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Microscope Complete Notes

A microscope is an optical instrument designed to magnify small objects, with a history dating back to the 1590s. Key components include the eyepiece, objective lenses, and light source, while various types such as compound and electron microscopes serve different purposes. The document also outlines the principles of magnification and resolution, as well as comparisons between light and electron microscopes.

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185 views3 pages

Microscope Complete Notes

A microscope is an optical instrument designed to magnify small objects, with a history dating back to the 1590s. Key components include the eyepiece, objective lenses, and light source, while various types such as compound and electron microscopes serve different purposes. The document also outlines the principles of magnification and resolution, as well as comparisons between light and electron microscopes.

Uploaded by

gatikeshbehera78
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Microscope - Complete Study Notes

Definition:

A microscope is an optical instrument used to magnify and view objects too small to be seen by the

naked eye, such as cells, tissues, or microorganisms.

History:

- 1590s: First microscope invented by Zacharias Janssen.

- 1665: Robert Hooke observed cork cells and coined the term cell.

- 1674: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria and protozoa.

- 1931: Electron microscope developed by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll.

Principle:

Microscopes work on the principle of magnification and resolution. Light or electrons pass through or

bounce off the specimen, and lenses or magnets create a magnified image.

Components of a Compound Light Microscope:

- Eyepiece (Ocular lens): Magnifies the image.

- Objective Lenses: Primary lenses for magnification (4x, 10x, 40x, 100x).

- Nosepiece: Holds and rotates objective lenses.

- Stage: Platform for slide placement.

- Stage Clips: Hold the slide in place.

- Diaphragm/Iris: Controls light amount.

- Condenser: Focuses light onto specimen.

- Light Source: Illuminates specimen.

- Coarse Adjustment Knob: Rough focusing.

- Fine Adjustment Knob: Precise focusing.


- Arm: Connects parts and used for carrying.

- Base: Supports the microscope.

Types of Microscopes:

1. Simple Microscope Single convex lens.

2. Compound Microscope Two lenses.

3. Dissecting Microscope 3D view, low magnification.

4. Phase Contrast Microscope For transparent specimens.

5. Fluorescence Microscope Uses UV light.

6. Electron Microscope (EM)

a. TEM Views internal structures.

b. SEM 3D surface image.

7. Confocal Microscope Laser scanning.

Working of a Compound Microscope:

1. Light source illuminates specimen.

2. Light passes through diaphragm and condenser.

3. Then through the specimen on a slide.

4. Objective lens magnifies the real image.

5. Eyepiece magnifies it again (virtual image).

6. Total magnification = Objective Eyepiece.

Key Terms:

- Magnification: Apparent size increase.

- Resolution: Clarity and separation of close points.

- Focal Length: Distance from lens to focal point.

- Parfocal: Stays focused when lenses change.


- Numerical Aperture: Light-gathering capacity.

- Depth of Field: Focus thickness.

Comparison:

Light Microscope | Electron Microscope

-----------------|--------------------

Light source | Electron beam

~0.2 m | ~0.1 nm

Up to 2000x | Up to 2,000,000x

Live specimens | No

Cheap | Expensive

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