EGG SHELL AND SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea Batatas) PEEL AS AN
ALTERNATIVE ECO-FRIENDLY PAPER BAG
A Quantitative-Experimental Research
Presentend to the Faculty of Universidad de Zamboanga Senior High School
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Research Project of Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
BY
ABDURAHMAN, ASHADIEEYAH A.
ESPINOSA, LEONA MABELL E.
SANTA RITA, BLESSY M.
TEVES, ANGEL F.
Co- Author
Mr. Neal Wayne Salcedo
UZ-SHS Instructor Specialist
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
iii
DEDICATION
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we the researchers, are grateful to the Almighty
god for his unwavering grace, guidance, and protection that he has bestowed
upon us during this research project.
To our Research Instructor, Mr. Neal Wayne Salcedo, whose
genuine care and guidance helped us to survive the long way of research. We
sincerely appreciate his efforts and unwavering patience, which inspired us to
always try our hardest.
We would especially like to express our gratitude to our parents for
their unwavering parental presence and advice throughout our lives, as well as
for their financial support in helping us complete this research.
And to our peers, who have supported us over this senior high
school journey and never stopped helping us strive for success.
Finally, we also express our deepest gratitude to the entire research
team for their combined commitment, diligence, and teamwork, all of which were
essential to the successful completion of this research study.
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
Tite Page Page
Approval sheet ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract vi
Table of content vii
List of Figures xi
List od Table xii
l. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Significance of the Study
Scope and De/Limitations of the Study
ix
Definition of Terms
ll. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Foreign Related Studies
Local Related Studies
III. METHODS AND PROCESS
Research Design
Research Locale
Sampling Design
Data Gathering Procedure
Ethical Consideration
Statistical Tools
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Problem 1: Result and Discussion supported with Literatures
Problem2: Result and Discussion supported with Literatures
Problem 3: Result and Discussion supported with Literatures
x
V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIO
Summary of Findings
Conclusion
Recommendation
REFERENCE (BOOKS, LOCAL, FOREIGN, ECT.)
APPENDICES
A. Sample Preparation
B. Raw Data
C. Sample Calculation
D. Letters to Conduct the study
E. Validation Form
F. Declaration Form
G. Ethics Clearance
H. Plagiarism
I. Curriculum
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The global environment is evolving each day, causing a threat to every
living being as factories are increasing that affect the environmental badly (Jalil,
Mian, and Rahman, 2013), One of these factories is making paper bags. As a
(STEM) students in Universidad de Zamboanga, we decided to utilize a safer
alternative paper bags using eggshell waste and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
peel to reduce food waste.
Paper bags are made out of tree pulp, the process of these cause bad
harm to all of us, and affects the environmental badly to produce the product
(Muthu, Li, Hu, Mok, and Ding, 2012). Egg shell is the first variable we used,
According to (VERMA et al. 2012) Egg is a major ingredients use to make foods,
about 250,000 tons of Egg shell waste around the world. Another variable we will
use is the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel waste, throughout the years
population continue to increase causing the demand of food also increase (Maria
& Freire, 2010), therefore the Waste also increase due to food usage. With this
findings, We come up the Egg shell and Sweet potato (Ipomoea Batatas) peel as
an alternative paper bag using biomass waste, this will reduced biomass waste
and have good impact to the environment.
The first goal we apply in this study is the Responsible Consumption
and Production, This Goal is Responsible that individuals should utilize the
resource by reducing the bad impact and promoting a good impact in the
environment. We used this Goal to apply in our study, by promoting a sustainable
paper bags using food waste Such as the egg shell and Sweet potato (Ipomoea
batatas) peel as paper bags.The other (SDG) Sustainable development goals we
apply in our study is, Life on Land.This Goal focuses on protecting and saving
the land or the forest such as stopping deforestation. Paper bags are made out of
wood pulp, this process under go by cutting trees. In our study we used food
waste like the egg shell and Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel to produce a
paper bags, we used this variables to avoid deforestation and reduce the
pollution in the environment.
Statement of the Problem
This research was conducted to examine the effectiveness of egg
shell and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peels as an alternative paper bag.
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions.
1.) What is the effectivity rate of egg shell and sweet potato (ipomoea
batatas) peel as paper bags production using the following treatment;
T1: 2kg of egg shell: 1kg of sweet potato peel: 9liters of water
T2: 1kg of egg shell: 1 ½ kg of sweet potato peel: 9liters of water
T3: 1kg of egg shell: 1 kg of sweet potato peel: 9liters of water
In terms of;
1.1 Weight Load
2.) Is there any significant difference among the following treatment use
T1: 2kg of egg shell: 1kg of sweet potato peel: 9liters of water
T2: 1kg of egg shell: 1 ½ kg of sweet potato peel: 9liters of water
T3: 1kg of egg shell: 1 kg of sweet potato peel: 9liters of water
In terms of;
1.1 Weight Load
Hypothesis
The study contains two different presumptions according to the tree
samples provided, Null hypothesis, and Alternative hypothesis which might be
either validated or debunked.
Alternative hypothesis
1. There is a significant difference in the level rate among the three group of
treatments when it comes to durability testing and texture testing.
Null hypothesis
2. There is no significant difference in the level rate among the three group
treatments when it comes to durability testing and texture.
Theoretical framework
Sustainable material utilization theory:
Both egg shell and Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel as an
alternative paper bags aligns with the sustainable theory as we used a food
waste and make them into a usable and valuable product.
Biopolymer and composite theory:
The egg shells are primarily composed of calcium carbonate and
proteins which provide the ability to not forced out of shape and structure. The
sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel contains starch which are needed in making
paper as it serves to the papers strength and printability.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) theory: this measures the impacts of the
product from the products life cycle using raw materials to disposal, our study is a
quasi- experimental which are often use to compare from the previous existing
study.
Social theory:The effect of this paper bag that are made out of food
waste has good impact to the social since it reduces pollution.
Starch and Binder role theory: Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel
contains starch just like potato peel, this starch acts as a binder for the paper bag
and improves texture.
Environmental impact and waste utilization:
Using food waste such as the Sweet potato (Ipomoea Batatas) peel
and Egg shell and make it into a paper bags helps the environment from
reducing deforestation and pollution.
Conceptual Framework
Input Process Output
T1: 2kg of egg shell: 1kg of Prepare materials needed
sweet potato peel: 9liters of Cut the sweet potato into
water smaller pieces and Pulverize
Paper Bags
the egg shell
T2 : 1kg of egg shell: 1 ½ kg of
Boil the sweet potato peels
sweet potato peel: 9liters of
Blend the sweet potato
water
peels and egg shell
T3: 1kg of egg shell: 1 kg of
Add water and 60grams of
sweet potato peel: 9liters of
cornstarch to the blended
water
variables
Form the paper using a
strainer or paper making
equipment
Dry it in the sun
Glue it and form a paper bag
Significant of the Study
This experiment research will produce a biodegradable paper using
egg shell and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel as a paper bag. Particularly,
the following are the possible beneficiaries on the finding of this study;
For the environment, the materials that will be used in the paper bag
production are organic and inorganic materials. This study is an eco-friendly
experiment. Moreover this study discusses the advantages using paper bag for
clean and more sustainable in the environment.
For the Department of Environment Resources (DENR), the finding
of this study may benefits industrial applications such as food packaging,
marketing and eco-friendly solutions. Highlighting that the variables used in this
study are from natural resources.
For the consumers, this research mar serve as a way of engaging
consumers to switch from the plastic to eco-friendly paper bag this can help
lessen the organic waste, preventing harm, and enhancing better lifestyle.
For the Future Researcher, this research may provide a new and
additional knowledge and may serve as a reference for their future studies.
For the Department of Agriculture, this research may provide a good
help in this department, since this study could help reduce waste, promoting
sustainability, and reuses food waste.
For the farmers, this research may provide and help the farmers,
reducing the factories, and avoiding food waste
Scope and De/Limitations
This study is delimited to effectivity rate of egg shell and sweet potato
(Ipomoea batatas) peel as an alterative paper bags in terms of biomass waste.
This study will be conducted in the Physical Laboratory of Universidad de
Zamboanga Senior High School, Zamboanga City. This study is limited only with
egg shell and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel as an alternative paper bags.
Each treatment will have a constant usage of water. Treatment 1 200g of egg
shell, 150g of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel, and 300ml of water.
Treatment 2 175 g of egg shell, 175 of sweet potato (ipomoea batatas) peel, and
300ml of water. Treatment 3 150g of egg shell, 200g of sweet potato (Ipomoea
batatas) peel, and 300ml of water.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined operationally;
Eggshell: This terms refers to the variable used as a softening agent
components for the production of paper bag.
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas): This terms refers to the second variable used
as a softening agent components for the production of an alternative paper bag.
Paper Bag: This terms refers to the output of the experiment, it is a
biodegradable paper bag particularly produced with Eggshell and Sweet potato
peel as its softening agent.
Biodegradability: This terms refers to the ability and quality of a substances
(paper bag) that this research wish to produce.
Weight Load: This terms refers to its ability on how much weight the paper bag
could handle or the paper limits
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Foreign Related Literature
(August 2022) Globally, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) root crop
ranks in the seventh most important crop. China was reported as the world's
largest Sweet potato producer, with 76.2% of global production (UNCTAD 2012).
They have compared all types of sweet potato to see the different effects in the
growth performance in woven polypropylene plastic bags. According to the
results of the study, all tested sweet potato cultivars induced high nitrogen
content in their leaves which is responsible for good root development. In
conclusion, the growth performance of the different types of sweet potato
affected by the growth of the environment, which was the woven polypropylene
plastic bags, bosbok was highly recommended when using the woven
polypropylene plastic bag technology.
According to (Basak, A.S.M. raja May 2023) Papers are very much
flammable because of polysaccharides structure. Most of the chemicals use for
fire retardancy have been worked on heat sink, heat barrier, condensed phase
and vapour phase mechanism, it was popular and mostly used but it was not
very much successful due to the negative effect it had on the environment. In the
preparation they have collected egg shells and crushed into a forms of a fine
power, egg shell contains bio calcium carbonate and it has been deposited on
the surface of the paper, in their basis egg shell helps the flame retardants.
According to (Aswin S. Warrier, R. Krishnapriya, M.P Harikrishnan,
A.M. Nandhu Lal, M.K. Anirudh, Anjineyulu Kothakota June, 2024) Packaging
plays a crucial part in the storage. It provides protection from any possibility that
could cause physical damage to the object (Duncan and Chang 2012). According
to the Program (UNEP visual feature, 2023) plastic has been used around the
world about five trillion, however this cause an disadvantages to the world. Thus
they developed a eco-friendly plastic bag to replace existing plastic bag. They
have used a raw materials which are lotus stem, Banana stem, Pineapple leaves,
Rice straw, and skimmed milk, following their step by step procedure in making a
eco-friendly paper bags using these raw materials to produce a bioplastic. In
conclusion, this study had the potential on producing lotus and the used raw
materials to produce bioplastic that can help to the environment.
Local Related Literature
Garido (2020) investigated the possibility of producing paper bags
from banana pseudo-stems with the use of sodium hydroxide. The research
sought to investigate a green alternative to plastic bags, using agricultural waste.
The procedure entailed extracting fibers from banana pseudo-stems, producing
paper bags, and comparing their strength with commercial bags. The research
concluded that banana fibers could be effectively converted into paper bags.
Whereas the durability was also compared to commercial bags, the study did not
offer precise measurements comparison. The study was ultimately focused on
minimizing population due to banana framing waste and encouraging more
sustainable.
Moreover, Carpenter (2020) proposed utilizing coconut husks as a
material from which to develop environment-friendly paper bags, dealing with the
eco-concern of plastic bags as well as harmful chemicals in paper bag
manufacturing. The researchers made an effort towards finding a viable and
affordable replacement by converting coconut husk to reusable bags in a way
that will help save the environment as well as protect resources.
Buco, Gilongos, Espinosa, Tuangtuang, and Perlas (2020)
investigated the possibility of employing Musa sepientum trunks, waste paper
and shredded plastic as materials to make environmentally friendly paper bags,
their research sought to establish whether such bags could be substitutes for
plastic bags by analyzing their strength, air permeability. The researchers
performed an experiment with five replicates of every type of bag and established
that the paper bags were much stronger, permeable to air, and light blocking,
presenting themselves as an ideal solution to waste minimization and
sustainability.
Quijon, Antolin, Balcanao, Corpuz, Miller, Padayao, and Passi (2021)
examined the feasibility of using taro stems as a substitute material for making
paper bags. In their study, they sought to determine the feasibility of utilizing the
agricultural waste product as a viable alternative to common paper bag material.
The process entailed removing fibers from taro stems processing them
processing them to make paper and subsequently fabrication paper bags. The
study compared the properties of these taro-based paper bags with those of the
standard materials. Although the research did not offer quantifiable performance
data or conparative measures, it implies that taro stems present opportunities as
a renewable material in making paper bags, enhancing sustainability and
minimizing use of non-renewable materials.
Cale, Hawom, Malon, Matanog, and Ramayrat (2023) investigated the
potential for producing environment-friendly paper bags from carabao grass
(Paspalum conjugatum) and recycled cardboard. The research sought to
evaluate the feel, odor, color, and strength of the trial paper, testing its viability for
biodegradability and accessibility. Their study entailed a sensory test based on
questionnaires and statistical tests, concluding that the bags were generally
acceptable and promising for practicability. Although the research pointed out
areas that need improvement, including looking for other chemicals and
optimizing processing procedures, it shows the possibility of utilizing accessible
and sustainable material in producing environmentally friendly paper bags.
Moratilla, Placio, Bantillo, Semblante, Jimenez, Butling, Tumalon,
Luad, and Ferrer (2023) sought to explore whether the fibers from karlang
(Xanthosoma sagittifolium) and gabi (Colocasia esculenta) can be viable as a
substitute for wood-pulp-based traditional paper bags due to their supposedly
lower environmental footprint. They emphasized identifying the fiber properties of
karlang and gabi as alternative for paper bag making and checking the properties
of the resulting paper bags in terms of strength, capacity to contain weight, and
resistance to water. Their study revealed that such plant fibers could be utilized
to produce paper bags successfully. The research identifies the potential for
utilizing such readily available resources in more eco-friendly packaging options.
CHAPTER 3
METHODS AND PROCESS
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study of eggshell and sweet potato peel as paper bags utilizes
quantitative research that is a quasi-experiment. Quantitative research is a
numerical study that uses numbers and measures variables. The experimental
research modifies the variables and examines the effectiveness of the variables
during the input, process, and output. This study is appropriate for a quasi-
experiment because it does not do random sampling, and it compares two
variables. Three investigation treatment groups we will utilize in order to examine
the effectiveness of eggshell and sweet potato peel as paper bags in terms of
weight load.
Research Locale
The experimentation of this study was conducted in Physical
Laboratory of Universidad de Zamboanga Senior High School, J.S. Alano St.,
Zamboanga City where All apparatus that was used for the procedure were
borrowed from the Science Laboratory Services. As for the Eggshell, Sweet
potato peel, and water we will used the waste materials that we could find in the
market and the cornstarch we bought it in the supermarket
Sampling Design
The Population are surrounded with various of paper bags such as
Egg shell and Sweet potato (Ipomoea Batata) peel, The population will be
stratified for an unbiased and valid information determining a suitable variables.
Each group of sampling size employs a random selection to avoid bias and have
an appropriate result. Sampling design is the one that manage a unbiased and
valid result to get more information for this study. Documentation was employ
during the entire process, and the used of a randomization technique for a
unbiased information. This sampling design aims to yield a reliable insights of a
Egg shell and Sweet potato (Ipomoea Batata) peel to determine a appropriate
and valid result and conclusion.
Data Gathering Procedure (flowchart)
Preparation of
materials and
equipments
Preparation of the
treatment
Testing of the weight
load
Data collection of
the study
Proper waste disposal of the
unused materials
In Figure 2 shows the process and the flow of the procedure that we
will follow, In the first step we will firstly prepare the materials and equipments
needed for the research for us to use it during the experiment, Next we will
Prepare the treatments that we will use, these are the Treatments we have [T1:
2kg of Egg shell: 1kg of Sweet potato peel: 9 liters of water], [T2: 1kg of Egg
shell: 1kg 1/2kg of Sweet potato peel: 9 liters of water], [T3: 1kg of Egg shell: 1kg
of Sweet potato peel: 9 liters of water], Moving on to the next step after doing the
experiment and following the step by step process we will test for the weight load
of the paper bags to see how much weight or object it could hold until it reaches
it's limit, After that is the data collection we will find which among the treatments
hold a lot more objects and compare the three treatments to each other, and
lastly we will properly dispose the unused materials that we have to avoid danger
and for safety purposes.
Sample Preparation
A methodical and controlled approach is essential when preparing
samples for the examination of Eggshell and Sweet potato (ipomea batatas) peel
as a paper bag.
The following are the actual preparation of the samples:
Paper bag mixture preparation
To determine the desired proportion of Eggshell, Sweet potato peel,
cornstarch and water. Then add the Eggshell, Sweet potato peel, cornstarch, and
water in a pot . Dry it in the sun for 4 days if there is a sunlight but if there is no
sunlight it will be dry for 5-6 days.
Paper Dry and cut preparation:
Dry it in the sun and if the paper is already dry cut and glue it to make
it a paper bag.
Proper waste disposal:
The rest of unused Egg shell and Sweet potato (Ipomoea Batatas)
peel and cornstarch will be surrendered to the science laboratory services to
properly ensure a proper disposal of the rest unused variables. While the unused
Tap water will be used to clean the equipments that had use and the rest of the
counter.
Ethical Consideration
According to Bhandari, P. (2021), ethical considerations are crucial in
any research study. In our study investigating eggshells and sweet potato peels
as an alternative for paper bags, we are determined to follow ethical standards.
Our study focuses on the use of readily available and sustainable materials. We
make sure that all materials employed are biodegradable and responsibly
sourced to reduce any negative effect on the environment. We have not utilized
human or animal subjects at all, and we prefer the use of waste resources like
eggshells and sweet potato peels. Our experiment design is aimed at
contributing to environmentally friendly alternatives, which fits the needs and
values of the Philippines. We also have faith in honesty and transparency in
research, strictly following school guidelines and being conscious in our
approach towards environmental awareness throughout the research process.
Statistical tools
ANOVA is a statistical test used to compare two or more groups to
determine if there is a difference between the variables, We will used the ANOVA
to test and compare the three treatments for us to see the significant difference
between the three treatments based on their Weight load or limitation.
