Common Text
Text Type Purpose Features Examples
Structures
Characters, setting, plot,
Picture books,
conflict, resolution. Description
chapter books,
The text includes Cause and Effect
Narrative Tells a story short stories,
description and a Chronology/Sequence
plays, biography
sequence of events Problem and Solution
and memoir
unfolding over time.
Vivid language, sensory
details.
The text focuses on Description
Paints a picture
Descriptive providing details about a Compare and Essays, poetry
with words
person, place, object, or Contrast
event using sensory
language.
Facts, definitions, Description
processes. Cause and Effect Textbooks, news
Explanation or Explains or The text often includes Compare and articles, pictorial
Expository informs headings, subheadings, Contrast informational
and may use bullet points Chronology/Sequence books
or numerical listings. Problem and Solution
Step-by-step instructions. Recipes, user
Provides
The text often includes manuals,
instructions on
Procedure diagrams or illustrations Chronology/Sequence building kit
how to do
to help the reader follow instructions, and
something
the instructions. DIY guides
Evidence, logic,
Persuades the reasoning.
Description
reader to adopt The text includes
Cause and Effect Essays,
Argumentative a particular arguments, provides
Compare and editorials,
or Persuasive point of view or evidence, and utilizes
Contrast speeches
take a specific rhetorical techniques to
Problem and Solution
action influence the reader’s
opinion.