SIES College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Autonomous),

Sion (W), Mumbai – 400 022.

Department of Information Technology
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Miss. Riya Ashok Karmakar

of MSc [Information Technology] Semester I, Seat No. FMIT2223008 has successfully completed
the practical for the subject of Research Methodology as a partial fulfillment of the degree M. Sc
(IT) during the academic year 2022-23.

Faculty-in-Charge

Sudha Bhagavatheeswaran

Course Coordinator Date: Examiner

Sudha Bhagavatheeswaran Sudha Bhagavatheeswaran

 INDEX

Sr. No Name of the Practical

1 Defining research problem

2 Literature Review using search tools like google scholar

3 Research design

4 Sampling Design

5 Usage of measurement and scaling techniques

Testing of Hypothesis
6
Implement data analysis techniques
7

8 Writing references

ANNEXURES (attached as pdf files in the assignment in MS teams)

i) Research papers – Literature survey

ii) Questionnaire - Question (Google Forms) and Responses (excel sheet)

 Practical 1:- Defining a research problem

• Problem definition - process of defining and developing a decision statement and the steps
involved in translating it into more precise research terminology, including a set of research
objectives.
• A decision statement is a written expression of the key question(s) that a research user
wishes to answer.

Writing Managerial Decision Statements and Corresponding Research Objectives

Decision Statement - Impact on Education before and during the pandemic.

Research Objective - To check whether the youth wants online or offline education and to
check whether the education was better before pandemic or during pandemic.

Research Questions – In which mode of learning students are directed easily and directly,
which mode of learning tools helps in saving time while studying, etc.

Research Hypotheses -
H1(Null Hypothesis) – Students prefer offline education over online education.
H2(Alternative Hypothesis) - Students prefer online education over offline education.
 Practical 2:- Literature Review using search tools like google
scholar
Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. Google Scholar
helps you find relevant work across the world of scholarly research.
Google Scholar includes journal and conference papers, theses and dissertations, academic books,
pre-prints, abstracts, technical reports and other scholarly literature from all broad areas of
research. You'll find works from a wide variety of academic publishers, professional societies and
university repositories, as well as scholarly articles available anywhere across the web. Google
Scholar also includes court opinions and patents.
Features of Google Scholar
• Search all scholarly literature from one convenient place
• Explore related works, citations, authors, and publications
• Locate the complete document through your library or on the web
• Keep up with recent developments in any area of research
• Check who's citing your publications, create a public author profile
Finding recent papers
Your search results are normally sorted by relevance, not by date. To find newer articles, try the
following options in the left sidebar:
1. click "Since Year" to show only recently published papers, sorted by relevance;
2. click "Sort by date" to show just the new additions, sorted by date;
3. click the envelope icon to have new results periodically delivered by email.
Locating the full text of an article
Abstracts are freely available for most of the articles. Alas, reading the entire article may require
a subscription. Here're a few things to try:
1. click a library link, e.g., "FindIt@Harvard", to the right of the search result;
2. click a link labeled [PDF] to the right of the search result;
3. click "All versions" under the search result and check out the alternative sources;
4. click "Related articles" or "Cited by" under the search result to explore similar articles.
If you're affiliated with a university, but don't see links such as "FindIt@Harvard", please check
with your local library about the best way to access their online subscriptions. You may need to
do search from a computer on campus, or to configure your browser to use a library proxy.
Getting better answers
• If you're new to the subject, it may be helpful to pick up the terminology from secondary
sources. E.g., a Wikipedia article for "overweight" might suggest a Scholar search for
"pediatric hyperalimentation".
• If the search results are too specific for your needs, check out what they're citing in their
"References" sections. Referenced works are often more general in nature.
• Similarly, if the search results are too basic for you, click "Cited by" to see newer papers
that referenced them. These newer papers will often be more specific.
• Explore! There's rarely a single answer to a research question. Click "Related articles" or
"Cited by" to see closely related work, or search for author's name and see what else they
have written.
Google Scholar library
Google Scholar library is your personal collection of articles. You can save articles right off the
search page, organize them by topic, and use the power of Scholar search to quickly find just the
one you want - at any time and from anywhere. You decide what goes into your library, and we’ll
keep the links up to date.
You get all the goodies that come with Scholar search results - citing articles, related articles,
formatted citations, links to your university’s subscriptions, and more. Best of all, it’s easy to
quickly fill up your library with the articles you want - with a single click, you can import all the
articles in your public Scholar profile as well as all the articles they cite.
Find the article you want to add in Google Scholar and click the “Save” link under the search
result.
Click “My library” at the top of the Scholar homepage or in the left column of a search results
page to view all articles in your library. To search the full text of these articles, enter your query
as usual in the search box.
Snapshot of My library – Google Scholar
Details of research papers used for literature survey
Topic:- The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Quality of Educational Process.
By:- Maria-Crina Radu, Carol Schnakovszky, Eugen Herghelegiu, Vlad-Andrei Ciubotariu, Ion
Cristea.
Details of the study:- The aim of this paper was to present the results of a students’ survey carried
out at “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau (UBc), Romania, on the quality of teaching–
learning assessment process on online platforms, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Data Collection Method:- The basic method used in conducting the study was the survey method,
which used a questionnaire as a tool. An anonymous online survey assessing the students’ opinion
on the quality of the educational process on online platforms was created using the Google Forms
online application.
Sample:- University students
Sample Size:- The survey consisted in 12 questions. The target group consisted of students from
two faculties: Faculty of Engineering (FE), bachelor and master’s degree, and Faculty of
Movements, Sports and Health Sciences (FPSE), bachelor’s degree. The two faculties were chosen
due to their specificity, namely many disciplines imply the use of laboratories. 135 students (99
students from FE and 36 students from FPSE, responded to the survey and key trends were
identified across the responses concerning their perception over the quality of the educational
process on online platforms

2. Topic:- Opinion of students on online education during the COVID-19 pandemic

By:- Pinaki Chakraborty, Prabhat Mittal, Manu Sheel Gupta, Savita Yadav, Anshika Arora
Details of the study:- Universities around the world had to close their campuses down in the
spring of 2020 and shift all their academic programs online. Universities were not prepared for
such a transition from classroom-based education to completely online education. Most
universities initially lacked infrastructure and strategies
Data Collection Method:- a survey in which we asked undergraduate students in an Indian
university about their opinion on different aspects of online education during the ongoing
pandemic. We received responses from 358 students. sent the questionnaire to 387
undergraduate students of the university.

Sample:- Undergraduate students/ University students.

Sample Size:- A questionnaire with 20 statements related to online education during the
COVID-19 pandemic. A student had to respond to each statement on a 5-point Likert scale
where a score of “1” represented “Strongly disagree” and a score of “5” represented “Strongly
agree.
3. Topic:- COVID-19 and its impact on education, social life and mental health of
students.
By:- Kunal Chaturvedi, Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma, NidhiSingh
Details of the study:- With the closure of educational institutions, the need for a rapid transition
from physical learning to the digital sphere of learning emerged. Online learning has been observed
as a possible alternative to conventional learning. The students from the less privileged
backgrounds have experienced larger negative impacts due to the Covid-19 outbreak. Reduction
in family income, limited access to digital resources, and the high cost of internet connectivity
have disrupted the academic life of the students.
Data Collection Method:- A 19-set questionnaire was developed, which included a variety of
multiple-choice questions, Likert scale and for a few questions, the respondents were allowed to
enter free texts. The survey was administered using the Google Forms platform.

Sample:- Schools, colleges, and universities students.

Sample Size:- 1182 students from different educational institutions. A summary of demographic
details in the form of numbers and percentages is provided. Mean at 95% Confidence Interval limit
was calculated for learning hours for online classes and self-study.
 Practical 3:- Research design

■ “A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in
procedure.”
■ Questions to be answered for research design
(i) What is the study about?
This study is about the impact on education before and during pandemic.

(ii) Why is the study being made?

This study is being made to understand the perspective of a student on education
and what challenges they have faced during pandemic.

(iii) What type of data is required?

The data required here is what students prefer and how they want the education
system to be now online or offline and the pros and cons of online and offline.

(iv) What will be the sample design?

This survey has been conducted on students studying before and during
pandemic.

(v) What techniques of data collection will be used?

Research data will be collected from users using an online questionnaire in the
form of Google Forms.

(vi) How will the data be analyzed?

The data collected from Google form will be analyzed using Descriptive Analysis
because descriptive statistics can summarize responses from large numbers of
respondents in a few simple statistics.
 Practical 4:-Sampling Design
▪ The selected respondents constitute what is technically called a ‘sample’ and the selection
process is called ‘sampling technique.’
▪ The survey so conducted is known as ‘sample survey’.
▪ The respondents selected should be as representative of the total population as possible in
order to produce a miniature cross-section.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SAMPLE DESIGN
▪ Sample design must result in a truly representative sample.
▪ Sample design must be such which results in a small sampling error.
▪ Sample design must be viable in the context of funds available for the research study.
▪ Sample design must be such so that systematic bias can be controlled in a better way.
▪ Sample should be such that the results of the sample study can be applied, in general, for
the universe with a reasonable level of confidence.
Sample Characteristics:-
1. Target Population:- Teenagers and college students(age 15-25)
2. Sampling Method:- Probabilistic Type Sampling
3. Sample Size:- 104 responses
 Practical 5:-Usage of measurement and scaling techniques
• Measurement is a process of mapping aspects of a domain onto other aspects of a range
according to some rule of correspondence.
• In measuring, we devise some form of scale in the range (in terms of set theory, range
may refer to some set) and then transform or map the properties of objects from the
domain (in terms of set theory, domain may refer to some other set) onto this scale.
MEASUREMENT SCALES
• nominal scale
• ordinal scale
• ratio scale
• interval scale

Questions in the questionnaire Measurement Scale

Q1. Enter your Age Ratio Scale
Q2. Qualification Nominal Scale
Q3. What mode of education do you prefer? Nominal Scale
Q4. What mode of education is understandable Nominal Scale
to you?
Q5. What mode of education is easy on your Nominal Scale
pocket?
Q6. In which mode of learning students are Nominal Scale
directed easily and directly
Q7. Which mode of learning tool helps in Nominal Scale
saving time while studying?
Q8. Which mode of learning material is more Nominal Scale
accurate, useful and interesting?
Q9. Which mode of learning makes students Nominal Scale
more interactive during class?
Q10. Before the pandemic, how many hours did Ratio Scale
you spend on offline learning?
Q11. How focused are you in your online Interval scale
lecture?
Q12. How focused are you in your offline Interval Scale
lecture?
Q13. Did you face any educational scams Nominal Scale
during the pandemic?
Q14. Did you had the facilities to attend online Nominal Scale
lectures during pandemic?
Q15. Did you face any technical difficulties Nominal Scale
with online learning?
Q16. Did you had a personal room to attend the Nominal Scale
online lecture?
Q17. Did you had a learning environment at Nominal Scale
home during online lecture?
Q18. Were your family members a distraction Nominal Scale
for your online lectures?
Q19. What mode of examination do you prefer? Nominal Scale
Q20. Has the online mode of education reduced Nominal Scale
the interactive nature of students?
Q21. Do you feel online learning has disrupted Nominal Scale
the learning behavior of students?
Q22. Did the online mode of education take Nominal Scale
away the writing skill from students?
Q23. Have you suffered any of the following in Ordinal Scale
the last two years
Q24. What benefits do you get from online Ordinal Scale
learning?
Q25. What benefits do you get from offline Ordinal Scale
learning?
Q26. Which mode of learning will you prefer in Nominal Scale
the current situation?
 Practical 6:-Testing of Hypothesis
■ Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two
variables. It is usually the hypothesis a researcher or experimenter will try to disprove or
discredit. An alternative hypothesis is one that states there is a statistically significant
relationship between two variables.
The null hypothesis is generally symbolized as H0 and the alternative hypothesis as Ha.
The null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis are chosen before the sample is drawn

If we accept H0, then we are rejecting Ha and if we reject H0, then we are accepting Ha.
■ The level of significance
The significance level, also denoted as alpha or α, is the probability of rejecting the null
hypothesis when it is true. For example, a significance level of 0.05 indicates a 5% risk of
concluding that a difference exists when there is no actual difference.
■ It is always some percentage (usually 5%) which should be chosen with great care,
thought and reason.
■ In case we take the significance level at 5 per cent, then this implies that H0 will be
rejected when the sampling result (i.e., observed evidence) has a less than 0.05
probability of occurring if H0 is true.
■ In other words, the 5 per cent level of significance means that researcher is willing to take
as much as a 5 per cent risk of rejecting the null hypothesis when it (H0) happens to be
true.
■ Thus the significance level is the maximum value of the probability of rejecting H0 when
it is true and is usually determined in advance before testing the hypothesis.
 FLOW DIAGRAM FOR HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Null Hypothesis - Students prefer offline education over online education.

Alternative Hypothesis - Students prefer online education over offline education.
Final Decision - (Specify the tests that were performed to arrive at final decision and the final
decision as to whether the null hypothesis was accepted or rejected)
To arrive at a final decision, chi square test, t –test, regression were performed and null
hypothesis was rejected.

Practical 7:- Implement data analysis techniques

STATISTICS IN RESEARCH
 Measures of central tendency or statistical averages;
Mean; Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic
Median

Mode
 Mode is the most commonly or frequently occurring value in a series.
 Like median, mode is a positional average and is not affected by the
values of extreme items. it is, therefore, useful in all situations where we
want to eliminate the effect of extreme variations.

 Measures of dispersion;
Range: Range is the simplest possible measure of dispersion and is defined as the difference
between the values of the extreme items of a series. Thus,
The utility of range is that it gives an idea of the variability very quickly, but the
drawback is that range is affected very greatly by fluctuations of sampling.
mean deviation,
Standard deviation is most widely used measure of dispersion of a series.Standard deviation is
defined as the square-root of the average of squares of deviations, when such deviations for the
values of individual items in a series are obtained from the arithmetic average.It is popularly
used in the context of estimation and testing of hypotheses

 Measures of asymmetry (skewness)

 Measures of relationship
Does there exist association or correlation between the two (or more) variables? If yes, of
what degree? - CORRELATION
Is there any cause and effect relationship between the two variables in case of the
bivariate population or between one variable on one side and two or more variables on
the other side in case of multivariate population? If yes, of what degree and in which
direction? – REGRESSION

[Tabulation:- Include tables containing the collected data and presented in the
format used for analysis

Data were analyzed in accordance with each research approach and results were
presented in several tables. Descriptive, as well as inferential statistics and underlying
relationships between the variables, were found out by computing appropriate statistics
with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Descriptive statistics
(mean and SD) were used to evaluate students’ perception of moving classes online
during the COVID-19 outbreak. T-tests were calculated to assess the statistical
significance of the differences in perceptions among different demographic variables.

Analysis:- use univariate(t -test or chi square test) and bivariate analysis (ANOVA
and Correlation/Regression)
Interpretation:- write the interpretation of those analysis i.e Accept/Reject
Hypothesis
Graphs/Charts like histogram, scatter plot, correlation matrix, best fit line for
regression]
 Practical 8:- Writing references
Writing of report is the last step in a research study and requires a set of skills somewhat
different from those called for in respect of the earlier stages of research. This task should be
accomplished by the researcher with utmost care; he may seek the assistance and guidance of
experts for the purpose.

A reference citation is the documentation needed to make your paper acceptable for academic
purposes. It gives authoritative sources for your statements, helps the reader gain access to those
sources, and acknowledges the fact that the information used in a paper did not originate with the
writer
APA style uses the author/date method of citation in which the author's last name and the year of
the publication are inserted in the actual text of the paper. It is the style recommended by the
American Psychological Association

REFERENCES:- Books /Websites/research papers /journal articles as per the examples given
below:-
Research websites
• United Nations. Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond. August 2020.
Availableonline: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-
content/uploads/sites/22/2020/08/sg_policy_brief_covid-
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academic-solutions/p/impact-coronavirus-higher-education (accessed on 4
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• International Association of Universities. The Impact of Covid-19 on Higher
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