D. K. V.

Arts and Science College-Jamnagar

Department of Mathematics
T.Y. B.Sc., Semester-V
Minor(Elective)-5, Mathematics-5:Numerical analysis-II

Unit-I
1. Prove that f [x0 , x1 , x2 ] is symmetric with respect to arguments x0 , x1 , x2 .
2. Prove that f [x0 , x1 , x2 , ..., xn ] is symmetric with respect to arguments x0 , x1 , x2 , ..., xn .
3. If f (x) = 3x2 + 7x − 2, then find the value of f [−2, 0, 5].

4. If f (x) = x3 − 9x2 + 17x + 6, compute f [−1, 1, 2].

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5. If f (x) = , then show that
x
(−1)n
f [x0 , x1 , x2 , ..., xn ] =
x0 x1 x2 ...xn
6. For equispaced arguments, derive a relation between divided difference and the forward difference.
i.e., prove that
1
f [x0 , x1 , x2 , ..., xn ] = ∆n f (x0 )
n!hn
7. For equispaced arguments, derive a relation between divided difference and the backward difference.
i.e., prove that
1
f [x0 , x1 , x2 , ..., xn ] = ∇n f (xn )
n!hn
(Not in syllabus, but a good exercise)
n n+k
8. If f (x) = xn then prove that f (x) = 1. Also prove that f (x) = 0, ∀k ∈ N.
n
9. If f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ... + an xn , then show that f (x) = an .

10. Derive Newton’s divied difference interpolation formula.

11. Obtain Gregory-Newton forward interpolation formula from Newton’s general interpolation formula.
12. Derive Lagrange’s interpolation formula.

13. By means of Lagrange’s formula, prove that

y1 = y3 − 0.3(y5 − y−3 ) + 0.2(y−3 − y−5 ))

14. If y0 , y1 , y2 , . . . , y6 are the consecutive terms of a series, then using Lagrange’s formula prove that

y3 = 0.05(y0 + y6 ) − 0.3(y1 + y5 ) + 0.75(y2 + y4 )

15. Prove that Lagrange’s formula can be put in the form as

n
X ϕ(x)f (xr )
Pn (x) =
r=0
(x − xr )ϕ′ (xr )

n
Y
where ϕ(x) = (x − xr )
r=0

16. What is inverse interpolation ? Write Lagrange’s inverse interpolation formula.

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• Numerical Problems
1. Based on Newton’s General Interpolation Formula.
(i) Find a polynomial satisfied by the following table:

x -4 -1 0 2 5
f (x) 1245 33 5 9 1335

(Ans. f (x) = 3x4 − 5x3 + 6x2 − 14x + 5)

(ii) Use Newton’s formula to evaluate f (8) and f (15) from given data:

x 4 5 7 10 11 13
f (x) 48 100 294 900 1210 2028

(Ans. f (8) = 448, f (15) = 3150)

(iii) From the following table, obtain f (x) as a polynomial in powers of (x − 5) using Newton’s method.

x 0 2 3 4 5 6
f (x) 4 26 58 112 466 922

(Ans. f (x) = 194 + 98(x − 5) + 17(x − 5)2 + (x − 5)3 )

(iv) Using the following table find f (x) as a polynomial in powers of (x − 6).

x -1 0 2 3 7 10
f (x) -11 1 1 1 141 561

(Ans. f (x) = 73 + 54(x − 6) + 13(x − 6)2 + (x − 6)3 )

(v) Find best estimate value of f (6) for the following data:

x 3 7 9 10
f (x) 168 120 72 63

(Ans. f (6) = 147)

(vi) Find the value of log10 656 using Newton’s general interpolation formula for given data.

x 654 658 659 661

log10 x 2.8156 2.8182 2.8189 2.8202

(Ans. log10 656 = 2.8167)

(vii) The following table gives some relation between steam pressure and temperature. Find the pressure when
the temperature is 372.1◦ .

Temperature (◦ C) 361◦ 367◦ 378◦ 387◦ 399◦

Pressure (kgf /cm2 ) 154.9 167.9 191 212.5 244.2

(Ans. 177.4 kgf /cm2 )

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(viii) If f (0) = −18, f (1) = 0, f (3) = 0, f (5) = −248, f (6) = 0 and f (9) = 13104, then find f (x).
(Ans. f (x) = x5 − 9x4 + 18x3 − x2 + 9x − 18)

(ix) Find a polynomial f (x) passing through the points (0, 1), (1, 14), (2, 15), (4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 9).
(Ans. f (x) = x3 − 9x2 + 21x + 1)

(x) Fit a polynomial f (x) to the points (−1, 3), (0, −6), (3, 39), (6, 822), (7, 1611) using Newton’s formula.
(Ans. f (x) = x4 − 3x3 + 5x2 − 6)

2. Based on Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula.

(i) Find the polynomial f (x) using following data:

x 0 2 3 6
f (x) 648 704 729 792

(Ans. f (x) = 648 + 30x − x2 )

(ii) Using Lagrange’s formula find the value of f (10).

x 5 6 9 11
f (x) 12 13 14 16

(Ans. f (10) = 14.666667)

(iii) Find the best approximate value of log10 301 using given points.

x 300 304 305 307

log10 x 2.4771 2.4829 2.4843 2.4871

(Ans. log10 301 = 2.4786)

(iv) Find f (x) by applying Lagrange’s formula on following data:

x 0 1 3 4
f (x) -12 0 12 24

(Ans. f (x) = (x − 1)(x2 − 5x + 12))

(v) The following table gives the viscosity of an oil as a function of temperature. Use Lagrange’s formula to
find the viscosity of oil at a temperature of 140◦ .

Temperature (◦ C) 110 130 160 190

Viscosity 10.8 8.1 5.5 4.8

(Ans. 7.03)

(vi) The following data give the percentage of criminals for different age groups. Using Lagrange’s formula
find the percentage of criminals under the age of 35.

Age (less than x) 25 30 40 50

% of criminals 52 67.3 84.1 94.4

(Ans. 77.4 %)

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(vii) If u1 = 22, u2 = 30, u4 = 82, u7 = 106 and u8 = 206 then find u6 using Lagrange’s interpolation formula.
(Ans. u6 = 83.515)

3. Based on Inverse Interpolation Formula.

(i) Find x for given y = 13.6 by applying inverse interpolation on following points:

x 30 35 40 45 50
y 15.9 14.9 14.1 13.3 12.5

(Ans. x = 43.14)

(ii) Given that f (30) = −30, f (34) = −13, f (38) = 3 and f (42) = 18, find a root of f (x).
(Ans. x = 37.23)

(iii) Find x when f (x) = 0.163, given that

x 80 82 84 86 88
f (x) 0.134 0.154 0.176 0.200 0.221

(Ans. x = 82.8)

-A. I. Jikani
(15 July, 2025)