Rural Land Administration

Level-III

Based on March 2022, Version-II Occupational

Standard

Module Title: - Store and Retrieve Spatial and

Non-Spatial Data
LG Code: AGR RLA3 M12 0522 LO (1-4) LG (38-
41)
TTLM Code: AGR RLA 3 TTLM 0523v1
May, 2023
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 Table of Contents
Introduction to the Module .................................................................................................................. II
LO #1- Store Spatial and Non-Spatial Data ............................................................................................ 1
Instruction sheet 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1
Information Sheet 1 ............................................................................................................................ 2
Self-check 1 .................................................................................................................................. 11
Operation sheet -1......................................................................................................................... 12
LAP TEST-1..................................................................................................................................... 13
LO #2- Access and Retrieve Spatial and Non-Spatial Data .................................................................. 14
Instruction sheet 2 ............................................................................................................................ 14
Information 2 .................................................................................................................................... 15
Self-check 2 .................................................................................................................................. 24
Operation Sheet-2 ......................................................................................................................... 25
LAP TEST-2..................................................................................................................................... 27
LO #3- Database Backup Method ........................................................................................................ 28
Instruction sheet 2 ........................................................................................................................... 28
Information Sheet 3 .......................................................................................................................... 29
Self-check 3 .................................................................................................................................. 35
Operation sheet- 3 ......................................................................................................................... 36
LAP TEST-3..................................................................................................................................... 37
LO #4- Manage Contingencies.............................................................................................................. 38
Instruction sheet 4 ............................................................................................................................ 38
Information Sheet 4 .......................................................................................................................... 39
Self-check 4 .................................................................................................................................. 44
Reference Materials ............................................................................................................................. 45
AKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 47

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 Introduction to the Module
This module covers the competence required to store and retrieve spatial data from a range
of storage media, including digital or hard copy storage within organizational guidelines.

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LG #38 LO #1- Store Spatial and Non-Spatial Data
Instruction sheet 1
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Creating Data index
 Administrative and legal requirements for data index
 Data index creating techniques and system
 Recording Data in index
 Method of spatial data storage
 Method data Distribution
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Create and Record Data index
 Identify Data index creating techniques and System
 Explain Method of spatial data storage
 Record Data in index
 Locate spatial data source using Data Indexing system
 Follow administrative and legal requirements for data index
 Discuss Method data Distribution
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below.
3. Read the information written in the information Sheets
4. Accomplish the Self-checks

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 Information Sheet 1

1.1 Creating Data index

An index is a data structure used to improve the performance of data retrieval operations. An
index is created on one or more columns of a table, and it contains a sorted copy of the data
in those columns, along with a pointer to the original data. This allows the database to
quickly locate specific rows of data based on the values in the indexed columns. When a
query is executed that involves the indexed columns, the database can use the index to locate
the relevant rows of data more efficiently than if it had to scan the entire table. This can result
in significant performance improvements for queries that involve large tables or complex
conditions.

Indexes can be created on various types of columns, such as primary keys, foreign keys, or
columns used in search conditions.
A non-spatial index is a data structure used in databases to improve the speed of data retrieval
operations. It works by organizing data based on the values of one or more columns in a
table. Examples of non-spatial indexes include primary keys, unique indexes, and clustered
indexes. These indexes are useful for optimizing queries that involve simple operations such
as sorting, filtering, and grouping.

On the other hand, a spatial index is a data structure used for storing and retrieving spatial
data efficiently. Spatial data refers to data that has a geographic or spatial component, such as
points, lines, and polygons. A spatial index works by partitioning the space into smaller
regions and indexing those regions. This allows for efficient retrieval of spatial data that
satisfies a particular spatial query, such as finding all points within a given radius of a
specific location. Examples of spatial indexes include R-trees, quad-trees, and k-d trees.

Both non-spatial and spatial indexes are important tools for managing and querying large
datasets efficiently. The choice of which index to use depends on the nature of the data and
the types of queries that will be executed.

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Data indexes can be created for a variety of data types, such as text, numerical data, or
multimedia files, and are commonly used in databases, search engines, and file systems. They
typically include key fields that are used to identify and locate specific data items, and are
designed to optimize the performance of data access operations by reducing the need for full
scans of large data sets.

1.2 Administrative and legal requirements for data index

The administrative and legal requirements for spatial and non-spatial data indexes can vary
depending on the specific context and jurisdiction. However, there are some general
principles and guidelines that organizations should consider when creating and using indexes
for data management purposes.

From anadministrative perspective, it's important to ensure that the indexes are created and
maintained in a way that is consistent with the overall data management strategy of the
organization. This can include considerations such as:

 Ensuring that indexes are optimized for the specific queries that are most commonly
used by the organization;
 Monitoring the performance of the indexes over time to identify any issues or areas
for improvement;
 Ensuring that indexes are backed up and protected in the event of a system failure or
other problem.
From a legal perspective, there may be regulations or requirements that organizations need
to comply with when creating and using indexes for data management purposes. For
example:

 In some jurisdictions, there may be data privacy or security regulations that require
organizations to limit access to certain types of data, including data that is indexed;
 Depending on the nature of the data being indexed, there may be intellectual property
or copyright issues to consider;

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  If the data being indexed includes sensitive or confidential information, there may be
legal requirements around data retention, disposal, or disclosure that need to be
followed.
In general, it's important for organizations to have a clear understanding of the legal and
administrative requirements that apply to their use of spatial and non-spatial data indexes, and
to ensure that they are complying with these requirements at all times.

1.3 Data index creating techniques and System

Spatial and non-spatial data have different characteristics and requirements, so the indexing
techniques used for each type of data may differ. Here are some common spatial and non-
spatial data indexing techniques:

 Spatial Data Indexing Techniques:

 R-Tree Indexing: R-Tree is a popular indexing technique for spatial data. It is a
tree structure that organizes data in a way that allows for efficient spatial queries,
such as range queries and nearest neighbor searches;
 Quadtree Indexing:Quadtree is a tree structure that recursively subdivides a 2D
space into four quadrants. It is commonly used in spatial databases for indexing
and querying large-scale images;
 Grid Indexing: Grid indexing divides a spatial area into a grid of cells and
assigns each data point to a grid cell. It is a simple and efficient indexing
technique for spatial data, but it can suffer from data skew and over fitting;
 Geohash Indexing:Geohash is a hierarchical spatial indexing technique that
encodes a 2D location into a string of characters. It is commonly used in location-
based services for indexing and querying spatial data.
 Non-Spatial Data Indexing Techniques:
 B-Tree Indexing: B-Tree is a common indexing technique for non-spatial data,
such as text, numbers, and dates. It is a balanced tree structure that allows for
efficient range queries and exact match lookups;

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  Hash Indexing: Hash indexing is a fast indexingtechnique for non-spatial data,
particularly for exact match lookups. It uses a hash function to map keys to an
array index, allowing for constant time access to the data;
 Inverted Indexing: Inverted indexing is a specialized indexing technique for
text data. It creates a data structure that maps each unique term in a document
collection to the documents that contain that term. It is commonly used in search
engines for efficient text search operations;
 Bitmap Indexing: Bitmap indexing is a technique used for indexing categorical
or boolean data, where each unique value is represented by a bitmap. It is
particularly useful for data sets with a large number of distinct values;
 Covering Indexing: Covering indexing is a technique that creates an index that
includes all the columns required to satisfy a query. It reduces the number of
disk reads required to retrieve data records, thus improving query performance;
 Clustered Indexing: Clustered indexing is a technique that physically organizes
data records on disk based on the values of one or more columns. It is commonly
used in database systems to improve query performance by reducing the number
of disk reads required to retrieve data records.

1.4 Recording Datain index

In rural land administration, data indexing is an important aspect of managing land records
and supporting efficient land transactions. Here are some ways in which data can be recorded
in an index for rural land administration:
 Property Identification: Each property can be assigned a unique identifier, such as a
parcel number or a land registry number. The index can then store this identifier along
with other information about the property, such as its location, size, and ownership
history;
 Spatial Data: Spatial data can be recorded in the index using specialized spatial
indexing techniques such as R-tree or Quadtree indexing. This allows for efficient
spatial queries, such as finding properties within a certain distance of a point or within
a certain boundary;

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  Ownership Information: The index can store information about the ownership
history of a property, including the names of past and current owners, dates of
ownership changes, and any liens or mortgages on the property;
 Document Indexing: Documents related to a property, such as deeds, surveys, and
title certificates, can be indexed using inverted indexing. This allows for efficient
retrieval of documents based on specific search criteria, such as the name of a
property owner or the date of a transaction;
 Keyword Indexing: Keyword indexing can be used to index textual information
related to a property, such as descriptions of the property, its features, and its history.
This allows for efficient retrieval of properties based on specific search criteria, such
as the presence of certain features or amenities;
 Time-Series Data: The index can store time-series data related to a property, such as
changes in ownership, land use, or property values over time. This allows for efficient
retrieval of historical information about a property or the local real estate market;
 Metadata: The index can store metadata about the data records, such as creation date,
author, and source. This helps to ensure data integrity and can provide additional
context and information about the data.
1.5 Method of spatial data storage
One common method of spatial data storage is the use of spatial databases, which are
specialized databases that are designed to store and manage geospatial data. Spatial databases
use a variety of data structures and algorithms to efficiently store and query spatial data,
including R-trees, quad-trees, and other spatial indexing techniques.Some popular spatial
databases include:
 PostGIS:PostGIS is an extension for the PostgreSQL relational database that adds
support for geospatial data. PostGIS provides a wide range of geospatial functions and
supports a variety of spatial data types, including points, lines, polygons, and multi-
geometry types. PostGIS is open source software and is widely used in both academic
and commercial applications.
 Oracle Spatial: Oracle Spatial is a component of the Oracle Database that provides
support for geospatial data. Oracle Spatial includes a variety of geospatial functions

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 and supports a wide range of spatial data types, including points, lines, polygons, and
3D geometries. Oracle Spatial is a commercial product and is widely used in enterprise
applications.
 Microsoft SQL Server Spatial: Microsoft SQL Server Spatial is an extension for the
Microsoft SQL Server relational database that adds support for geospatial data. SQL
Server Spatial includes a variety of geospatial functions and supports a wide range of
spatial data types, including points, lines, polygons, and 3D geometries. SQL Server
Spatial is a commercial product and is widely used in enterprise applications.
 MongoDB:MongoDBisaNoSQL document-oriented database that also supports
geospatial data. MongoDB uses GeoJSON, a format for encoding geospatial data, and
provides a variety of geospatial functions for querying and manipulating the data.
MongoDB is open source software and is commonly used in web applications and
other modern data-driven applications.
These spatial databases provide a range of features for storing and querying geospatial data,
including support for spatial indexing, spatial queries, and spatial data types. They also
provide interfaces for popular programming languages like Python, Java, and JavaScript,
making it easier to integrate spatial data storage into applications.
In addition to spatial databases, there are also other methods of spatial data storage, such as
file formats like Shapefile and GeoJSON, and spatial data formats like WKT and GML.
However, spatial databases are often preferred for their scalability, flexibility, and ability to
efficiently handle large volumes of spatial data.

1.5.1 Digital
Digital spatial data storage typically involves the use of specialized software applications
and databases to store and manage geospatial data. This method of storage has become
increasingly popular in recent years due to the ease of use, scalability, and flexibility of
digital storage technologies. Digital spatial data storage can take various forms, including:

 Spatial Databases: Spatial databases are specialized databases that are designed to
store and manage geospatial data. Examples of popular spatial databases include

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 PostgreSQL with PostGIS extension, Oracle Spatial, and Microsoft SQL Server
Spatial.
 File Formats: Geospatial data can be stored in various file formats, such as Shapefile,
GeoJSON, KML, and GeoTIFF. These file formats are commonly used for data
exchange and interoperability between different software applications.
 Cloud Storage: Cloud storage services, such as Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage,
and Microsoft Azure Storage, can also be used for storing and managing geospatial
data. Cloud storage offers scalability, durability, and accessibility from anywhere with
an internet connection.
1.5.2 Hard copy

Hard copy spatial data storage, on the other hand, involves the use of physical materials to
store and manage geospatial data. This method of storage has been in use for centuries and
has traditionally been the primary method of storing and sharing spatial information. Hard
copy spatial data storage can take various forms, including:
 Paper Maps and Charts: Mapsand charts printed on paper or other physical
materials are a common form of hard copy spatial data storage. These can
include topographic maps, nautical charts, and other types of maps used for
navigation, planning, and analysis.
 Blueprints: Blueprints are specialized technical drawings used in architecture,
engineering, and construction. These drawings typically include detailed
measurements, dimensions, and other spatial information used in the design and
construction of buildings and other structures.
 Physical Models: Physical models, such as 3D printed models or scale models,
can also be used to store and manage spatial data. These models can be used for
visualization, analysis, and communication of spatial information.
Overall, the choice between digital and hard copy spatial data storage depends on a variety of
factors, including the type of data, the intended use of the data, and the available resources
for storage and management. In many cases, a combination of both digital and hard copy
storage may be used to ensure the most effective and efficient use of spatial data.

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 1.6 Data Distribution Method
Data distribution refers to the process of storing and distributing data across multiple nodes in
a distributed computing system. Here are some methods of spatial and non-spatial data
distribution:
Non-Spatial Data Distribution:
 Partitioning/Sharding: Non-spatial data can be partitioned or sharded across
multiple nodes in a distributed database system. In partitioning, the data is
divided into smaller chunks based on a certain key or attribute, and each chunk
is stored on a separate node. In sharding, the data is divided into smaller chunks
based on a certain range of keys or attributes, and each chunk is stored on a
separate node;
 Replication: Non-spatial data can be replicated across multiple nodes to
improve fault tolerance and performance. In replication, each node has a copy
of the entire data set, allowing for faster read operations and better availability;
 Consistent Hashing: Consistent hashing is a technique used for partitioning
data in a distributed system. It allows for dynamic addition or removal of nodes
without requiring a full data rebalancing.

Spatial Data Distribution:

 Spatial Partitioning: Spatial data can be partitioned across multiple nodes based on a
certain spatial attribute, such as the location of the data points. Each partition can be
stored on a separate node, allowing for efficient spatial queries;
 Spatial Indexing: Spatial indexing techniques such as R-Tree and Quadtree can be
used to distribute spatial data across multiple nodes. Each node can store a portion of
the spatialindex, allowing for efficient spatial queries and reducing the amount of data
that needs to be transferred between nodes;
 Grid Partitioning: Grid partitioning divides a spatial area into a grid of cells and
assigns each data point to a grid cell. The grid cells can then be distributed across
multiple nodes, allowing for efficient spatial queries and reducing the amount of data
that needs to be transferred between nodes;

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  Replication: Spatial data can also be replicated across multiple nodes to improve
fault tolerance and performance. In replication, each node has a copy of the entire
spatial dataset, allowing for faster read operations and better availability;
 Spatial-Temporal Partitioning: Spatial-temporal partitioning is a technique used for
partitioning spatial data based on time. The data is partitioned into smaller chunks
based on a certain time period, and each chunk is stored on a separate node. This
allows for efficient querying of spatial data over time.
Overall, data distribution techniques depend on the type of data and the requirements of the
distributed system. The goal is to distribute the data in a way that allows for efficient
querying and reduces the amount of data that needs to be transferred between nodes

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Self-check 1

Name…………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
Test 1: write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is not correct for
the following questions.
1. An index is a data structure used to improve the performance of data retrieval operations
2. Digital spatial data storage typically involves the use of specialized software applications
and databases to store and manage geospatial data.
Test 2: Choose the correct answer from the given alternative for the following questions
1. From the following which one is Hard copy spatial data storage forms,
A. Paper Maps and Charts
B. Blueprints
C. Physical Models D. All
2. From the following which is not types of Data index creating techniques
A. Grid Indexing
B. Quad tree Indexing
C. R-Tree Indexing D. None
Test 3: Short Answer Questions

1. Discuss Administrative and legal requirements for data index From a legal perspective
from an administrative perspective
2. Discuss Method of spatial data storage

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Operation sheet -1

1.1 procedures of Create Data index on QGIS

A. Tools and Equipment

1. Computer
2. QGIS software
3. Data source
4. Indexing tool
5. Indexing fields
6. Data validation tools

B. Procedures

1. Identify the data to be indexed Like shapefiles, geodatabases.)

2. Choose the indexing method

3. Choose the indexing fields

4. Set up the indexing tool like configuring the indexing parameters, specifying the indexing
fields, and setting up any necessary indexing filters.

5. Start the indexing process

6. Monitor the indexing progress

7. Verify the indexing results

8. Update the data index

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 Performance Test
LAP TEST-1

Name………………………………. ID………………………Date ………

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________

Instructions: Collect necessary tools and equipments used to perform the following tasks.
.

Task 1: Create Data index on QGIS two hours

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LG #39 LO #2- Access and Retrieve Spatial and Non-
Spatial Data
Instruction sheet 2
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Identifying and arranging data source
 Types of Retrieval Spatial Data
 Data retrieval methods and querying and browsing
 Translating spatial data based on required format
 Spatial and non-spatial data integration
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Identify and arrange data source
 Identify types of Retrieval Spatial Data
 Apply data retrieval methods, querying and browsing
 Translate spatial data based on required format
 Integrate spatial and non-spatial data
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below.
3. Read the information written in the information Sheets
4. Accomplish the Self-checks

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Information 2

2.1 Identifying and arranging data source

Identifying and arranging data sources for retrieval of data can be done using a data flow
diagram (DFD). A DFD is a graphical representation of the flow of data through a system or
organization. It shows how data moves from one process to another, and how it is stored and
retrieved from different sources. Here is an example of how to use a DFD to identify and
arrange data sources for retrieval of data:

 Identify the data sources: The first step is to identify the different sources of data
that need to be retrieved. This can include databases, files, web services, and other
systems that contain the data.
 Identify the processes: Once the data sources have been identified, the next step is to
identify the processes that will be used to retrieve the data. This can include queries,
reports, and other methods for accessing and extracting the data.
 Arrange the data sources and processes in the DFD: The data sources and
processes can be arranged in the DFD to show how data flows through the system.
The diagram should include the following components:
 Sources of data: These are represented by rectangles with rounded corners and
labeled with the name of the data source (e.g. "Database", "Web Service").
 Processes: These are represented by circles and labeled with the name of the
process (e.g. "Query", "Report").
 Data flow: This is represented by arrows and indicates the direction of data flow
between the data sources and processes.
 Data stores: These are represented by rectangles and labeled with the name of
the data store (e.g. "Data Warehouse", "File System").
 Add details to the DFD: After arranging the data sources, processes, and data stores
in the DFD, additional details can be added to provide more context and clarity. This
can include labels for the data flows, annotations for the processes, and descriptions
of the data sources and stores.

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  Review and refine the DFD: Once the DFD has been created, it should be reviewed
and refined to ensure that it accurately represents the flow of data through the system.
This can involve revising the arrangement of data sources and processes, adding new
components or details, or simplifying the diagram to make it easier to understand.

By using a data flow diagram to identify and arrange data sources for retrieval of data,
organizations can better understand how data flows through their systems and ensure that it is
easily accessible and retrievable when needed.

2.2 Types of Retrieval Spatial Data

2.2.1 Vector Data retrieval Format

Vector data is typically stored in a geographic information system (GIS) software or database
system, and can be retrieved in various formats depending on the software or system being
used. Here are some common vector data retrieval formats:

 Shapefile:Shapefile is a popular vector data format developed by Esri for use with
ArcGIS software. It is a simple, non-topological format that can store point, line, and
polygon data, along with associated attribute data;
 GeoJSON:GeoJSON is a lightweight, open standard format for encoding geographic
data structures. It is a popular format for web-based mapping applications and can
store point, line, and polygon data, along with associated attribute data;
 KML: KML (Keyhole Markup Language) is an XML-based format used for
displaying geographic data in Google Earth and other mapping applications. It can
store point, line, and polygon data, along with associated attribute data;
 GML: GML (Geography Markup Language) is an XML-based format used for
encoding geographic data structures. It is a standard format developed by the Open
Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and can store point, line, and polygon data, along with
associated attribute data;
 File Geodatabase: File Geodatabase is a proprietary vector data format developed by
Esri for use with ArcGIS software. It is a highly optimized format that can store point,
line, and polygon data, along with associated attribute data;

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  PostGIS:PostGIS is an open-source, spatial database extender for PostgreSQL. It
allows for efficient storage, retrieval, and manipulation of vector data, and supports a
wide range of vector data formats, including Shapefile, GeoJSON, and GML;
 Esri File Geodatabase API: The Esri File Geodatabase API is a software
development kit (SDK) that allows for direct access to Esri File Geodatabase data. It
enables developers to create custom applications for managing and manipulating
vector data stored in File Geodatabase format.
2.2.2 Raster Data retrieval Format

Raster data is typically stored in a geographic information system (GIS) software or database
system, and can be retrieved in various formats depending on the software or system being
used. Here are some common raster data retrieval formats:

 GeoTIFF:GeoTIFF is a popular raster data format that includes geographic

information, such as georeferencing and projection information, as metadata within
the file. It is widely supported by GIS software and can store single and multi-band
raster data, along with associated attribute data;
 JPEG: JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a common image format that can
be used to store raster data, such as satellite imagery or aerial photography. It is a
compressed format that can reduce the file size of large raster datasets;
 PNG: PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is another image format that can be used to
store raster data. It supports lossless compression, allowing for high-quality raster
data storage;
 BIL/BSQ/BIP: BIL (Band-Interleaved-by-Line), BSQ (Band-Sequenced-by-Line),
and BIP (Band-Interleaved-by-Pixel) are three common raster data formats used for
storing multi-band raster data. These formats store the data in a specific order, either
by band, by line, or by pixel, allowing for efficient retrieval and analysis of multi-
band raster data;
 ENVI: ENVI is a popular software package for processing and analyzing remotely
sensed data.It uses its own proprietary raster data format, which includes metadata
such as georeferencing and projection information, as well as additional information
such as sensor calibration data;

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  HDF: HDF (Hierarchical Data Format) is a flexible data format that can be used to
store raster data, as well as other types of scientific data. It includes support for multi-
dimensional arrays, allowing for efficient storage and retrieval of large raster datasets;
 NetCDF: NetCDF (Network Common Data Form) is another flexible data format
used for storing scientific data, including raster data. It includes support for
georeferencing and projection information, as well as metadata such as sensor
calibration data.
2.3 Data retrieval methods and querying and browsing
2.3.1 Data retrieval methods

Data retrieval is the process of accessing and retrieving data from a database or other data
storage system. Here are some common methods of data retrieval:

 SQL Query: SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language used to

retrieve data from relational databases. SQL queries can be used to retrieve data
that matches specific criteria, such as a certain value in a column or a range of
values;
 Full-Text Search: Full-text search is a technique used to search for text data in a
database. It allows for efficient searching of large amounts of text data, including
documents, emails, and web pages;
 Key-Value Lookup: Key-value lookup is a method used to retrieve data from a
database by using a unique key value. Each data record is assigned a unique key
value, and the key is used to retrieve the corresponding data record;
 Spatial Query: Spatial queries are used to retrieve spatial data from a database
based on specific criteria, such as finding all data points within a certain distance
of a point or within a certain boundary;
 Graph Query: Graph queries are used to retrieve data from graph databases
based on relationships between nodes. Graph queries allow for efficient retrieval
of complex data structures, such as social networks or supply chains;
 Object-Relational Mapping (ORM): ORM is a programming technique that
allows for efficient retrieval of data from object-oriented programming languages,

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 such as Java or Python. ORM maps data between an object-oriented programming
language and a relational database, allowing for easy and efficient data retrieval;
 REST API: REST (Representational State Transfer) is a standard protocol used
for web-based data retrieval. REST APIs allow for efficient retrieval of data from
web services and APIs;
 Data Warehousing: Data warehousing is a method of retrieving large sets of data
from multiple sources for business intelligence and analytics purposes. Data
warehousing involves storing and organizing data in a way that allows for
efficient querying and analysis.
2.3.2 Querying and browsing

Querying and browsing are two common methods of interacting with and retrieving data
from a database or other data storage system. Here are some differences between querying
and browsing:
 Querying:
Querying is the process of retrieving specific data from a database using a query language,
such as SQL. Queries can be used to retrieve data that matches specific criteria, such as a
certain value in a column or a range of values. The results of a query are typically presented
in a structured format, such as a table or a list.

Queries can be simple or complex, depending on the complexity of the data and the specific
requirements of the application or system. For example, a simple query might retrieve all
customer data for a specific location, while a complex query might retrieve data from
multiple tables and use advanced filtering and sorting techniques.
 Browsing:
Browsing is the process of exploring data in a database or other data storage system without a
specific query or search criteria. Browsing can be done using a graphical user interface (GUI)
or a web-based interface, and typically involves scrolling or clicking through data records.

Browsing is often used for data exploration and visualization, allowing users to get a sense of
the data and identify patterns or trends. Browsing can also be used for ad hoc data analysis,
allowing users to quickly explore and filter data without the need for a structured query.

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In summary, querying and browsing are two different methods of interacting with and
retrieving data from a database or other data storage system. Querying involves retrieving
specific data based on search criteria, while browsing involves exploring data without a
specific query or search criteria. Both methods have their own advantages and are used in
different contexts depending on the specific requirements of the application or system.

2.4 Translating spatial data based on required format

Translating spatial data from one format to another can be done using a variety of software
tools and techniques. Here are some common methods for translating spatial data based on
the required format:

 GIS Software: Many GIS software packages, such as ArcGIS, QGIS, and MapInfo,
include tools for converting spatial data between different formats. These tools can be
used to convert vector data between shapefile, GeoJSON, KML, and other formats,
and raster data between GeoTIFF, JPEG, and other formats;
 Online Conversion Tools: There are many online tools available for converting
spatial data between different formats. These tools can be accessed through a web
browser and typically allow users to upload a file in one format and download a
converted file in another format;
 Command Line Tools: For advanced users, command line tools such as ogr2ogr and
gdal_translate can be used to convert spatial data between different formats. These
tools can be run from a terminal or command prompt and allow for batch processing
of large datasets;
 Custom Scripts: For more complex data translation tasks, custom scripts can be
developed using programming languages such as Python or R. These scripts can
automate the process of converting spatial data between different formats and allow
for customization of the conversion process;
 Data Interoperability Extension: The Data Interoperability extension is an add-on
for ArcGIS software that allows for advanced data conversion and transformation
between different formats. It includes support for over 80 different formats andcan be
used to handle complex data translation tasks;

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  FME: FME (Feature Manipulation Engine) is a powerful data integration platform
that includes tools for converting and transforming spatial data between different
formats. It supports a wide range of spatial data formats and includes advanced data
transformation capabilities.
2.5 Spatial and non-spatial data integration
2.5.1 Create common field for spatial and non-spatial data

Creating a common field for spatial and non-spatial data can be useful for integrating and
analyzing data from different sources. Here are some steps to create a common field for
spatial and non-spatial data:

 Identify the common attribute: Identify a common attribute that can be used to link
the spatial and non-spatial data. This attribute should be present in both datasets and
should have a unique value for each record.
 Ensure data compatibility: Ensure that the data formats for the common attribute are
compatible in both datasets. For example, if the common attribute is a date, ensure
that the date format is consistent across both datasets.
 Create a new field: Create a new field in both datasets that will serve as the common
field. This field should have the same data type and format in both datasets.
 Populate the field: Populate the new field with the common attribute values for each
record in both datasets. This can be done manually or using automated tools such as
SQL queries or data integration software.
 Merge the datasets: Once the common field has been created and populated for both
datasets, the datasets can be merged based on the common field. This can be done
using software tools such as GIS software or database management systems.

By creating a common field for spatial and non-spatial data, it becomes easier to analyze and
integrate data from different sources. This can help to identify relationships and patterns that
may not be apparent when analyzing the data separately.

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 2.5.2 Spatial and non-spatial data Integration

Integrating spatial and non-spatial data using a common field is a useful technique for
combining data from different sources and analyzing relationships between them. General
steps of spatial and non-spatial data integration:

 Import the spatial data that you want to join with the non-spatial data. This can be in
the form of a shape file, a GeoTIFF, or another supported format;
 Import the non-spatial data that you want to join with the spatial data. This can be in
the form of a spread sheet, a database, or another supported format;
 Identify a common attribute between the two datasets that can be used to join them.
For example, if you have a point layer of customer locations and a spread sheet of
customer demographic data, you could use a customer ID field as the common
attribute;
 Perform the join operation using the common attribute. This will combine the
attributes from the non-spatial data with the spatial data, creating a new layer with
both spatial and non-spatial attributes;
 Visualize the joined data using the GIS software's mapping tools. You can choose to
display the non-spatial attributes as labels, symbols, or other visual elements on the
map;
 Analyses the joined data using the GIS software's analysis tools. For example, you
could perform spatial queries to identify all customers within a certain distance of a
store location, and then filter the results based on demographic attributes.

By integrating spatial and non-spatial data using a common field, it becomes easier to
analyses and understand the relationships between different types of data. This can be useful
in a variety of applications, such as urban planning, environmental management, and business
analysis. It is important to ensure that the data is compatible and that appropriate analytical
techniques are used to explore the data and interpret the results.

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 Figure 1.1 spatial and Non spatial data joining

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Self-check 2

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
Test 1: write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is not correct for
the following questions.
1 Identifying and arranging data sources for retrieval of data can be done using a data flow
diagram (DFD).
2 Data retrieval is the process of accessing and retrieving data from a database or other data
storage system
Test 2: Choose the correct answer from the given alternative for the following questions
1. From the following which one is Raster Data retrieval Format
A. GeoTIFF B. JPEG C. PNG D. All
2. methods of data retrieval may include;
A. SQL Query B. Spatial Query C. Full-Text Search D. All
Test 3: Short Answer Questions

1. Discuss vector and raster data formats

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Operation Sheet-2

2.1 Procedures of join attribute data with spatial data on QGIS

A. tools and Equipment

I. Computer
II. QGIS Software
III. Spatial data
IV. Attribute/non spatial data

B. Procedures
1. Open QGIS and load both the spatial data and attribute data layers into the project.
2. Ensure that both layers have at least one common attribute (e.g., a unique identifier)
that can be used to join the layers.
3. Right-click on the spatial data layer in the Layers panel and select "Properties".
4. In the Layer Properties dialog box, select the "Joins" tab.
5. Click the "+" button to add a new join.
6. In the "Join Layer" dropdown menu, select the attribute data layer.
7. In the "Join Field" dropdown menu, select the common attribute field in the spatial
data layer.
8. In the "Target Field" dropdown menu, select the common attribute field in the
attribute data layer.
9. Choose the type of join you want to perform.
10. Click "OK" to close the Layer Properties dialog box
11. To view the joined data, right-click on the spatial data layer in the Layers panel and
select "Open Attribute Table".
12. The attribute table will now include the joined fields from the attribute data layer.
13. To save the joined layer as a new layer, right-click on the spatial data layer in the
Layers panel and select "Export" > "Save Features As".
14. In the "Save vector layer as" dialog box, choose the file format and location for the
output layer.
15. In the "Fields" section, ensure that the "Keep all fields" option is selected to retain the
joined fields from the attribute data layer.

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2.2. Procedures of retrieving spatial data on QGIS

A. Tools and Equipment

I. Computer:
II. Data storage (device an external hard drive, USB flash drive,
III. Backup software: Backup software such as Macrium Reflect
IV. Data validation tools: such as QGIS' data validation plugin
V. Internet connection:

B. Procedures

1. Open QGIS: Open QGIS software on your computer.

2. Load data: Load the spatial data you want to retrieve into QGIS.
3. Check data properties
4. Search for data: If you are unable to locate the data you need, you can use QGIS' search
feature to search for data based on its properties.
5. Retrieve data from backup: If the data is not available in the current QGIS project
6. Restore data: Once the backup data is retrieved, restore it to the appropriate location using
the appropriate backup software or tools.
7. Reload data
8. Verify data integrity of the restored and original data
9. Update data if necessary
10. Test restored data of it is functioning correctly and meets the needs of the user or
organization.

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 Performance Test
LAP TEST-2

Name………………………………. ID………………………Date ………

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________

Instructions: Collect necessary tools and equipments used to perform the following tasks.
.

Task 1: join attribute data with spatial data on QGIS within two hours

Task 2: retrieve spatial data on QGIS within two hours

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LG #40 LO #3- Database Backup Method
Instruction sheet 2
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Full off-line back-ups
 On-line file back-ups
 Off-site copies of back-up file
 Disk mirroring and redundant array of inexpensive disks configurations
 Spatial and Non- Spatial Data Backup

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Perform Full off-line back-ups
 Practice On-line file back-ups
 Undertake Off-site copies of back-up file
 Undertake disk mirroring and redundant array of inexpensive disks configurations
 Perform Spatial and Non- Spatial Data Backup
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below.
3. Read the information written in the information Sheets
4. Accomplish the Self-checks
5. Perform Operation Sheets
6. Do the “LAP test”

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Information Sheet 3

3.1 Full off-line back-ups

Full offline backups are a type of database backup that involves copying all of the data in a
database to a separate location while the database is not in use, typically during off-hours or
scheduled downtime. Offline backups provide a high level of protection against data loss and
can be particularly useful in rural areas where internet connectivity or unreliable power
supply may be limited. There are several methods for performing full offline backups,
depending on the specific database management system being used. Here are some common
methods:

 File-level backup: A file-level backup involves copying all of the files that make
up the database, including data files, log files, and configuration files, to a separate
location. File-level backups can be performed using operating system tools such as
Windows Backup or rsync on Linux systems;
 Disk image backup: A disk image backup involves creating a complete copy of the
hard drive or storage device that contains the database. Disk image backups can be
performed using third-party backup software such as Acronis True Image or Norton
Ghost;
 Database dump backup: A database dump backup involves creating a text file that
contains all of the data in the database, along with the database schema and other
metadata. Database dump backups can be performed using database management
system tools such as mysqldump for MySQL or pg_dump for PostgreSQL.

3.2 On-line file back-ups

Online file backups are a type of database backup that involves copying data from a database
to a separate location over a network connection while the database is in use. Online backups
can be performed without interrupting normal database operations and can be particularly
useful in rural areas where physical access to backup media may be limited. There are several
methods for performing online file backups, depending on the specific database management
system being used. Here are some common methods:

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  Continuous data protection (CDP): CDP involves capturing changes to the
database in real-time and copying them to a separate location. CDP can be used to
provide a near-real-time backup of a database and can be particularly useful for high-
value data that requires a high level of protection;
 Snapshot backups: A snapshot backup involves taking a point-in-time copy of the
database and copying it to a separate location. Snapshot backups can be performed
using database management system tools such as Oracle Recovery Manager or
Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio;
 Replication backups: A replication backup involves copying data from a primary
database to a secondary database. Replication backups can be performed using
database management system tools such as MySQL Replication or PostgreSQL
Streaming Replication.

3.3 Off-site copies of back-up file

Off-site copies of backup files refer to backup copies of data that are stored in a location
separate from the primary data center or storage facility. The purpose of having off-site
backup copies is to provide redundancy and protection against data loss in case of a disaster
or outage that affects the primary data center.Off-site backup copies can be stored in a variety
of locations, such as a different building, a different city, or even a different country. The
backup data can be stored on physical media such as tapes or hard drives, or it can be stored
in the cloud.
Off-site backup copies are important because they provide an additional layer of protection
against data loss. If the primary data center is affected by a disaster such as a fire, flood, or
earthquake, the off-site backup copies can be used to restore the data and minimize the
impact of the disaster.It's important to ensure that the backup copies are stored securely and
that they are regularly tested to ensure they are working correctly. This will help to ensure
that the backup data is available when it's needed and that it can be restored quickly and
easily in the event of a disaster or outage.
3.4 Disk mirroring and redundant array of inexpensive disks configurations
Disk mirroring and redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) are both techniques used to
improve data storage reliability and performance in computer systems.Disk mirroring, also

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known as RAID 1, involves creating an exact copy of data onto a second hard drive. This
provides redundancy, since if one drive fails, the other can be used to recover the data. Disk
mirroring is a simple and effective way to protect against data loss due to hardware failures.
RAID is a more sophisticated approach to data storage redundancy that involves combining
multiple hard drives into a single logical unit. There are several different RAID
configurations, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some common RAID
configurations include:

 RAID 0: Data is striped across multiple drives for improved performance, but there
is no redundancy;
 RAID 1: Data is mirrored across multiple drives for redundancy, but there is no
performance improvement;
 RAID 5: Data is striped across multiple drives with parity information used to
provide redundancy. This provides both performance improvement and redundancy,
but requires at least three drives;
 RAID 6: Similar to RAID 5, but with an additional parity block to provide
redundancy even if two drives fail simultaneously.

RAID provides benefits beyond just redundancy, such as increased performance and the
ability to hot-swap failed drives without data loss. However, it is also more complex to
set up and manage than disk mirroring.

3.5 Spatial and Non- Spatial Data Backup

Spatial data backup refers to the process of copying and storing data that has a spatial or
geographic component, such as maps, satellite imagery, aerial photos, or any other type of
geospatial data. This type of data is often used in geographic information systems (GIS) and
other applications that require location-based analytics. Spatial data backup is important for
disaster recovery and business continuity purposes, as well as for long-term data preservation.

3.5.1 Spatial Data Backup

Spatial data backup refers to the process of copying and storing data that has a spatial or
geographic component, such as maps, satellite imagery, aerial photos, or any other type of

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geospatial data. This type of data is often used in geographic information systems (GIS) and
other applications that require location-based analytics. Spatial data backup is important for
disaster recovery and business continuity purposes, as well as for long-term data preservation.
Here are some general steps for spatial data backup:

 Identify the spatial data to be backed up: Determine which spatial data is critical to
your operations and needs to be backed up. This may include GIS data, maps, satellite
imagery, aerial photos, or any other type of geospatial data;
 Determine the backup frequency: Determine how often you need to backup your
spatial data, based on your operational needs and the frequency of changes to the data;
 Select a backup method: Select a backup method that best suits your needs. This
may include backing up data to an external hard drive, copying data to a cloud storage
service, or using specialized backup software that is designed for spatial data;
 Set up the backup process: Set up the backup process and schedule, ensuring that it
is automated and easy to use. You may also want to set up notifications to alert you if
the backup process fails or encounters errors;
 Test the backup: Test the backup process to ensure that it is functioning properly and
that you can quickly recover your data in the event of a disaster. This may involve
restoring the data to a test environment and verifying that it is accurate and complete.
 Store backups securely: Store the backups in a secure location, such as an offsite
location or a cloud storage service with strong security measures in place;
 Monitor and maintain the backup: Regularly monitor and maintain the backup
process to ensure that it continues to function properly and that the backupsareup-to-
date and reliable. This may involve periodically reviewing backup logs, testing data
restoration, and updating the backups as needed to account for changes in the spatial
data or backup technology;
 Develop a disaster recovery plan: Finally, develop a disaster recovery plan that
outlines the steps to be taken in the event of a disaster or data loss event. This plan
should include details on how to restore the spatial data from the backup, as well as
any other steps that may be necessary to resume operations. Regularly review and
update the disaster recovery plan to ensure that it remains relevant and effective.

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 3.5.2 Non-Spatial Data Backup
Non-spatial data backup refers to the process of copying and storing data that does not have a
spatial or geographic component, such as text files, databases, spreadsheets, and other types
of digital content. This type of data is typically found in a wide range of applications, such as
accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and email clients.
Here are some general steps for non-spatial data backup:
 Identify the non-spatial data to be backed up: Determine which non-spatial data is
critical to your operations and needs to be backed up. This may include financial
records, customer data, employee records, and other important information;
 Determine the backup frequency: Determine how often you need to backup your
non-spatial data, based on your operational needs and the frequency of changes to the
data;
 Select a backup method: Select a backup method that best suits your needs. This
may include backing up data to an external hard drive, copying data to a cloud storage
service, or using specialized backup software that is designed for non-spatial data;
 Set up the backup process: Set up the backup process and schedule, ensuring that it
is automated and easy to use. You may also want to set up notifications to alert you if
the backup process fails or encounters errors;
 Test the backup: Test the backup process to ensure that it is functioning properly and
that you can quickly recover your data in the event of a disaster. This may involve
restoring thedata to a test environment and verifying that it is accurate and complete;
 Store backups securely: Store the backups in a secure location, such as an offsite
location or a cloud storage service with strong security measures in place;
 Monitor and maintain the backup: Regularly monitor and maintain the backup
process to ensure that it continues to function properly and that the backups are up-to-
date and reliable. This may involve periodically reviewing backup logs, testing data
restoration, and updating the backups as needed to account for changes in the non-
spatial data or backup technology;
 Develop a disaster recovery plan: Finally, develop a disaster recovery plan that
outlines the steps to be taken in the event of a disaster or data loss event. This plan

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 should include details on how to restore the non-spatial data from the backup, as well
as any other steps that may be necessary to resume operations. Regularly review and
update the disaster recovery plan to ensure that it remains relevant and effective.
By following these steps, you can help ensure that your non-spatial data is backed up and
protected against data loss, which is critical for business continuity and disaster recovery.

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Self-check 3

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
Test 1: write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is not correct for
the following questions.
1. Offline backups provide a high level of protection against data loss
2. Online file backups are a type of database backup that involves copying data from a
database to a separate location over a network connection while the database is in use.
3. Spatial data backup refers to the process of copying and storing data that has a spatial
or geographic component
Test 2: Choose the correct answer from the given alternative for the following questions
1. methods for performing full offline backups may include;
A. File-level backup
B. Disk image backup
C. Database dump backup
D. All
2. From the following which one is not methods of performing online file backups
A. Continuous data protection (CDP)
B. Snapshot backups
C. Replication backups
D. Non
Test 3: Short Answer Questions

1. Discuss the following database backup method

b. Off-site copies of back-up file
b. On-line file back-ups
c. Full off-line back-ups
d. Disk mirroring and redundant array of inexpensive disks configurations

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Operation sheet- 3

3.1 Procedures of spatial data backup using Macrium Reflect software.

A. Tools and Equipment

 A computer:
 Backup software like Acronis True Image, EaseUS Todo Backup, and Macrium
Reflect.
 Spatial data
 Backup storage media like external hard drives, tapes, or cloud storage.
B. Procedures

1. Download and install the Macrium Reflect software on your computer.

2. Select backup source: Open Macrium Reflect and select the spatial data source that you
want to backup.

3. Choose backup destination.

4. Select backup type

5. Customize backup settings: Customize the backup settings, including compression level,
encryption, and scheduling.

6. Start backup: Click the "Finish" button to start the backup process.

7. Verify backup

8. Store backup media

9. Review and update backup plan

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 Performance Test
LAP TEST-3
Name………………………………. ID………………………Date ………

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________

Instructions: Collect necessary tools and equipments used to perform the following tasks.
.

Task 1: Backup spatial data using Macrium Reflect software with in two hours

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LG #41 LO #4- Manage Contingencies
Instruction sheet 4
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Development of Risk Management plan
 Implementing Contingency plans
 Spatial data management practices
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Develop of Risk Management plan
 Implement Contingency plans
 practice Spatial data management

Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below.
3. Read the information written in the information Sheets
4. Accomplish the Self-checks
5. Perform Operation Sheets
6. Do the “LAP test”

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Information Sheet 4

4.1 Development of Risk management plan

Developing a risk management plan for spatial and non-spatial data involves identifying
potential risks, assessing their potential impact, and implementing strategies to mitigate or
manage those risks. Here are some steps for developing a risk management plan for spatial
and non-spatial data:

 Identify Risks: The first step in developing a risk management plan is to identify
potential risks that may impact the spatial and non-spatial data. This can include risks
related to data security, data quality, data privacy, and data availability, among others.
Risks can be identified through a combination of internal assessments and external
reviews;
 Assess Impact: Once risks have been identified, the next step is to assess their
potential impact on the spatial and non-spatial data. This involves evaluating the
likelihood of the risk occurring and the potential consequences if it does occur. The
impact assessment should consider both short-term and long-term impacts and should
be based on a range of scenarios;
 Develop Mitigation Strategies: Based on the risk assessment, mitigation strategies can
be developed to reduce the likelihood or impact of the identified risks. Mitigation
strategies can include implementing data security measures, developing data backup
and recovery plans, improving data quality controls, and implementing data access
controls, among others;
 Implement Strategies: Once mitigation strategies have been developed, they should be
implemented through a combination of policies, procedures, and technical measures.
This may involve training staff on data security practices, implementing software and
hardware solutions to improve data quality, and developing and testingdata backup
and recovery plans;
 Monitor and Review: The final step in developing a risk management plan is to
monitor and review the effectiveness of the implemented strategies. This involves

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 regularly reviewing risk assessments, evaluating the effectiveness of mitigation
strategies, and identifying and addressing new risks as they arise. Regular monitoring
and review can help ensure that the risk management plan remains effective and up-
to-date.

A data management plan is a comprehensive strategy for managing and protecting data
throughout its lifecycle. Here's how each of the components you mentioned fits into a data
management plan:

 Fireproof storage: Protecting data from physical damage is an important part of a

data management plan. Storing data in a fireproof location can help ensure that it is
protected from fires, which can cause irreparable damage to physical storage devices
and data;
 Insurance: Insurance is another important component of data management. It can
help cover the cost of data loss or damage due to events such as natural disasters,
theft, or cyber-attacks. Having insurance can help mitigate the financial risk
associated with data loss;
 Media malfunction: Data storage devices can fail due to a variety of reasons, and
media malfunction is a common cause of data loss. A data management plan should
include strategies for minimizing the risk of media malfunction, such as regular
backups and redundancy;
 Media and formats becoming outdated: As technology evolves, storage media and
file formats can become outdated, making it difficult to access or recover data. A data
management plan should include strategies for migrating data to new formats and
media as needed to ensure long-term accessibility;
 Offsite storage: Storing data offsite is an important part of data management. It can
help protect against data loss due to events such as natural disasters, theft, or cyber-
attacks. Offsite storage can be achieved through a variety of methods, such as using
cloud storage or offsite backup services;
 Storage in different media: A data management plan should also include strategies
for storing data in different types of media. This can include hard drives, tapes, cloud

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 storage, and other options. By storing data in different types of media, you can reduce
the risk of data loss due to media failure and increase redundancy.

4.2 Implementing contingency plan

Implementing a contingency plan for spatial and non-spatial data involves developing a set of
procedures and protocols to follow in the event of a data loss, data breach, or other adverse
event. Here are some steps for implementing a contingency plan for spatial and non-spatial
data:

 Identify Critical Data: The first step in implementing a contingency plan is to

identify critical spatial and non-spatial data that is essential to the organization's
operations. This may include data that is required for regulatory compliance, data that
is essential for decision-making, or data that is critical for maintaining business
continuity;
 Develop Backup and Recovery Strategies: Based on the critical data identified,
backup and recovery strategies should be developed to ensure that spatial and non-
spatial data can be quickly recovered in the event of a data loss or other adverse event.
This may involve implementing redundant data storage systems, establishing data
backup schedules, and developing data recovery procedures;
 Establish Data Security Measures: To prevent data breaches and other security
incidents, it is essential to establish data security measures. This may involve
implementing access controls, encrypting sensitive data, and regularly monitoring
data security logs for suspicious activity;
 Develop Communication Protocols: Clear communication protocols should be
established to ensure that all stakeholders are informed in the event of a data loss or
other adverse event. This may involve developing contact lists, establishing
communication channels, and implementing notification procedures;
 Train Staff: All staff should be trained on the contingency plan and their roles and
responsibilities in theevent of a data loss or other adverse event. This may involve
providing training on data security best practices, backup and recovery procedures,
and communication protocols;

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  Test and Evaluate: The contingency plan should be regularly tested and evaluated to
ensure that it remains effective and up-to-date. This may involve conducting mock
data loss scenarios, reviewing log files for unusual activity, and evaluating the
effectiveness of backup and recovery strategies;
 Update the Plan: As new risks emerge or organizational requirements change, the
contingency plan should be updated to reflect these changes. Regular updates can help
ensure that the plan remains effective and relevant over time.
4.3 Spatial data management practices

Spatial data management practices are important for ensuring that spatial data is properly
organized, stored, and analyzed. Here are some common spatial data management practices,
along with references for more information:

 Data quality control: Data quality control is the process of ensuring that spatial data
is accurate, complete, and consistent. This involves checking for errors,
inconsistencies, and missing data. Quality control procedures should be put in place to
ensure that data is reliable and can be used for analysis.
 Metadata management: Metadata is information about spatial data, such as its
source, format, and accuracy. Metadata management involves creating and
maintaining metadata for spatial data to ensure that it is properly documented and can
be easily understood and used by others.
 Data storage and backup: Spatial data should be stored in a secure and reliable
location, with appropriate backup procedures in place to ensure that data is not lost in
case of a disaster or system failure.
 Data sharing: Spatial data should be shared with others in a secure and controlled
manner, topromote collaboration and facilitate data reuse. This involves developing
data sharing policies and procedures, as well as using appropriate technologies and
standards for sharing data.
 Data analysis and visualization: Spatial data should be analyzed and visualized
using appropriate tools and techniques to gain insights and communicate results
effectively. This involves using software tools such as GIS software or statistical

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 packages, as well as developing appropriate visualization techniques for
communicating spatial data.
 Data security: Spatial data should be protected from unauthorized access or use. This
involves using appropriate security measures, such as access controls and encryption,
to ensure that spatial data is secure.

By implementing these spatial data management practices, organizations can ensure that
spatial data is properly organized, stored, and analyzed, and that it is used effectively to
support decision making and improve outcomes.

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 Self-check 4

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
Test 1: Short Answer Questions
1. Discuss the Steps for developing a risk management plan for spatial and non-spatial
data:
2. Explain Steps for implementing a contingency plan for spatial and non-spatial data:

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Reference Materials
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Text

Chen, J., & Li, Y. (2020). A Method of Building Common Fields for Integrating Spatial and
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Cross, A. (2010). Data Integration for Spatial Applications: Combining Geographic and Non-
Geographic Data. CRC Press.

Han, J., Kamber, M., & Pei, J. (2011). Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. Morgan
Kaufmann.

Healy, K. (2018). Data Visualization: A Practical Introduction. Princeton University Press.

Inmon, W. H. (2010). Building the Data Warehouse: The Kimball Method. Wiley
Publishing.

Law, M., & Collins, A. (2019). Getting to Know ArcGIS Pro. Esri Press.

Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic
Information Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons.

Mitchell, R. (2018). Web Scraping with Python: Collecting More Data from the Modern
Web. O'Reilly Media.

Mulloy, B. (2018). Web API Design: Crafting Interfaces that Developers Love. O'Reilly
Media.

Obe, R., & Hsu, L. (2017). PostGIS in action (2nd ed.). Manning Publications.
Ponniah, P. (2010). Data Warehousing Fundamentals: A Comprehensive Guide for IT
Professionals. John Wiley & Sons.

Raschka, S., & Mirjalili, V. (2017). Python Machine Learning. Packt Publishing.

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Samet, H. (2019). Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures. Morgan
Kaufmann.
Viescas, J. L., & Hernandez, M. J. (2019). SQL Queries for Mere Mortals: A Hands-On
Guide to Data Manipulation in SQL. Addison-Wesley Professional.

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at https://www.ogc.org/standards(accessed 23/05/23)

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT

Ministry of Labor and Skills and Ministry of Agriculture Rural Land Administration and Use
wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many representatives of TVET instructors and
respective industry experts who donated their time and expertise to the development of this
Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM).

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The experts who developed the learning guide
No Name Qualification Educational background Region/college Phone number E-mail
1 Dessalegn Addis MSc Land Administration (BSc) Assosa +251-920104909 [email protected]
Land Administration and ATVET
Management(MSc)
2 Abay Mustefa MSc Land Management(BSc) Agarfa ATVET +251-910784067 [email protected]
Land Management(MSc)
3 ShumetMengesha MSc Land Administration (BSc) Addis Ababa +251_984004128 [email protected]
Geodesy and Geomatics(MSc) MPTC
4 DessalegnGashu MSc Land Administration (BSc) Addis Ababa +251-912604368 [email protected]
Business Administration (MBA) MPTC
5 Hamid Kemal MSc Land Administration (BSc) Assosa ATVET +251-938479541 [email protected]
Land Administration and
Management(MSc)
6 DilnesaFentahun MSc Land Administration (BSc) Assosa ATVET +251-989426464 [email protected]
Land Administration and
Management(MSc)
7 Abraham MSc Land Administration (BSc) Addis Ababa +251-910006950 [email protected]
Desyibelew Geodesy and geomatics(MSc) MPTC
8 Reta Moti MSc Natural Resource Agarfa +251-940626042 [email protected]
Management(Bsc) ATVET
Land administration and
management(MSc)
9 Solomon Eshete MSc Land Management(BSc) Agarfa +251-912307088 [email protected]
Land Management(MSc) ATVET
10 Agonafir Bogale MSc Land Administration and Agarfa ATVET +251-902838317 [email protected]
Surveying(BSc)
Land Administration and
Management(MSc)

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