Chapien - 01 Proposition: is a doolamtive somtonee that is either tue e op » Be bub mut both. ‘Spolemart voriohles: \ovioblos Shak Peprason} Propositions. The @enventional | etlens used Tir prapoptionsl voniables ow p,d;n'g.c--- % The oon of logic thot doals with Paoporstign is called propasitionol aplevlus on Propasitional Iypic. Lot p be o pmpesition, The neytion is dou Ay “pan *) Example: Todoy is Tridoy, This not the cose that they is Fy, A The gical. operators that oe used fo -férm new Propesition Aton ‘hwo op mone eaisting fropasition. These logieal Corotyns ‘one alse called canneatives |The emdundion pay Cp ond 9)yas WN 421 ImaA\S P= Today js Friday Y= 1 js palning teday PAY. = ETodoy is Foiday and it ts ig ‘ey T> Fuony Rainy Fiidays » - F> Any doy that is at Filip cond wit ake it doo n+ Poin. BE disSunetion: PVN ( Pon) melusive wo *€ exdusive oe @. : _|]oadtly one of ponds hapa and False aeMe The eondttiona shdemont > 4 CP p then 9) ts fplse when P is +puo ord 4 is Pls phonic the, p> hy polleesis (orteasdorrt oP Promise) q > eanelusion ( eansequenee) also enllod implication Py is True tiy when ? and q nue i’) when P False (no mater what the “ruth value 4 has) PTS Prey] pd Se ee ee He if p>¥ thon th) wmvense: Y> Ph (i) Cmipnpestive | -9>p -> some hosth ile of p24 (hi) inverse: ps9 llAgain : ( Converse and Inverse ‘ane; wy) [Example | "i PHs-yaining thom the home tne lps ‘whenevon it | The onipinal shlement p->q IS valning? tf it is valning, thon the home taxm wing “ | Corrnopositve : —q>-p ] H home tes cies not win, when itt is nt. i | converse: > p iP home ten Wins, thon iis alnng. [Tose: -p> 4 | zP itis not ming, thon the home team does net Win. Bi-em ditional /p.- mmplistion Pe) (pit ond only iP 4) : x . Twe if the somo Value of qruth L Ghia Fylse otwpylise elT Le (p-ss)a(9>n) Eranpn ogiea exnnedtives () emdunetions i) disdundions. sir hi). e@naitionalstemorts Cv) Gi embtionl shntemerrs tev.) <0 tu Exomplos (eee Fee aay ““wnstouek the! tidh table oP the eampound fe emerson (PV39) > (€n\) a5 Sq Puna | en [pats Pad] 1, Feod ole Layeiat[Eompls: cree BW tere You eon aevess the intornet from aampas only i you ono Semcenni OS x eompulen seonee macor on you ane not o: Aroshmaiy was (bv-F ) I raleywecy |* Nou_conet ride the ellen enaster JP [Link]._undon fe lus au. oF olan Ho es ooo ¢ re) ora “gi par f pee fp TF # The mahorated vp exnnt be sor! hon the flo. cshy is fall : A ‘ a het | | jbs70 %€ Bolen Sexnehos: lett ake ltyiet eommoctives ova used extensively inicavohs of lange | aaledtion oF imfbrmation, sueh 08 fndaxos. of Web Pages. Basnlse Those. Serecho> omplay ‘eehniquss fiom Prupnsitional lye i> ss be gd souifaucs “peoyoncaa. QU Hud" uo J yay. sajQop Hed Rayan vst herd ff [uoqanaia Ae Ld 4/1 ald ia dj i [vd dad | Uap oULUGD v udu Kéd}abmg. 0 vdhypaRl < ADUACUK UCD dkvd “By SRorayy << WOU Tua de Ad. °St ANNA UAT, ayy BUM Saal OL ‘Anup, TAomIe 5! 44 WOpisadDWY pUNOdWGD GY < REd}apmaf. ‘BOUALOAYLA Yon SOdAe] Cans ay UL SKY f? AOquaMU BH 31 Guinys sue bo Het] OW, “Spay BudLA ud Qua 49 doUANKaS v ci Pus HY Y i % i 00 Onuf. “OKA SI OnON SLL Ht A|qAOA [mG WAIVE SL_ALqeWIN y SO\quy, U9 |00gDeo Mongon’s Low |} 10A9) = 4p v9), By (pvt) = paay Exndod vension (QV AVA... fh) = (APA Rrp-- aR), T(RARAB .-.0%) = (apy aRvapy----V4hh) PV(PAY) = P = ) PAC Pvt) = # Sow that, a0P4) and past one ‘lly equivalent can be shown using tnath table. on, AQGe4) salvo) + ig [9 Bal) (4) i = pany A Shon “hak, evtaond)) ond PA one [Qpienlly eyuivalen gaution, 4 (pvtapnd) = AP Ms <(-PAaP\v aPtputepay)) = apnatpngy eapAlepval) oetpnp) ay (4PA-9) = Fv (apAnd) ; a un = -pany ” ape show Taek * “GAY (PVA) is 4 oulyy > (PAY) -> (ov) = “apa (av) Fie bio = OPv1) v(pvd) =Geve) Vnqv9) SNe eat Polis 4 Ud plot) dendies the sical ie wih one the nut values of Pte) and pCa)? BS Tee cay aliclds ail Ap ray Bg (02 etl Me —_[otu, whe Ga) ave wll, ond 46 He Fedde Preenndition s ‘he staoments that dao vl inp ane known fostapnditions ‘the conditions task saad oy shuld ake whon the Pragtay hos pun [Link]) donotes the univoensal quantihetion of ecx) Here ¥ is oplled Universal Quonntton he We pond vin 0 as" Fan every apex)” An dement fn whieh’ ta) is ke IS called a epunten Gomple oF vac AyL).” : [Exomnples Leb Pr) be the shbomen} "ars Pix) is true for OM areal numbons ‘| Bxomnpla: ; oe [oy = "22" i mot true for all rep numbers gta) -Alse. tt is wuUNTPGampe,# “he wvictonti quantition (3) ("There exists on dormant in the demon sueh . d ra) “Anene is on ot Sul that PO) |) thane ig ot Least one x sueh that POH) duped) is file iP and only 3 done. ig no dement % in the domain Hp whieh PW) 1g fue. S aptn) is Blse IP and only. ¥ pow) is fhleo fi every elon of the domain. # Uniweness quanfiien Lae 31,07] thone is exactly one. | Expo: oo Vy #0 (yao) ond ae>0e= 2) “he suove of nepotive wey positive. ° >The whe of oveny nonzero ‘el number ic aren > Thane is o pustve tune gaat of 2 Prenadonew E Hiphor Thaw ony oihen gpendan —_é |Binding ound and Free Sep gf the quontifen: ‘The Powt oF 0 lepleal. exprossion to whieh a quo sol Is called , “1/0 voniable ts Tree iP is, gudsice the Suppo. # Anaya, hone ig hound by the exch sonia hob y ie thew Ser : AALPOL) = 4 PW TBM = Yat Btw ‘Pe Ngotion oP the statement *Thore Is an honest politfeinn” tA Amonteans éat eherse burguns.” S THe 4 Hoo) as Evory politielan | |g dishonest! Lens Toe is is an penny who does not ak eheasebuyisHt Express the stdements some student in this elas has visited Mexrey.. ° Evony Student ti this’ ess has visited ethan tach on Mexien S There is a Student x in shi elass ba he Poin | thot has visited Mexieb, I TM | SS Thon js a student having the praportion Ahab at tg a ttudont in this ease and % has. visited mexiep. =AL(Mad V et) wri( Sew > (08) V MOO), A 4 Every moll message. longor that one megabyf. will be. eomp- rossed” ond "Pa user is dative, ok lost one newtwonk link Will be ovoilable.” > im(8(mn.r}) —> etm) Suite) > ns (n. Avoilable’) at)# Ail lions ove Feneo = ploy) Some ions dy nit dnime epfBo Bb Some Foneo ereatures qh not dnink ele. ie Cad Vo (Pl) > 600) SHL(POD A= Rta) 2X(800 A apn) | Pw Kis a Sion BI) > 116 Povon RW SC drinks’ GoBe | [| All humming birds ove nishly eslenod. No lospe. ids live on honey Birds tak da not live on, honey a in elon Humming binds ore, Small. ; mf Pex) > HIS a hummingbird gt) st is longo. pit) > % lives on honeys. Bly) > K 1 Hichly eplopedwk PC 80) ae LE Aal BDA ROY jo vay) ecdeeuy lh Vai(akO0 > 7800) beearae (”)) wo atin ore nest i me is within sale cept of ‘ne thon: Example: { Vay ((1 0) (yt) >(1940)) dhe pootuek of a. nogtive. Salyer and positive eal number Te olwoys a nopative ven fum don . # yn BOY) conetes that “Thore ts teal numben y such that fer every ‘enh finbé % Bly) - Vale bin gi ( giliie wuld | Way GLY) dondog tha 5 Fon evory veal number x there is a val anileny =, hob B09) se i << FEV py up# The sum of two Positive Ivtogers Ie ine Positives Valvy ((XS0)A (yo) > btty's 0" On Wary (+9 50) Af Thone is a Woman who has taken a ii on eveny pie Hin the, world ze seer (Plu) A stfaS P is a fi ona SS wh tak ales eb Pa aot °° gating ned guomiBEE ss ea oe # vagy (wel) ’ Way (Wy =|) I ia JS BMV AN Dio oy alk dows vo gahuen dor gate i# Thore does net enist a woman who has inken ai on OVONY akbflan airline in the werld Tw VASE ( Pew) Agfa)! SYOIOVF Capwh vagha){polos of wiertaenea: © - rocks oPin mathermakes ave vlid arguments th establish ‘tho tputh of mathernationl statements... [oe Angumant> 0 Soquenee of shntomonts ‘that end with a | ~ tinelosion. ae yolid > the eonelusion, ov Final statement of the. onguiment imust fellow tem tre nudh of the Proeeding Soe monts, op the Promises of the statement. + Falbuies > Some eammen form ef inepnpoct peasoning. Definition: 2 An avgumont in Propositional logic ig a sequenee of Proposition: All but final Proposition in the ongumen} ane ealled Promices pnd Ye Finol Proposition is ealled eanelusion . fin ovgurnont is valid ifthe ‘uth of all its Premiges innplies: that the -@mnelusion is tree. ili Bi |# Selo whieh vule oF inforfunee i the: bas of the. follow ing Io, cue "T+ is below Groen nou, Tec ibs chr sig eezing oy raining nou” ah 1 Phe the Proposition rt is below tReoziry now.” ond § be the boepsition " 3 i valning." hi “hon, tags axqumont is oof the bam, . Reig te be wage hy { hy Gag G Ss + pv4 This is an arjumont tha wes the addition rule. 4 rt js dow fteozing and ren now: haere, iti Jalws APoszing non Abita wash ae iy { PAY rien Lots at eat ted Sy imran He le Me Ren BE This iam uses the jae wide# HP rons Todoy,thon We. Wil nor have a -Lanbeslie today - ‘Tf we do nor have & bovboalte Today hun: we il hove a || danbeqaene tomorrow. Thoncfone, iP it valns today r then we. Will have a banbo gue domopnouds 5 ' | pesd pratt) Dorr aaualy roving BAF & p>? (= hypothe sylogigm me A iPSt ig nob sunny this ofl ond it i hlir'than | Yesterday)" "We will @0 swimming’ only Pit is sunny.» | ante ond "5 vio dake a ance trip then We will be, hone Icby uted! reg aig {! 1 i TAY Tate Elly 14k | gop = Reson : “apy Hypothosis (premise) 8 gimp Regkion Using (1) Roe Hypo thesi's av Modus. thllens using 2 and 3 ete Hypothesis § MTU wands $ 7 + Poumive | Mtv 6 ond % _—_aShot -thok: the Promises Convvr and Pec imply tae © 1 Oridlusin pyg vr Nondy Lay 4 We ean rownite PvP dnd’ Gu we ‘enn alsy replaed rs 4y the chuivolont elause ANVS, Using twp olauuses Pun ond VS Wed use volition to eondude PYs Yes # Ws the Allowiny avjumen} valid Fite wet FF you. do every Problom in this yoke then you Will Lenn || Setnde: materi, tunnel dserok mothemii | Teeneove you did ovony prolamin’ ie Boek. IF js on oxime of ineorent onguront Using the Aalloay ‘ Jo affiening the conelusion. Tdoed, it's Poss Sle fom you ["° leo. dere rndhematss jy some othen dys, ) Hoy pre