COURSE MANUAL

Public International Law

Spring 2023
Academic Year 2022 -2023
B.A., LL. B/B.B.A, LL.B – 2020

From: Joe Sacco, The Hague in Journalism

Course Instructors:
Abhinav Mehrotra, Biswanath Gupta, Aman, Daniel H. Stein, Piergiuseppe Pusceddu,
Rohit Roy, Srinjoy Sarkar
Assistant Instructors:
Kanika Parmar, Pratik Purswani, Samira Joeanne Mathias, Sanitya Kalika, Shivangi
Priya.

Course Coordinator
Aman
 Jindal Global Law School, Spring 2023

O. P. JINDAL GLOBAL UNIVERSITY

PART - I

General Information

General Information on Public International Law, offered by Jindal Global Law School
(JGLS) for Spring 2023 in the Academic Year 2022-2023.

The following information contains the official record of the details of the course.

This document is illustrative and contains general guidelines and readings for the course.
The instructor retains the right to modify the course (without tampering its basic
framework and objectives) for its effective implementation and reception.

Course Title: Public International Law

Course Code: L-CT-0024

Course Duration: One Semester (15 weeks)

Number of credits: 4

Level: Five Year Degree Programme

Medium of Instruction: English

Pre-requisites: Nil

Equivalent courses: Nil

A note of acknowledgements

This course manual has been finalized by the course instructors who are grateful to the
previous instructors of the course at JGLS on whose work this manual has been
incrementally built over semesters. The Course Coordinator would also like to thank
Aditya Roy, Amlan Mishra, Farhan Ahmad, Raghavi Vishwanath, Shubhangi
Agarwalla, Swati Singh Parmar, and some good people of Twitter-verse for their
comments, inputs, and suggestions. Besides that, the Course Coordinator would also like
to thank the people behind course manuals of other law schools in India and beyond that
he could land.

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PART II

a. Course Description
In times of today, it’s tough to, especially for law students, to have not heard of public
international law and have some views on it. Often, not without reason.

Considering this, some of the biggest resistance one faces with public international law
teaching in India is the skepticism that comes with it - around its operability (and, thus
effectiveness of implementation), relatability or even its existence.1 To that end, we hope
that this course gives one an avenue to understand, and appreciate if public international
law “exists”, and much like (or unlike) domestic law, how it has implications on everyday
experiences2 particularly in spaces that we inhabit (accounting both for our positions of
privilege and the lack of it)3 - sometimes in ways hard to imagine or relate to.4 Take for
instance, COVID: be it the causes, the crisis, the vaccination policy – international law
interacts with each of this. Even many things that we see as “internal” issues (or are made
to see so) in today’s world!5

This, of course, is not to romanticize the relevance of international law. While not losing
sight of the point above, the course does not want to ignore how international law has a
questionable history, how the law plays out (in terms of its making, in terms of its
effectiveness, or how its practice, like any discipline of law, responds to power), or how
universal it is, or even how aware are its practitioners of its own shortcomings.

1
See Rohini Sen, “International Law in Indian Law Schools - What remains invisible?” (December 2020)
available at: http://rsrr.in/2020/12/24/international-law-in-indian-law-schools/#_ftnref23 (Rohini Sen)
2
A Conversation with Luis Eslava: International Law and Everyday Life (Part I, II, and III) available at:
https://internationallawandtheglobalsouth.com/a-conversation-with-luis-eslava-international-law-and-
everyday-life-part-i-of-iii/; Also see, ASIL, International Law: 100 ways it shapes our lives (2018) available
at: https://www.asil.org/sites/default/files/100Ways/100Ways.pdf.
3
See graphic art by Mohsen al Attar, and Mia Koning titled “Education for Emancipation”, 3 Trade L. &
Dev. 257 (2011); Srinivas Burra, Teaching Critical International Law: Reflections from the Periphery,March
2021 available at: https://twailr.com/teaching-critical-international-law-reflections-from-the-
periphery/#easy-footnote-2-3588
4
See Rohini Sen: “Students in India understand international law to either be a ‘boutique subject’ or one
that leads to ‘being employed at the United Nations’ and hence, outside the immediate domain of
relevance. Any benefit of the subject for the outcome-oriented law student lies in academic opportunities
and scholarship. And, the scope of participation in the motions of International Organizations, are usually
perceived as far removed from their ecosystem. This ‘deficit’ of international law teaching-learning is not
just located in a ‘lack of relatability’ for students. It is deeply rooted in how international law is
constructed, taught and understood in these places.” Antony Anghie, “Critical Pedagogy Symposium:
Criticial Thinking and Teaching as Common Sense- Random Reflections”, (Augiust 2020) OpinioJuris,
available at http://opiniojuris.org/2020/08/31/critical-pedagogy-symposium-critical-thinking-and-
teaching-as-common-sense-random-reflections/; See, Gerry Simpson, On the Magic Mountain: Teaching
Public International Law, EJIL 10 (1999), 70–92 available at: http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/10/1/579.pdf.
5
See Rohini Sen, Ibid on the insides, and the outsides of international law.

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 Jindal Global Law School, Spring 2023

Sum of it all - as people who have landed to learn law (by choice or otherwise), some
working knowledge of international law that this course aims at will surely help us be
familiar with a vocabulary that has become very pervasive,6 and help one be better
equipped to look and respond to things around. Also, considering the number of myths
around international law, we really hope this course will give us a good time to both learn
and “unlearn” things about it.

To that end, this course is a modest start. The course introduces the basic understanding
of public international law, focusing on nature, sources, and subjects of international law,
and touches upon concepts of state sovereignty, state recognition, jurisdiction, state
responsibility and state succession. While doing this, it attempts to introduce and critique
some of the principles that supposedly form the bedrock of modern international law:
such as equal rights and self- determination of peoples; sovereign equality of states; non-
use of force; peaceful settlement of disputes; non-intervention; good faith etc. Towards
the later part of the course, the course also aims to cover dispute settlement mechanisms
which includes diplomatic means of dispute settlement as well as judicial means. It also
attempts to introduce other international tribunals and courts.

Though interspersed through the modules, in the concluding week the course aims to
actively reflect on the critical study of international law that actively breaks from reading
international law that has conditioned imperialism, patriarchy, capitalism, and other
forms of hegemony into it.7

b. Course Aims

By the end of the course students should be able to:

● Understand and apply the sources of public international law.

● Understand the nature of the international legal system, actors in the international
legal system and the concept of international legal personality.
● Understand and apply methods, theories and doctrines of traditional/mainstream
interpretations of PIL and be aware of the critiques advanced by Third World
Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), feminist critiques and other CLS lenses.

6
Luis Eslava, Public International Law – Syllabus available at:
https://www.academia.edu/8220302/Public_International_Law_Syllabus.
7
A wider focus could have indeed been better but as Antony Anghie (Critical Pedagogy Symposium: Critical
Thinking and Teaching as Common Sense—Random Reflections available at:
http://opiniojuris.org/2020/08/31/critical-pedagogy-symposium-critical-thinking-and-teaching-as-
common-sense-random-reflections/), and Ata R Hindi (A Palestinian Perspective on Teaching
International Law, available at: https://twailr.com/a-palestinian-perspective-on-teaching-international-
law/) point out – there has to be some balance between cannon and critique. This is just a start, and some
chipping away has been made possible. As Christine Schwobel-Patel says, “Decolonising is a process and
we will never have a 'finished' product” (See,
https://twitter.com/CSchwobelPatel/status/1317053712733536256). Hopefully, we will make more
changes as we move along.

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 Jindal Global Law School, Spring 2023

● Understand how PIL operates in practice. That is, how it is applied in litigation and
in legal opinions provided to States, international organisations and non-
governmental organisations (NGOs)
● Have a working knowledge of the relationship between PIL and the domestic legal
systems, in particular, the Indian legal system
● Understand the manner in which disputes between States can be resolved peacefully
within the framework of PIL
● Have knowledge of the jurisdiction and selected jurisprudence of the International
Court of Justice and other relevant international courts and tribunals
● Apply PIL to current affairs – particularly ones closer home, and develop critical
awareness on how such affairs impact international law8;

c. Intended Learning Outcomes

Intended Learning Weight Teaching and Assessment

Outcomes Learning Tasks/ Activities
Activities
Analytically and critically 50% Reading of End-of-course
describe and explain relevant course examination (50%
important legal concepts, materials and of marks)
doctrines associated with
cases in addition
different streams of public
international law especially to involving Internal 50% will be
the topics to be covered in the themselves in decided for each
syllabus. research section by the faculty
concerned
Students will
acquire knowledge Students’ ability to
on public describe, explain
international law and apply the
general principles of
in general.
international Law to
Particularly gain the given factual
familiarity with situation will be
doctrines/ tested by assessment
concepts tasks/activities.
associated with
different streams
of public
international law

8
See, International Law and Current Affairs Syllabus by Christine Schwöbel-Patel available at:
https://www.academia.edu/30732582/INTERNATIONAL_LAW_IN_CURRENT_AFFAIRS_syllabus_2
018

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covered in the
syllabus through:

1. Lectures

Students will be
given guidance on
their reading and
research for their
lectures and
tutorials.

2. Discussions
and Assignments

Students will, by
responding to
questions and
performing
exercises, develop
their analytical
and critical
capabilities to
discuss important
issues on Public
International Law.
Analyse and critically Variable Lectures Same as above.
evaluate fundamental issues weight (at Students will be
and concerns in the field of faculty introduced to
public international law discretion issues and
, for each concerns and
The competing entitlements section aspects of Public
available in international law- taught) International Law

● the emergence of new

concepts and their Assignments and
implications in Preparation for
relation to change in theses:
the content of law Assignments will
● the new be weaved in ways
jurisprudential where students
thinking on the social scrutinise, analyse
and evaluate

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roots of International issues and

Law concerns in the
field of Public
International Law.
Apply different aspects of Variable Lectures Same as above
international law to weight (at Students will be
contemporary problems by: faculty shown how legal
discretion problems can be
● researching issues in , for each approached from
international law; section various rules of
● analysing and taught) international law
innovating to resolve by citing
problems concerning appropriate case
issues in international laws and conduct
law; and of States.
● communicating their
solutions orally and in Assignments and
writing clearly, Preparation for
coherently, and theses:
accurately. Assignments will
be weaved in ways
to attain the
outcome.

d. Grading of Student Achievement 9,10

To pass this course, students must obtain a minimum of 40% in the

cumulative aspects of coursework, for example, moot, and final
examination. End of semester exam will carry 50 marks out of which
students have to obtain a minimum of 15 marks to fulfil the requirement of
passing the course.
The details of the grades as well as the criteria for awarding such grades are provided
below.

9
Under extraordinary circumstances, the JGU Academic Council or the JGU Deans’ Council can suspend
Clause D or make it optional. If Clause D is suspended, the policy which will be framed by the School based
on the decision of the said bodies will supersede Clause D. However, whether a situation is extraordinary
or not will be decided by the said bodies only.
10
Due to the COVID 19 pandemic, the Office of Academic Affairs may suggest changes/amendments or
suspend certain policies relating to the number of assessments and other examination related policies.

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Letter Grade Percentage

Grade Definitions
Grade Value Of marks

Outstanding work with strong

evidence of knowledge of the
subject matter, excellent
O 8 80% and above Outstanding organizational capacity, ability
to synthesize and critically
analyse and originality in
thinking and presentation.
Sound knowledge of the subject
matter, thorough understanding
A+ 7.5 75 to 79.75% Excellent
of issues; ability to synthesize
critically and analyse
Good understanding of the
subject matter, ability to identify
A 7 70 to 74.75% Good issues and provide balanced
solutions to problems and good
critical and analytical skills.
Adequate knowledge of the
subject matter to go to the next
A- 6 65 to 69.75% Adequate
level of study and reasonable
critical and analytical skills.
Limited knowledge of the subject
matter, irrelevant use of
B+ 5 60 to 64.75% Marginal
materials and poor critical and
analytical skills.
Poor comprehension of the
subject matter; poor critical and
B 4 55 to 59.75% Poor
analytical skills and marginal use
of the relevant materials.
“Pass” in a pass-fail course. “P”
indicative of at least the basic
B- 3 50 to 54.75% Pass
understanding of the subject
matter.
Pass 1: Pass with Basic
P1 2 45 to 49% Pass 1 understanding of the subject
matter.
Pass 2: Pass with Rudimentary
P2 1 40 to 44% Pass 2 understanding of the subject
matter.
Fail: Poor comprehension of the
F 0 Below 40% Fail
subject matter; poor critical and

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 Jindal Global Law School, Spring 2023

analytical skills and marginal use

of the relevant materials. Will
require repeating the course.

NEW COURSE LETTER GRADES AND THEIR INTERPRETATION

Letter Percentage Grade
Interpretation
Grade of Marks Points
Pass 1: Pass with Basic understanding of the
P1 45 - 49 2
subject matter.
Pass2: Pass with Rudimentary
P2 40 - 44 1
understanding of the subject matter.
Fail: Poor comprehension of the subject matter;
poor critical and analytical skills and
F Below 40 0
marginal use of the relevant materials. Will
require repeating the course.
‘P’ represents the option of choosing between
Pass/Fail grading system over the CGPA grading
system in the COVID 19 semester in Spring
P Pass
2020. The option is provided when students
attain a minimum of 40 percentage marks under
the current grading structure in a given subject.
Extenuating circumstances preventing the
student from completing coursework
assessment, or taking the examination; or where
the Assessment Panel at its discretion assigns
I Incomplete
this grade. If an "I" grade is assigned, the
Assessment Panel will suggest a schedule for the
completion of work, or a supplementary
examination.

PART - III

a. Keyword Syllabus

International Law, Public International Law, International Legal Theory, Critical Approaches to
International Law

b. Course/Class Policies

Academic Integrity and Plagiarism

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Learning and knowledge production of any kind is a collaborative process. Collaboration

demands an ethical responsibility to acknowledge who we have learnt from, what we have
learnt, and how reading and learning from others have helped us shape our own ideas.
Even our own ideas demand an acknowledgement of the sources and processes through
which those ideas have emerged. Thus, all ideas must be supported by citations. All ideas
borrowed from articles, books, journals, magazines, case laws, statutes, photographs,
films, paintings, etc., in print or online, must be credited with the original source. If the
source or inspiration of your idea is a friend, a casual chat, something that you overheard,
or heard being discussed at a conference or in class, even they must be duly credited. If
you paraphrase or directly quote from a web source in the examination, presentation or
essays, the source must be acknowledged. The university has a framework to deal with
cases of plagiarism. All form of plagiarism will be taken seriously by the University and
prescribed sanctions will be imposed on those who commit plagiarism.

Disability Support and Accommodation Requirements

JGU endeavors to make all its courses accessible to students. All students with any known
disability needing academic accommodation are required to register with the Disability
Support Committee [email protected]. The Committee has so far identified the following
conditions that could possibly hinder student’s overall well-being. These include: physical
and mobility related difficulties; visual impairment; hearing impairment; medical
conditions; specific learning difficulties e.g. dyslexia; mental health.

The Disability Support Committee maintains strict confidentiality on the matters under
its purview. Students should preferably register with the Committee during the month of
June/January as disability accommodation requires early planning. DSC will coordinate
all disability related services such as appointment of academic mentors, arranging
infrastructural facilities, and course related requirements such as special lectures,
tutorials and examinations.

All faculty members are requested to refer students with any of the above-mentioned
conditions to the Disability Support Committee for getting them disability-related
accommodation. Faculty members are also requested to be sensitive to the needs of such
students and cooperate with Disability Support Committee and the School, extending
students the necessary support by maintaining utmost confidentiality of the matter

Safe Space Pledge

This course may discuss a range of issues and events that might result in distress for some
students. Discussions in the course might also provoke strong emotional responses. To
make sure that all students collectively benefit from the course, and do not feel disturbed
due to either the content of the course or the conduct of the discussions. Therefore, it is
incumbent upon all within the classroom to pledge to maintain respect towards our peers.

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This does not mean that you need to feel restrained about what you feel and what you
want to say. Conversely, this is about creating a safe space where everyone can speak and
learn without inhibitions and fear. This responsibility lies not only with students, but also
with the instructor.

P.S. The course instructor, as part of introducing the course manual, will discuss the scope
of the Safe Space Pledge with the class.

Policies around attendance, teaching plan and methodology, internal assessments,

office hours, use of gadgets etc. will be set by the faculty teaching the relevant section.

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PART - IV

WEEKLY COURSE OUTLINE WITH READINGS

Week Topic and Reading Materials

Description
1 Introduction to Basic reading:
International Law
● Jan Klabbers, International Law, Cambridge
• Initial questions (2013), Chapter 1 -‘The Setting of International
• What does Law
public ● Malcolm Shaw, International Law, 7th edition,
internation Cambridge University Press (2014), Chapters-
al law 1 and 2.
cover? (the ● Charter of the United Nations, 1945, Articles 1,
inside and 2, and Declaration on Principles of
the International Law concerning Friendly
outside) Relations and Co- operation among States in
• Why accordance with the Charter of the United
“public”? Nations, 1970, United Nations General
Why Assembly Resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24
“internatio October 1970.
nal”?
• Is it law? Recommended readings and sources:
What are
the main ● Rohini Sen, International Law in Indian Law
characteris Schools - What remains invisible? (December
tics of the 2020) available at:
normative http://rsrr.in/2020/12/24/international-law-
structure? in-indian-law-schools/#_ftnref23
• Why ● Anthony Anghie, History, and International
should we Law (December 2016),
care about https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Anghie_IL.html
internation ● Monica Hakimi, Why Should We Care About
al law? International Law?, 118 Mich. L. Rev. 1283
• What all (2020) available at:
does it https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol118
touch? & /iss6/17
Who all ● HLA Hart, The Concept of Law, Chapter- X, pp.
does it 208-31 (Also see, Mehrdad Payandeh, The
touch? Concept of International Law in the
• Who Jurisprudence of H.L.A. Hart, European
makes the Journal of International Law, Volume 21, Issue
law? How 4, November 2010, Pages 967–995,
does it https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chq065)
work?

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• Questions about
the nature &
development of
International Law
• Basic
introduction and
critique to
common
principles: equal
rights and self-
determination of
peoples;
sovereign equality
of states; non-use
of force; peaceful
settlement of
disputes; non-
intervention;
good faith; co-
operation.

2 Sources of Basic readings:

International Law- I
● Alain Pellet, ‘Article 38’ in The Statute of the
● Overview of International Court of Justice: A
various Sources of Commentary (eds. A. Zimmermann, C.
International Law Tomuschat and K. Oellers-Frahm), Oxford,
● Treaties: Concept; 2006, p. 677.
conclusion, ● Brief overview: Greenwood, C. ‘Sources of
treaty-making, International Law: An Introduction’ (2008)
reservations, unpublished LSE notes, pages 1-5.
grounds for ● Overview: Malcolm Shaw, International Law,
challenging, 7th edition, Cambridge University Press
termination (2014), Chapter- 3, 16

Treaty provisions and cases:

● Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

1969, available at:
http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/vclt/vclt.html
● Treaty Handbook, United Nations (Reprinted
2006) available at:
https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/publicati
ons/THB/English.pdf

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● Reservations to the Convention on the

Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide, ICJ Advisory Opinion, 1951
● Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project
(Hungary/Slovakia), ICJ Judgment of 25
September 1997 (On termination, paras 89-
115)
● Maganbhai Ishwarbhai Patel vs. Union of
India (1970) Supreme Court Cases 400.

3–4 Sources of Basic readings:

International Law- II
● Overview: Malcolm Shaw, International Law,
● Focus on 7th edition, Cambridge University Press
Customary (2014), Chapter- 3
International ● Alain Pellet, ‘Article 38’ in The Statute of the
Law, jus cogens & International Court of Justice: A
erga omnes Commentary (eds. A. Zimmermann, C.
● General Tomuschat and K. Oellers-Frahm), Oxford,
Principles of Law 2006, p. 677.
● Judicial Decisions
● Resolutions of Cases, Opinions, and other documents:
International
Organizations ● The Case of the S.S. “Lotus” (France v
● Hierarchy of Turkey), PCIJ, 1927 (page 28)
Sources ● Right of Passage over Indian Territory
(Portugal v. India), Judgment of 12 April
1960 (pages 39-40, along with Dissenting
Opinion of Judge M.C. Chagla, pages 119-
120)
● Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), 1950 (pages
276-278)
● Military and Paramilitary Activities in and
against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America), Merits, Judgment, 1986
pp. 97-102,108-109 (paras. 183,184, 186, 187,
188, 189, 190, 193, 207).
● North Sea Continental Shelf Cases
(Netherlands/Germany)
(Denmark/Germany), 1969, pp. 41-47 (paras.
70-80, 81, 85). [Also see, Proclamation 2667,
of September 28, 1945: Policy of the United
States with Respect to the Natural Resources
of the Subsoil and the Seabed of the
Continental Shelf:

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 Jindal Global Law School, Spring 2023

https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/gcil_p
roc_2667.pdf]
● Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion, 1996
(paras 65 to 73; along with Dissenting
Opinion of Judge Weeramantry)
● Barcelona Traction, Light and Power
Company Case, 1970 ICJ (case summary and
para.3 & 33-35) [on erga omnes]
● Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide, Order of January 2021 (paras 39-
42; also see Separate Opinion of Judge Xue
paras 4-6) [on erga omnes partes]
● Jurisdictional Immunities of the State
(Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening) (paras
92-97)

Recommended readings and sources:

● ILC Draft conclusions on identification of

customary international law with
commentaries, 2018:
https://legal.un.org/docs/?path=../ilc/texts
/instruments/english/commentaries/1_13_
2018.pdf&lang=EF
● First Report (April 2019) & Second Report
(June 2020) ILC Reports on General
Principles of International Law:
https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/1_15.shtml
● Thirlway, H., Specialities: Jus Cogens,
Obligations Erga Omnes, Soft Law, in The
Sources of International Law (2nd ed 2019)
● Michael P Scharf, Customary International
Law in Times of Fundamental Change:
Recognizing Grotian Moments, Chapter 3:
Theoretical Underpinnings (eds 2013)
● Anthony D'Amato, Trashing Customary
International Law, The American Journal of
International Law, Vol. 81, No. 1 (January,
1987), pp. 101-105
● B. S. Chimni, International Institutions
Today: An Imperial Global State in the
Making, European Journal of International
Law, Volume 15, Issue 1, February 2004,
Pages 1–37 available at:

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 Jindal Global Law School, Spring 2023

https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/15/1/
1/418237
● David Kennedy, "The Sources of
International Law." American University
International Law Review 2, no. 1 (1987): 1-
96. available at:
https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/a
uilr/vol2/iss1/1/

5 International Legal Basic Readings:

Personality- I
● James Crawford, State, Max Planck
● Subjects of Encyclopedias of International Law [MPIL]
International Law ● Overview: Malcolm Shaw, International Law,
● States as 7th edition, Cambridge University Press
Traditional (2014), Chapter- 5, 9
International
Legal Persons Treaties and Resolutions:
● Statehood
● State Sovereignty ● Montevideo Convention on the Rights and
● State Recognition Duties of States, 1933
● UN General Assembly Resolution 67/19 on
the Question of Palestine (29 November
2012)

Suggested case study:

● The Pint sized Nation of the English Coast:

https://www.theatlantic.com/international/
archive/2019/08/sealand-outlaw-ocean-
tiniest-nation/596074/

Recommended readings and sources:

● Security Council debate on membership of

Israel to the UN:
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/637527
/files/S_PV-383-EN.pdf (item 3)
● Arbitration Commission of the Conference on
Yugoslavia - Opinion 1, 2, 4 10:
http://www.pf.uni-
lj.si/media/skrk_mnenja.badinterjeve.arbitr
azne.komisije.1_.10.pdf
● Matthew Craven, and Rose Parfitt,
Statehood, Self-Determination and

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Recognition available at:

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/13219730
2.pdf

6 International Legal Basic Readings:

Personality- II
● James Crawford, Brownlie's Principles of
● International Public International Law (9th Edition),
Organizations: Chapter 7 – International Organisations.
Definition, Rights ● Malcolm Shaw, International Law, 7th
and Duties of IO edition, Cambridge University Press (2014),
under Chapter- 5
International Law
● Position of Treaties and Cases:
Individuals in
International ● Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the
Law, Service of the United Nations, ICJ Advisory
(Introduction, as Opinion, April 1949
examples - ● Articles 104 and 105, UN Charter
Asylum and ● General Convention on the Privileges and
Extradition) Immunities of the United Nations, 1946.
● Other Non-state
actors Suggested Case Study:
● UN Concedes Role in Haiti Cholera Crisis,
The Daily Beast, August 17, 2016
http://www.thedailybeast.com/cheats/201
6/08/17/u-n-admits-to-role-in-haiti-
cholera-
outbreak.html?via=desktop&source=copyur
l
● Yale Law School’s Transnational
Development Clinic’s report on
“Peacekeeping without Accountability: The
United Nations’ responsibility for the Haitian
cholera epidemic”

Recommended readings and sources:

● Article CVIII, of the Final Act of the Congress

of Vienna, 1815
● Central Commission for the Navigation of the
Rhine, Leaflet:
https://ccnr.eu/files/communication/flyerC
CNR2016_en.pdf
● Anne Peters, Novel practice of the Security
Council: Wildlife poaching and trafficking as

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a threat to the peace, February 2014 available

at: http://www.ejiltalk.org/novel-practice-
of-the-security-council-wildlife-poaching-
and-trafficking-as-a-threat-to-the-peace/
● Fleur Johns, Theorizing the Corporation in
International Law, in A. Orford, A. and F.
Hoffmann, The Oxford Handbook of the
Theory of International Law (OUP, 2016).

7 Self-determination: Basic Readings:

Internal and
External Self- ● Victor Kattan, Self-determination as
determination ideology: The Cold War, the end of empire,
and the making of UN General Assembly
Resolution 1514 (14 December 1960)
available at:
http://victorkattan.com/work/self-
determination-as-ideology/
● Overview: Malcolm Shaw, International Law,
7th edition, Cambridge University Press
(2014), Chapter- 17

Cases, Opinions, Treaty provisions, and

Resolutions:

● UN Charter Article 1, Chapters XI-XIII

● Common Article 1 to ICCPR and ICESCR, and
Human Rights Council, General Comment 12
● UNGA Res 1514, 1541, 1803 and 2625
● Vienna Declaration and Action for
Programme, 1993 available at:
https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinter
est/pages/vienna.aspx
● United Nations Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples, 2007 available at:
https://www.un.org/development/desa/indi
genouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-
indigenous-peoples.html
● Legal Consequences for States of the
Continued Presence of South Africa in
Namibia (South-West Africa)
Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution

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 Jindal Global Law School, Spring 2023

276 (1970), Advisory Opinion of 21 June 1971,

(para 52)
● Accordance with International Law of the
Unilateral Declaration of Independence in
Respect of Kosovo, ICJ Advisory Opinion of
22 July 2010 (case summary along with
Separate Opinion Judge Yusuf, para 16)
● Legal Consequences of the Construction of a
Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,
2004 (paras, 88, 119 to 122, and 159)
● Legal Consequences of the Separation of the
Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965,
Advisory Opinion of 25 February 2019 (paras
132-182)
● Supreme Court of Canada – Reference re
Secession of Quebec

Suggested Case Studies:

● The Legal Status of Palestine

o Victor Kattan, A critical assessment of
the Government of Israel’s
memorandum to the ICC (January
2020) – Part I (available at:
https://www.ejiltalk.org/a-critical-
assessment-of-the-government-of-
israels-memorandum-to-the-icc-part-
i/)and Part II
(https://www.ejiltalk.org/a-critical-
assessment-of-the-government-of-
israels-memorandum-to-the-icc-part-
ii)
o Victor Kattan, Muddying the Waters:
A Reply to Kay and Kern on the
Statehood of Palestine and the ICC –
Part I, Part II and Muddying the
Waters Still Further: A Response to
Steven Kay and Joshua Kern, August
2020 available at:
http://opiniojuris.org/author/victor-
kattan/
● Bougainville Explained: How the world’s
newest country might bloom out of protests

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against a copper mine:

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained
/bougainville-explained-how-the-worlds-
newest-country-might-bloom-out-of-
protests-against-a-copper-mine-6132284/
● Bangladesh: See, Ved P. Nanda, Self-
Determination in International Law: The
Tragic Tale of Two Cities--Islamabad (West
Pakistan) and Dacca (East Pakistan), The
American Journal of International Law Vol.
66, No. 2 (Apr., 1972), pp. 321-336.
● Tibet: Surya P Subedi, 'The Right of Self-
determination and the Tibetan People' in
Dino. Kritsiosis (ed), Self-determination:
Cases of Crisis.

Recommended readings and sources:

● Shrimoyee Nandini Ghosh, Acknowledging

the ‘question of self-determination’ that
OHCHR Kashmir report raises will be path-
breaking, June 2018 available at:
https://www.theleaflet.in/acknowledging-
the-question-of-kashmiri-self-
determination-ohchr-report-path-breaking/
● Matthew Craven, and Rose Parfitt,
Statehood, Self-Determination and
Recognition available at:
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/13219730
2.pdf
● Life is Waiting: Referendum and Resistance
in Western Sahara | Documentary available
at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QzRz
m4uFxU
● Vasuki Nesiah, Placing International Law:
White Spaces on a Map (Leiden Journal of
International Law2003) available at:
https://www.academia.edu/6937435/Placin
g_International_Law_White_Spaces_on_a
_Map

8 State Jurisdiction Basic Readings:

● Prescriptive and
Enforcement
Jurisdiction

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● Principles of ● Malcolm Shaw, International Law, 7th

Jurisdiction: edition, Cambridge University Press (2014),
Territoriality, Chapter- 12
Active
Personality, Cases:
Passive
Personality, ● Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala),
Protective & ICJ
Universality ● The case of S.S. “Lotus” (France v. Turkey)
PCIJ.
● Corfu Channel case (UK v Albania), ICJ 1949
● Enrica Lexie Award, PCA and Republic of
Italy and Ors. v Republic of India and Ors.,
Judgment of the Supreme Court of India,
dated 18 January 2013

Recommended readings and sources:

● Article 5, United Nations Convention against

Torture, 1985
● Treaty of Canterbury (Chunnel-Tunnel
treaty), 1991
● Article VI, Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948
● Valeria Eboli & Jean Paul Pierini, The “Enrica
Lexie Case” and the Limits of the
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction of India, (2012)
Online Working Paper 2012/n.39 at
<http://www.cde.unict.it/sites/default/files
/39_2012.pdf>
● The Adolf Eichmann Story:
o Attorney General v. Adolf Eichmann,
District Court of Jerusalem, Criminal
Case No. 40/61, December 1961
available at:
https://www.asser.nl/upload/docum
ents/DomCLIC/Docs/NLP/Israel/Eic
hmann_Judgement_11-12-1961.pdf
o Letter from Argentina to UNSC in
1960 regarding the arrest of Adolf
Eichman by Isareli Mossad:
https://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire
/59-63/Chapter%208/59-63_08-7-
Complaint%20by%20Argentina.pdf
● The story of John Demjanjuk:

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o State of Israel v Demjanjuk, Supreme

Court of Israel, Israel, Case no.
347/88, 1993 available at:
http://www.internationalcrimesdatab
ase.org/Case/191/Demjanjuk/
o The Devil Next Door (available on
Netflix)
● Princeton University Program in Law and
Public Affairs, The Princeton Principles on
Universal Jurisdiction 28 (2001) available at:
http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/princeton.
html.
● Lockerbie Incident and questions regarding
jurisdiction, Related - US v Libya, ICJ
Preliminary Objections

9 State Responsibility Basic Readings:

● General Principle ● James R. Crawford, State Responsibility, Max

● Acts giving rise to Planck Encyclopedias of International Law
State ● Overview: Malcolm Shaw, International Law, 7th
Responsibility: edition, Cambridge University Press (2014),
conduct, Chapter- 14
attribution, ● ILC Articles on Responsibility of States for
breach, defences Internationally Wrongful Acts, 12 December
● Consequences: 2001, ILC Yearbook 2001(II)/2, Arts. 4, 7, 10
New rules (codification); Arts. 41, 48 (progressive
governing legal development).
relationship ● Draft articles on Responsibility of States for
between states Internationally Wrongful Acts, with
after establishing commentaries 2001:
state https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/engli
responsibility, sh/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf
invocation of state
responsibility,
countermeasures
● Diplomatic
protection

10 Interaction between Basic Readings:

International Law &
Domestic Law ● Lavanya Rajamani, International law and the
● Monist System Constitutional Schema in in Oxford
● Dualist System Handbook of the Indian Constitution (Eds.
● Implementation Sujit Choudhry, Madhav Khosla, and Pratap
of International Bhanu Mehta, 2016)

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law into domestic ● Aparna Chandra, India and international law:

law in India formal dualism, functional monism, Indian
Journal of International Law (2017)
● Chimni, India, in The Oxford Handbook of
International Law in Asia and the Pacific
(Eds. Simon Chesterman, Hisashi Owada,
Ben Saul, 2019 )

Suggested Case Study:

● Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India, W.

P. (C) NO. 793 OF 2017

Recommended readings and sources:

● See sources from other Asian contexts from

TRILA Database of Asian Cases and Reading
Materials available at: pages 28-41, 47-53.
● Gutierrez, Carlos Jose, “Conflict between
Domestic and International Law,” The
American University Law Review, Vol. 30:
147

11 Use of Force & Law Basic Readings:

of Armed Conflict:
● International Law Association Final Report
● Jus ad bellum on Use of Force (2018) available at
● International law https://www.ila-
governing hq.org/images/ILA/DraftReports/DraftRep
prohibition of use ort_UseOfForce.pdf
of force ● Dapo Akande, Prohibition and Exception:
● Exceptions to https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Akande_PS.html
Prohibition: Self- (both lectures)
defence, ● Adil Ahmad Haque, The United Nations
humanitarian Charter at 75: Between Force and Self-
intervention, R2P Defense — Part One and Part Two (June
doctrine 2020) available at:
https://www.justsecurity.org/70985/the-
united-nations-charter-at-75-between-force-
and-self-defense-part-one/ and
https://www.justsecurity.org/70987/the-
united-nations-charter-at-75-between-force-
and-self-defense-part-two/

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Treaty provisions, Resolutions, Relevant Cases and

incidents:

● UN Charter: Article 2, and Chapter 7

● UNGA Resolution 2625
● UNSC Resolutions: 217, 253, 660, 661, 678,
1368 and 1973
● Report of the Independent Commission on
Intervention and State Sovereignty, The
Responsibility to Protect, 2001, Chapters 1, 2,
and 4
● Caroline incident of 1837, Communications
available at:
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/b
r-1842d.asp
● Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear
Weapons in Armed Conflict, 1996 ICJ (case
summary, and para 41-42, 47)
● Military and Paramilitary Activities in
Nicaragua (Merits), ICJ 1986 (paras 187-201,
227-238);
● Oil Platforms, Judgment of 6 November
2003, ICJ (paras 50-77)
● Armed Activities on the Territory of the
Congo (DRC v. Uganda), 2005 ICJ (case
summary and para 143)
● Legal Consequences of the Construction of a
Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,
ICJ Advisory Opinion of 2004 (paras 138-
141; also see summary of the separate opinion
of Judge Koogimans, Koroma and Higgins,
and Declaration of Judge Buergenthal).

Recommended readings and sources:

● Chatham House: Principles of International

Law on the Use of Force by States in Self
Defence, 2005 available at:
https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/defau
lt/files/publications/research/2005-10-01-
use-force-states-self-defence-wilmshurst.pdf
● Adil Ahmad Haque, Self-Defense Against
Non-State Actors: All Over the Map - Insights
from UN Security Council Arria-Formula
Meeting, March 2021, available at:
https://www.justsecurity.org/75487/self-

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defense-against-non-state-actors-all-over-
the-map/
● Anne Orford, What kind of law is this? Libya
and International Law, March 2011 available
at:
https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2011/march/w
hat-kind-of-law-is-this
● Claus Kress, On the Principle of Non-Use of
Force in Current International Law,
September 2019 available at:
https://www.justsecurity.org/66372/on-
the-principle-of-non-use-of-force-in-
current-international-law/

12 Settlement of Basic Readings:

International
Disputes ● Collier, John & Lowe, Vaughan, The
Settlement of Disputes in International Law:
● Diplomatic Institutions & Procedures, Oxford University
Means of Dispute Press (2000), Chapter 1, 2
Settlement: ● UN Charter : Chapter VI
Negotiation, ● UN’s Website - Pacific Settlement of Disputes
Mediation, Good (Chapter VI of UN Charter):
Offices, Inquiry, https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/conten
Conciliation t/pacific-settlement-disputes-chapter-vi-un-
● Legal Means of charter
Dispute
Settlement:
Arbitration and
Judicial
Settlement

13 International Courts Basic Readings:

and Tribunals
● ICJ’s Website: Basis of the Court’s
● Law and jurisdiction: https://www.icj-
Procedure of the cij.org/en/basis-of-jurisdiction
ICJ: Advisory & ● Malcolm Shaw, International Law, 7th
Contentious edition, Cambridge University Press (2014),
Jurisdiction Chapter- 19
● Introduction to
other tribunals Cases, Opinions, Treaty Provisions, and other
material:

● UN Charter: Articles 2(3), 33, 36(3), 92, 96

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● Statute of the International Court of Justice:

Articles: 34, 36
● UN General Assembly Resolution 49/75K:
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/193267
?ln=en or https://www.icj-
cij.org/public/files/case-
related/95/7646.pdf
● Norwegian Loans Case: official summary
● Nicaragua vs USA: focus on the Jurisdiction
phase
o Jurisdiction Phase
o Nicaragua’s optional clause
declaration, 1929
o President Truman’s Optional Clause
Declaration, 1948
o George Shultz Amendment, 1984

Recommended readings and sources:

● Keisuke Iida, Is WTO Dispute Settlement

Effective? 10 Global Governance 207–225
(2004).
● Cryer et al, An Introduction to International
Criminal Law and Procedure (CUP 2010)
144-180
● Collier, John & Lowe, Vaughan, The
Settlement of Disputes in International Law:
Institutions & Procedures, Oxford University
Press (2000), Chapter 7, 8

14 Critiques of Basic Readings:

International Law
● Mohsen Al Attar, Out of Place? Being Anti-
● Third World Colonial in Law School, June 2021 available
Approaches to at: http://opiniojuris.org/2021/06/25/out-
International Law of-place-being-anti-colonial-in-law-school/.
● Feminist ● Gathii, James Thuo, The Promise of
Critiques of International Law: A Third World View (June
International Law 25, 2020), Grotius Lecture Presented at the
● Introduction to 2020 Virtual Annual Meeting of the
other critical American Society of International Law,
approaches Available at SSRN available at: The Promise
of International Law: A Third World View by
...papers.ssrn.com › sol3 › papers. Or hear at:

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 Jindal Global Law School, Spring 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=neGcxJ
gRogE
● Luis Eslava, TWAIL Coordinates (2019),
https://grojil.org/2019/04/01/twail-
coordinates/
● Mohsen Al Attar, “I can’t breathe”:
Confronting the Racism of International
Law” (October 2020) available at:
https://mohsenalattar.org/i-cant-breathe-
confronting-the-racism-of-international-
law/
● Nesiah, Vasuki (2003). The Ground Beneath
Her Feet: “Third World" Feminisms. Journal
of International Women's Studies, 4(3), 30-
38.

Recommended readings and sources:

● Makau Mutua, Critical Race Theory and
International Law: The View of an Insider-
Outsider, 45 Vill. L. Rev. 841 (2000) available
at:
https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vl
r/vol45/iss5/2
● Rosa Brooks, “Feminism and International
Law: An Opportunity for Transformation.”
Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 14 (2002):
345-361.
● P.Weil, ‘Towards Relative Normativity in
International Law’

15 Review & Revision

A word of caution on online readings

Online sources can be classified into reliable, unreliable and outright bogus. The Internet
is an open domain in which all and sundry can create web pages and indulge in
propaganda, falsification or misrepresentation of events. The few sources that can help
you with basic information and which are fairly unbiased are: websites of established
newspapers, magazines and journals. Students should always consult with the instructors
about the veracity and authenticity of a particular web site and its suitability for
researching topics covered in this syllabus.

Textbook

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 Jindal Global Law School, Spring 2023

There is no prescribed textbook for the course, and one is expected to rely on the
suggested readings above.

If at all, despite concerns with writing in any textbook including this one,11 students at
JGLS (and at many law schools in India and in South Asia) have relied on Shaw, M. N:
International Law. 7th edition Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
(2014) as a possible option for its traditional and characteristic mode of argumentation.

One can also experiment with:

● Jan Klabbers, International Law, Cambridge (2013).

● Malcolm D. Evans, International Law, Oxford (2003).

Useful Internet Links

- http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/intro.html
- http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/summaries/summaries.htm
- http://ials.sas.ac.uk/flare/flare.htm
- http://www.un.org/law/riaa/
- http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/
- http://www.mpepil.com/
- http://www.asil.org/
-https://docs.google.com/document/d/1a678-qh741g96yvEUrd-lhh4U-
JzJcFgmPqU25OKH1M/edit?usp=sharing

Useful blogs
www.https://ilg2.org
http://opiniojuris.org
https://www.ejiltalk.org
https://www.justsecurity.org
https://twailr.com

***

11
For instance, see concerns by Prabhakar Singh, Foreword in, Swati Singh Parmar & Adithya Variath,An
Introduction to International Law (Thomson Reuters, Forthcoming) available at:
https://jgu.academia.edu/PrabhakarSingh.

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