(CEO to floor level)
Key Steps-
1) Setting performance standards
2) Measure & compare results (Actual/Planned)
3) Evaluate results (Feedback/coach)
4) Take actions (corrective/preventive)
Designing of MCS
Factors to be considered
External Environment
• Suppliers
• Customers
• Government
Technology
• IT infrastructure
• Information systems used
• Technical competency
• Knowledge of the people
Organizational Structure
• Functional, divisional & matrix
• Centralized/Decentralized
• Entrepreneurial/corporate
Organizational Size
Organizational Strategy
Culture
Culture becomes an important asset of an organization when it is
properly imbibed in an organization
Conversely, it is a liability when it adapts poorly to the environmental
needs of the organization
In an organization when the goals and values are shared by the
individual members, problems are minimized and a sense of group
loyalty prevails
Cultural Differences..
Corporate Culture
IBM’s Strategy:
• Respect for the individual
• Customer service
• Dedication to work towards excellence
• Decentralized business
• Total quality management
• Empowerment of people
Corporate Culture
[Link]
Hoftsede’s Cultural Dimensions
• Describes the effects of a society's culture on the values of its
members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure
derived from factor analysis
Factors…
Important!
• The process of establishing controls should be seen as a constructive exercise that will help in
enhancing the performance of the employees.
• The standards set should be challenging, but at the same time, attainable.
• The objectives should be measurable to enable evaluation of performance.
• Controls should focus on the objectives and key results of an activity.
• There should be a restricted number of objectives.
• There should not be too much focus on easily measurable factors and short-run variables. Attention
should be paid to all the important variables in a balanced fashion.
• Responsibility for results should rest with a single individual to avoid duplication of work.
Revenue Centre
• Primarily responsible for generating sales revenue
• Manager does not possess control over cost/investment in assets
• Acquires finished goods and responsible for selling them
• No control over pricing but responsible for volumes/variances
• Performance is evaluated by actual revenue VS budgeted revenue,
and actual marketing expenses VS budgeted marketing expenses
e.g- Marketing Department, Sales representatives
Consider the activities of an automobile service
station owned by a large automobile company:
The service center manager has no control over the cost of items such as fuel, depreciation on the building, power and heating,
supplies, and salary rates.
The service manager also has no control over the wages paid to employees—the head office staff controls them, and the central
marketing staff controls all product pricing and promotional activities.
The manager has a minor influence, through scheduling and staffing decisions, on total labor costs—level of the repair activities
determine all other costs.
The major controllable item in this service station is customer service, which distinguishes its repair services from those offered in
similar outlets and helps to determine the service station’s sales levels.
Cost Centres
• Widely used form of responsibility centres
• Responsible for cost but not for revenues
• E.g?
There are two types of cost centres
Engineered expense centre
Discretionary expense centre
Engineered Cost Centre
• Engineered costs are for which the ‘right’ or ‘proper’ amount can be estimated with
reasonable reliability’
• Inputs can be measured in monetary terms
• I/O relationship is known
• The optimum amount of input required to produce one unit of output can be determined
• Usually found in manufacturing operations, warehousing, distributions
Discretionary Cost Centre
• Discretionary costs (managed costs) for which no such engineered estimate is feasible.
• The costs incurred depend on the management’s judgment as to the appropriate amount under the circumstances.
E.g. number of staff members
• Management’s view about the proper level of costs is subject to change with change in management.
• Includes administrative and support units like accounting, legal, PR, HR, R&D, operations
• The output cant be measured in monetary terms
• The difference between budget and actual expense is not a measure of efficiency rather, it is simply the difference
between the budgeted input and the actual input and does not incorporate the value of the output
Profit Centres
• Performance is measured in terms of the numerical difference between revenues (outputs) and expenditure (inputs)
• It is involved in the manufacture and sale of outputs, and it measures how well the center is doing economically.
• The profit center also determines the efficiency of the manager in charge of the center.
• Helps in motivating managers to perform well in areas they control and also encourages managers to take initiatives
• The profit center helps the organization to make the best use of specialized market knowledge of the divisional managers,
and entrusts the local managers the responsibility of tradeoffs
Profitability Measures
Investment Centres
• Has control over sales revenues and operating costs, and the assets used to generate profit
• An investment unit manager must be in a position to influence the size of the investment and
profit variables
• An investment center is a measure of economic performance, and it analyzes all elements of
profit and investment
• The objective of this center is to maximize profit, given the amount of investment required to
generate the profit
Transfer Pricing
• The price at which divisions of a company transact with each other
• Transactions may include the trade of supplies or labor between departments
• Transfer prices are used when individual entities of a larger multi-entity firm are
treated and measured as separately run entities
(Investopedia)
Transfer Pricing
Decentralized Organizations
What is it?
• Senior management has shifted the authority for some types of
decision making to lower levels in the organization
• This usually means that the manager of a cost center, profit center, or
investment center has the authority to make decisions that impact his
or her area of responsibility
Appropriateness…
• Where a strong level of individualized customer service is needed, usually at the point of contact with
customers
• Where there are many store locations, so that senior management cannot reasonably monitor or make
decisions for all locations
• Where there is considerable competition, so that a myriad of decisions must be made to respond to
competitor actions
• Where innovations change the business model constantly, so that no centralized control is possible
Advantages & Disadvantages
